Emotion regulation in patients with cardiovascular disease: development and validation of the stress and anxiety regulation strategies scale (STARTS)

References

• Appleton, A. A., Loucks, E. B., Buka, S. L., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2014). Divergent associations of antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation strategies with midlife cardiovascular disease risk. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48(2), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9600-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustine, A. A., & Hemenover, S. H. (2009). On the relative effectiveness of affect regulation strategies: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 23(6), 1181–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802396556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batelaan, N. M., Seldenrijk, A., Bot, M., van Balkom, A. J., & Penninx, B. W. (2016). Anxiety and new onset of cardiovascular disease: Critical review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health: Recent findings, current challenges, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, F. M., Blaauw, F. J., Snippe, E., Van der Krieke, L., De Jonge, P., & Wichers, M. (2018). Exploring the emotional dynamics of subclinically depressed individuals with and without anhedonia: An experience sampling study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bot, I., & Kuiper, J. (2017). Stressed brain, stressed heart? The Lancet, 389(10071), 770–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30044-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2016). The default response to uncertainty and the importance of perceived safety in anxiety and stress: An evolution-theoretical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, D. S., Bertenshaw, E. J., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The impact of positive affect on health cognitions and behaviours: A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.923164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Wintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celano, C. M., Millstein, R. A., Bedoya, C. A., Healy, B. C., Roest, A. M., & Huffman, J. C. (2015). Association between anxiety and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. American Heart Journal, 170(6), 1105–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bacquer, D., De Smedt, D., Kotseva, K., Jennings, C., Wood, D., Rydén, L., Gyberg, V., Shahim, B., Amouyel, P., Bruthans, J., Castro Conde, A., Cífková, R., Deckers, J. W., De Sutter, J., Dilic, M., Dolzhenko, M., Erglis, A., Fras, Z., Gaita, D., … De Backer, G. (2019). Incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with stabilized coronary heart disease: The EUROASPIRE IV follow-up study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 34(3), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0454-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado-Lista, J., Perez-Martinez, P., Garcia-Rios, A., Alcala-Diaz, J. F., Perez-Caballero, A. I., Gomez-Delgado, F., ... & Perez-Jimenez, F. (2016). CORonary Diet Intervention with Olive oil and cardiovascular PREVention study (the CORDIOPREV STUDY): rationale, methods, and baseline characteristics: a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil versus a low-fat diet on cardiovascular disease in coronary patients. American Heart Journal, 177, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2016.04.011
   Google Scholar
• De Ridder, D., Geenen, R., Kuijer, R., & van Middendorp, H. (2008). Psychological adjustment to chronic disease. The Lancet, 372(9634), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61078-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Aldao, A., & De Los Reyes, A. (2015). Emotion regulation in context: Examining the spontaneous use of strategies across emotional intensity and type of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graven, L. J., & Grant, J. S. (2013). Coping and health-related quality of life in individuals with heart failure: An integrative review. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 42(3), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2012.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal, K., Gravely-Witte, S., Stewart, D. E., & Grace, S. L. (2011). A simultaneous test of the relationship between identified psychosocial risk factors and recurrent events in coronary artery disease patients. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24(4), 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.546838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grøntved, A., & Hu, F. B. (2011). Television viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 305(23), 2448–2455. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, S., Myers, L. B., & Hughes, B. M. (2017). Repressive coping and cardiovascular reactivity to novel and recurrent stress. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(5), 562–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1274027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson, A. L., Gibbons, L. E., Rentz, D. M., Carvalho, J. O., Manly, J., Bennett, D. A., & Jones, R. N. (2011). A life course model of cognitive activities, socioeconomic status, education, reading ability, and cognition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(8), 1403–1411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, S., Mooney, S. J., Kennedy, G. J., Benjamin, E. O., Ompad, D., Rundle, A. G., Beard, J. R., & Cerdá, M. (2016). Beyond METs: Types of physical activity and depression among older adults. Age and Ageing, 45(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotseva, K., De Backer, G., De Bacquer, D., Rydén, L., Hoes, A., Grobbee, D., Maggioni, A., Marques-Vidal, P., Jennings, C., Abreu, A., Aguiar, C., Badariene, J., Bruthans, J., Castro Conde, A., Cifkova, R., Crowley, J., Davletov, K., Deckers, J., De Smedt, D., … Wood, D. (2019). Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 26(8), 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487318825350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Loerbroks, A., Bosma, H., & Angerer, P. (2016). Work stress and cardiovascular disease: A life course perspective. Journal of Occupational Health, 58(2), 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0326-OP
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. C., & Shun, S. C. (2016). Understanding self care coping styles in patients with chronic heart failure: A systematic review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 15(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515115572046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda, U., Shen, B. J., Schwarz, E. R., Farrell, K. A., & Mallon, S. (2013). Self-efficacy mediates the associations of social support and depression with treatment adherence in heart failure patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-011-9215-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastandrea, S., Maricchiolo, F., Carrus, G., Giovannelli, I., Giuliani, V., & Berardi, D. (2019). Visits to figurative art museums may lower blood pressure and stress. Arts & Health, 11(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2018.1443953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli-Bürgy, N., Molloy, G. J., Poole, L., Wikman, A., Kaski, J. C., & Steptoe, A. (2015). Psychological coping and recurrent major adverse cardiac events following acute coronary syndrome. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, D. K., Dickson, V., Jaarsma, T., Lee, C., Stromberg, A., & Riegel, B. (2012). Role of self-care in the patient with heart failure. Current Cardiology Report, 14(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-012-0267-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, D. K., McKinley, S., Riegel, B., Doering, L. V., Meischke, H., Pelter, M., Davidson, P., Baker, H., & Dracup, K. (2011). Relationship of persistent symptoms of anxiety to morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182364992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 161–187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999). Classifying affect-regulation strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 13(3), 277–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. C., Carroll, D., & Der, G. (2015). Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety: Stress causation and/or stress generation. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(4), 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2015.1005078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., Cooney, M.-T., Corrà, U., Cosyns, B., Deaton, C., Graham, I., Hall, M. S., Hobbs, F. D. R., Løchen, M.-L., Löllgen, H., Marques-Vidal, P., Perk, J., Prescott, E., Redon, J., … Binno, S. (2016). 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. European Heart Journal, 37(29), 2315–2381. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebar, A. L., Stanton, R., Geard, D., Short, C., Duncan, M. J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roest, A. M., Martens, E. J., de Jonge, P., & Denollet, J. (2010). Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibe, S., & Zacher, H. (2013). A lifespan perspective on emotion regulation, stress, and well-being in the workplace. In P. L. Perrewé, J. Halbesleben, & C. C. Rosen (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being (Vol. 11, pp. 163–193). Emerald.
   Google Scholar
• Sin, N. L., Moskowitz, J. T., & Whooley, M. A. (2015). Positive affect and health behaviors across five years in patients with coronary heart disease: The heart and soul study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(9), 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2013). Stress and cardiovascular disease: An update on current knowledge. Annual Review of Public Health, 34, 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, M. D., LaCroix, A. Z., Russo, J., & Katon, W. J. (1998). Self-efficacy and self-reported functional status in coronary heart disease: A six-month prospective study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(4), 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199807000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swart, M., Kortekaas, R., & Aleman, A. (2009). Dealing with feelings: Characterization of trait alexithymia on emotion regulation strategies and cognitive-emotional processing. PLoS ONE, 4(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabernero, C., Chambel, M. J., Curral, L., & Arana, J. M. (2009). The role of task-oriented versus relationship-oriented leadership on normative contract and group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(10), 1391–1404. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.10.1391
   Google Scholar
• Terol, M. C., López-Roig, S., Rodríguez-Marín, J., Martín-Aragón, M., Pastor, M. A., & Reig, M. T. (2007). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD): Psychometric properties in Spanish population. Ansiedad y Estrés, 13(2-3), 163–176.
   Google Scholar
• Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez, C., Duque, A., & Hervás, G. (2013). Satisfaction with life scale in a representative sample of Spanish adults: validation and normative data. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, E., Wilson, L., Wickramasinghe, K., Bhatnagar, P., Leal, J., Luengo-Fernandez, R., Burns, R., Rayner, M., & Townsend, N. (2017). European cardiovascular disease statistics. European Heart Network. http://www.ehnheart.org/images/CVD-statistics-report-August-2017.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, A., Vella, R., & Fors, A. (2019). The impact of person-centred care on patients’ care experiences in relation to educational level after acute coronary syndrome: Secondary outcome analysis of a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 18(4), 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515118821242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2017). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds).
   Google Scholar
• Zebrowitz, L. A., Boshyan, J., Ward, N., Gutchess, A., & Hadjikhani, N. (2017). The older adult positivity effect in evaluations of trustworthiness: Emotion regulation or cognitive capacity? PLoS One, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A., & Snaith, R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar