A longitudinal study of the role of cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters

References

• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Testing and interpreting interactions in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Andrykowski, M. A., Cordova, M. J., Studts, J. L., & Miller, T. W. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 66, 586–590. 10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagwagar, Z., Hafizi, S., & Cowen, P. J. (2002). Acute citalopram administration produces correlated increases in plasma and salivary cortisol. Psychopharmacology, 163, 118–120. 10.1007/s00213-002-1149-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierer, L. M., Tischler, L., Labinsky, E., Cahill, S., Foa, E., & Yehuda, R. (2006). Clinical correlates of 24-h cortisol and norepinephrine excretion among subjects seeking treatment following the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1071, 514–520. 10.1196/annals.1364.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, K. T., Killeen, T. K., Brewerton, T., & Lucerini, S. (2000). Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 22–32. 10.4088/JCP.v61n0106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N. (2001). The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: What is the extent of the problem? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 17), 16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., Rose, S., & Kirk, M. (1999). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 360–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conybeare, D., Behar, E., Solomon, A., Newman, M. G., & Borkovec, T. D. (2012). The PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version: Reliability, validity and factor structure in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 699–713. 10.1002/jclp.21845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. R. T., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1996). The pharmacological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. R. T. Davidson & B. A. van der Kolk (Eds.), Traumatic stress (pp. 510–525). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Delahanty, D. L., Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C., & Walsh, M. (2005). Initial urinary epinephrine and cortisol levels predict acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 121–128. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty, D. L., Raimonde, A. J., & Spoonster, E. (2000). Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 940–947. 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00896-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty, D. L., Raimonde, A. J., Spoonster, E., & Cullado, M. (2003). Injury severity, prior trauma history, urinary cortisol levels, and acute PTSD in motor vehicle accident victims. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 149–164. 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00185-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeQuervain, D. J. (2008). Glucocorticoid-induced reduction of traumatic memories. Progress in Brain Research, 167, 239–247. 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)67017-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzinga, B. M., Schmahl, C. G., Vermetten, E., van Dyck, R., & Bremner, J. D. (2003). Higher cortisol levels following exposure to traumatic reminders in abuse-related PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1656–1665. 10.1038/sj.npp.1300226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, D. A., & Poland, R. E. (2002). Urinary cortisol and catecholamines in mothers of child cancer survivors with and without PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 805–819. 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00081-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goenjian, A., Yehuda, R., Pynoos, R., Steinberg, A., Tashjian, M., Yang, R., … Fairbanks, L. A. (1996). Basal cortisol, dexamethasone suppression of cortisol, and MHPG in adolescents after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 929–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groschl, M., Wagner, R., Rauh, M., & Dorr, H. G. (2001). Stability of salivary steroids: The influences of storage, food and dental care. Steroids, 66, 737–741. 10.1016/S0039-128X(01)00111-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). Move over ANOVA: Progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 310–317. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawk, L. W., Dougall, A. L., Ursano, R. J., & Baum, A. (2000). Urinary catecholamines and cortisol in recent-onset posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 423–434. 10.1097/00006842-200005000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2276–2286. 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Terhakopian, A., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., & Engel, C. C. (2007). Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 150–153. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status (Unpublished manuscript). Yale University, New Haven, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Kangas, M., Henry, J. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2005). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 360–364. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., & Wolfinger, R. D. (1996). SAS system for mixed models. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Manne, S. L., DuHamel, K., Gallelli, K., Sorgen, K., & Redd, W. H. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder among mothers of pediatric cancer survivors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23, 357–366. 10.1093/jpepsy/23.6.357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meewisse, M. L., Reitsma, J. B., de Vries, G. J., Gersons, B. P., & Olff, M. (2007). Cortisol and post-stress disorder in adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 387–392. 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthen, B. O., & Curran, P. J. (1997). General longitudinal modeling of individual differences in experimental designs. Psychological Methods, 2, 371–402. 10.1037/1082-989X.2.4.371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumeister, A., Henry, S., & Krystal, J. H. (2007). Neurocircuitry and neuroplasticity in PTSD. In M. Friedman, T. Keane, & P. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD (pp. 151–165). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, F. H., & Slone, L. B. (2007). The epidemiology of trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD (pp. 78–98). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 183–204. 10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelcovitz, D., Goldenberg, B., Kaplan, S., Weinblatt, M., Mandel, F., Meyers, B., … Vinciquerra, V. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of pediatric cancer survivors. Psychosomatics, 37, 116–126. 10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71577-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 916–931. 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmusson, A. M., Vythilingam, M., & Morgan, C. A. III. (2003). The neuroendocrinology of PTSD: New directions. CNS Spectrums, 8, 651–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick, H., Yehuda, R., Pitman, R., & Foy, D. (1995). Effect of previous trauma on acute plasma cortisol level following rape. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1675–1677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms, L. J., Watson, P., & Doebbelling, B. N. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed victims of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 637–647. 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2007). The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of children diagnosed with pediatric cancer and type I diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 223–229. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoppelbein, L., Greening, L., & Fite, P. (2012). The role of cortisol in PTSD among women exposed to a trauma-related stressor. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 352–358. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symonds, C. S., Gallagher, P., Thompson, J. M., & Young, A. H. (2004). Effects of the menstrual cycle on mood, neurocognitive and neuroendocrine function in healthy premenopausal women. Psychological Medicine, 34, 93–102. 10.1017/S0033291703008535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk, B. A. (1996). The body keeps the score. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weissaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress (pp. 214–241). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, J. A., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL). Paper presented at the 9th conference of the ISTSS, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar