Pathological disgust: In the thoughts, not the eye, of the beholder

References

• Angyal , A. 1941 . Disgust and related aversions . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 36 : 393 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Clark , D. A. 1997 . An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 49 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charash , M. and McKay , D. 2002 . Attention bias for disgust . Journal of Anxiety Disorder , 16 : 529 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1965 . The expressions of the emotions in man and animals. 1872 , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davey , G. C. L. 1992 . Some characteristics of individuals with fear of spiders . Anxiety Research , 4 : 299 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Davey , G. C. L. 1993 . Factors influencing self-rated fear to a novel animal . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 461 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey , G. C. L. , Forster , L. and Mayhew , G. 1993 . Familial resemblances in disgust sensitivity and animal phobias . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 41 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , P. J. , Andrea , H. and Muris , P. 1997 . Spider phobia in children: Disgust and fear before and after treatment . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 559 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , P. J. , Vorage , I. and van den Hout , M. A. 2000 . Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: Effects of disgust, fear, and valence . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 38 : 1055 – 1069 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ey , H. , Bernard , P. , & Brisset , C. ( 1963 ). Manuel de psychiatrie (second edition) . Paris : Libraires de l'académie de médicine .
   Google Scholar
• Fairburn , N. and Rachman , S. 2004 . Feelings of mental pollution subsequent to sexual assault . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42 : 173 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fallon , A. E. , Rozin , P. and Pliner , P. 1984 . The child's conception of food: The development of food rejections with special reference to disgust and contamination sensitivity . Child Development , 55 : 566 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston , M. H. , Léger , E. and Ladouceur , R. 2001 . Cognitive therapy of obsessive thoughts . Cognitive and Behavioral Practice , 8 : 61 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston , M. H. , Rhéaume , J. and Ladouceur , R. 1996 . Correcting faulty appraisals of obsessional thoughts . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 433 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt , J. , McCauley , C. and Rozin , P. 1994 . Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors . Personality and Individual Differences , 16 : 701 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt , J. , Rozin , P. , McCauley , C. and Imada , S. 1997 . Body, psyche, and culture: The relationship between disgust and morality . Psychology and Developing Societies , 9 : 107 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn , T. and Page , A. C. 1999 . Effects of images about fear and disgust upon responses to blood-injury phobic stimuli . Behavior Therapy , 30 : 63 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt , P. L. and Flett , G. L. 1991 . Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 456 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klieger , D. M. and Siejak , K. K. 1997 . Disgust as the source of false positive effects in the measurement of ophidiophobia . Journal of Psychology , 131 : 371 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois , F. , Freeston , M. H. and Ladouceur , R. 2000 . Differences and similarities between obsessive intrusive thoughts and worry in a non-clinical population: Study 2 . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 38 : 175 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallinger , A. E. 1984 . The obsessive's myth of control . Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis , 12 : 147 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Matchett , G. and Davey , G. C. L. 1991 . A test of a disease-avoidance model of animal phobias . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 29 : 91 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckelbach , H. , de Jong , P. J. , Arntz , A. and Schouten , E. 1993 . The role of evaluative learning and disgust sensitivity in the etiology and treatment of spider phobia . Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy , 1993 : 243 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Merckelbach , H. , Muris , P. , de Jong , P.J. and de Jongh , A. 1999 . Disgust sensitivity, blood-injection-injury fear, and dental anxiety . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 6 : 279 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowrer , O. H. 1947 . On the dual nature of learning—A re-interpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving” . Harvard Educational Review , 17 : 102 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulkens , S. A. N. , de Jong , P. J. and Merckelbach , H. 1996 . Disgust and spider phobia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 105 : 464 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeroff , C. and Rozin , P. 1989 . “You are what you eat”: Applying the demand-free “impressions” technique to an unacknowledged belief . Ethos , 17 : 50 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeroff , C. and Rozin , P. 1992 . Sympathetic magical beliefs and kosher dietary practice: The interaction of rules and feelings . Ethos , 21 : 96 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Nemeroff , C. and Rozin , P. 1994 . The contagion concept in adult thinking in the United States: Transmission of germs and of interpersonal influence . Ethos , 22 : 158 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognition Working Group ( 1997 ). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 , 667 – 681 .
   Google Scholar
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognition Working Group ( 2001 ). Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 39 , 987 – 1006 .
   Google Scholar
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognition Working Group ( 2003 ). Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part I . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 , 863 – 878 .
   Google Scholar
• Pitman , R. K. 1987 . Pierre Janet on obsessive-compulsive disorder (1903): Review and commentary . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 : 226 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon , C. and Clark , D. A. 1993 . Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects: I. Content and relation with depressive, anxious and obsessional symptoms . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 713 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon , C. and Clark , D. A. 1994 . Perceived control and appraisal of obsessional intrusive thoughts: A replication and extension . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 22 : 269 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Purdon , C. and Clark , D. A. 2002 . “ The need to control thoughts ” . In Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: Frost , R. O. and Steketee , G. New York, NY : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1971 . Obsessional ruminations . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 9 : 229 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1976 . The modification of obsessions: A new formulation . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 14 : 437 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1993 . Obsessions, responsibility and guilt . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 149 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. J. 1997 . A cognitive theory of obsessions . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 793 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. 1998 . A cognitive theory of obsessions: Elaborations . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 385 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. and de Silva , P. 1978 . Abnormal and normal obsessions . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 16 : 233 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. J. and Hodgson , R. J. 1980 . Obsessions and compulsions , Englewoods Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Rachman , S. , Thordarson , D. S. , Shafran , R. and Woody , S. R. 1995 . Perceived responsibility: Structure and significance . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 33 : 779 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. and Fallon , A. E. 1987 . A perspective on disgust . Psychological Review , 94 : 23 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. , Haidt , J. and McCauley , C. R. 1993 . “ Disgust ” . In Handbook of Emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland , J. M. 575 – 594 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. , Markwith , M. and Nemeroff , C. 1992 . Magical contagion beliefs and fear of AIDS . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 22 : 1081 – 1092 .
   Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. and Nemeroff , C. 1990 . “ The laws of sympathetic magic: A psychological analysis of similarity and contagion ” . In Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development , Edited by: Stigler , J. W. , Shweder , R. A. and Herdt , G. 205 – 232 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salkovskis , P. M. 1985 . Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 23 : 571 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis , P. M. 1989 . Cognitive-behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 27 : 677 – 682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis , P. M. 1996 . “ Cognitive-behavioral approaches to the understanding of obsessional problems ” . In Current controversies in the anxiety disorders , Edited by: Rapee , R. M. 103 – 133 . New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sawchuk , C. N. , Meunier , S. A. , Lohr , J. M. and Westendorf , D. H. 2002 . Fear, disgust, and information processing in specific phobias: The application of signal detection theory . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 16 : 495 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. P. 1971 . Phobias and preparedness . Behavior Therapy , 2 : 307 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits , J. A. J. , Telch , M. J. and Randall , P. K. 2002 . An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40 : 1243 – 1253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprengelmeyer , R. , Young , A. W. , Pundt , I. , Sprengelmeyer , A. , Calder , A. J. Berrios , G. 1997 . Disgust implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , 264 : 1767 – 1773 .
   Google Scholar
• Straus , E. W. ( 1948 ). On obsession: A clinical and methodological study . Nervous and Mental Disorders Monograph , 73 , 26 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Thordarson , D. S. and Shafran , R. 2002 . “ Importance of thoughts ” . In Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: Frost , R. O. and Steketee , G. New York, NY : Pergamon. .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , S. J. and Salkovskis , P. M. 1998 . Studies on the role of disgust in the acquisition and maintenance of specific phobias . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 877 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolin , D. F. , Brigidi , B. D. , Donde , S. , & Foa , E. B. ( 1999 ). Disgust sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder . Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy , Toronto , ON ( November ).
   Google Scholar
• Tolin , D. F. , Lohr , J. M. , Sawchuk , C. M. and Lee , T. C. 1997 . Disgust and disgust sensitivity in blood–injection–injury and spider phobia . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 949 – 953 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins , S. 1963 . Affect, imagery, consciousness, Volume 2: The negative affects , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , K. and Davey , G. C. L. 1992 . Disgust sensitivity and fear of animals: Effect of exposure to violent or repulsive material . Anxiety, Stress, & Coping , 5 : 329 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. 1994 . Ironic processes of mental control . Psychological Review , 101 : 34 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. 1997 . Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: A practice manual and conceptual guide , Chichester, Sussex : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wilhelm , S. , Steketee , G. , Fama , J. , & Golan , E. ( 2003 ). A controlled trial investigating CT for OCD treatment outcome, acceptability and mechanisms of improvement . Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy , Boston , MA ( November ).
   Google Scholar
• Woody , S. and Teachman , B. A. 2000 . Intersection of disgust and fear: Normative and pathological views . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 7 : 291 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar