A brief nonattachment intervention based on the three marks of existence: development, rationale, and initial evidence

References

• Banks, J. B., Jha, A. P., Hood, A. V. B., Goller, H. G., & Craig, L. L. (2019). Reducing the TUTs that hurt: The impact of a brief mindfulness induction on emotionally valenced mind wandering. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 31(8), 785–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2019.1676759
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
   Google Scholar
• Bhambhani, Y., & Cabral, G. (2016). Evaluating nonattachment and decentering as possible mediators of the link between mindfulness and psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 21(4), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215607109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal., Z., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Vetling, D., Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodhi, B. (2005). In the Buddha’s words: An anthology of discourses from the Pali Canon. Wisdom Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bodhi, B. (2011). What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., Weinstein, N., & Creswell, J. D. (2012). Trait mindfulness modulates neuroendocrine and affective responses to social evaluative threat. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(12), 2037–2041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, K. M., Hoeven, E. V., Patterson, T. S., & Lumley, M. N. (2021). Defining and measuring “psychological flexibility”: A narrative scoping review of diverse flexibility and rigidity constructs and perspectives. Clinical Psychology Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, B., Lindsay, E. K., Greco, C. M., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., Wright, A. G. C., Creswell, J. D. (2019). Psychological mechanisms driving stress resilience in mindfulness training: A randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 38(8), 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., Yap, K., & Dicke, T. (2020). The role of nonattachment in the development of adolescent mental health: A three-year longitudinal study. Mindfulness, 11(9), 2131–2139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01421-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. S. (2014). Mindfulness, non-attachment and other Buddhist virtues. In S. van Hooft, N. Athanassoulis, J. Kawall, J. Aokley, N. Saunders, & L. Van Zyl (Eds.), The handbook of virtue ethics (pp. 306–317). Acumen Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., Olendzki, A., Vago., D. R. (2015). Moving beyond mindfulness: Defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research. Mindfulness, 6(2), 356–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0269-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy, M. D., Brunyé, T. T., Tower-Richardi, S., Mahoney, C. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2015). The effect of a brief mindfulness induction on processing of emotional images: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, ArtID 1391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, J. L., & Follette, V. M. (2018). An experimental comparison of two acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) values exercises to increase values-oriented behavior. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 10, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1075–1092. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaab, J., Rohleder, N., Nater, U. M., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: The role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(6), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloster, A. T., Klotsche, J., Chaker, S., Mummel, K. V., & Hoyer, J. (2011). Assessing psychological flexibility: What does it add above and beyond existing constructs? Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 970–982. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63(6), 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, J. (2002). One dharma: The emerging Western Buddhism. Harper One.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, J. (2019). Dukkha and non-self (retreat at spirit rock). Dharmaseed.org. https://dharmaseed.org/talks/audio_player/96/57585.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hadash, Y., Segev, N., Tanay, G., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016). The decoupling model of equanimity: Theory, measurement, and test in a mindfulness intervention. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1214–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0564-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, P. (1990). An introduction to Buddhism: Teaching, history and practices. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Bissett, R. T., Korn, Z., Zettle, R. D., Rosenfarb, I. S., Cooper, L. D., Grundt, A. M. (1999). The impact of acceptance versus control rationales on pain tolerance. The Psychological Record, 49(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessler-Kaufmann, J. B., Heese, J., Berking, M., Voderholzer, U., & Diedrich, A. (2020). Emotion regulation strategies in bulimia nervosa: An experimental investigation of mindfulness, self-compassion, and cognitive restructuring. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), ArtID 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-020-00129-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, C. Y. Y., Yu, B. C. L., & Mak, W. W. S. (2022). Nonattachment mediates the associations between mindfulness, well-being, and psychological distress: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. Clinical Psychology Review, 95, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju, S. J., & Lee, W. K. (2015). Mindfulness, non-attachment, and emotional well-being in Korean adults. Advanced Science and Technology Letters, 87, 68–72.
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, R. J., Jacobson, N. C., & Robinson, M. D. (2023). A psychological flexibility perspective on well-being: Emotional reactivity, adaptive choices, and daily experiences. Emotion, 23(4), 911–924. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamis, D. A., & Dvorak, R. D. (2014). Mindfulness, nonattachment, and suicide rumination in college students: The mediating role of depressive symptoms. Mindfulness, 5(5), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0203-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50(5), 372–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2010). Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). The impact of treatment components suggested by the psychological flexibility model: A meta-analysis of laboratory-based component studies. Behavior Therapy, 43(4), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and acceptance theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2019). Mindfulness, acceptance, and emotion regulation: Perspectives from monitor and acceptance theory (MAT). Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, E. K., Young, S., Smyth, J. M., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Acceptance lowers stress reactivity: Dismantling mindfulness training in a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 87, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Roemer, L. (2008). Emotion regulation in unipolar depression: The effects of acceptance and suppression of subjective emotional experience on the intensity and duration of sadness and negative affect. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1201–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State—Trait anxiety inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyklíček, I., Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Van Beugen, S., Ramakers, C., & Van Boxtel, G. J. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and physiological activity during acute stress: A randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 32(10), 1110–1113. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. D., Irvin, R. L., & Klein, R. J. (2021). Dynamic negativity effects in emotional responding: Onsets, peaks, and influences from repetition. Emotion, 21(5), 972–980. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahdra, B., Ciarrochi, J., & Parker, P. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: Related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 819–829. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: A Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903425960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (2009). The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model. Cognition & Emotion, 23(7), 1307–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902928969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlotz, W., Hammerfald, K., Ehlert, U., & Gaab, J. (2011). Individual differences in the cortisol response to stress in young healthy men: Testing the roles of perceived stress reactivity and threat appraisal using multiphase latent growth curve modeling. Biological Psychology, 87(2), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones, J., Santesteban-Echarri, O., Pryor, I., McGorry, P., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2018). Web-based mindfulness interventions for mental health treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mental Health, 5(3), e10278. https://doi.org/10.2196/10278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale, J. D., & Chaskalson, M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: The nature and origins of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thera, N. (1994). Satipatthana sutta: The foundations of mindfulness. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.010.nysa.html.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, U. S., Cebolla, T. M., Glück, J., Soler, J., Garcia-Campayo, J., & von Moy, T. (2014). The serenity of the meditating mind: A cross-cultural psychometric study on a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness, its effects, and mechanisms related to mental health among experienced meditators. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110192. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., Delaveau, P., Rotgé, J., Fossati, P., & Van Mechelen, I. (2015). Determinants of emotion duration and underlying psychological and neural mechanisms. Emotion Review, 7(4), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., Van Mechelen, I., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2011). The relation between event processing and the duration of emotional experience. Emotion, 11(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh, C. E., Shing, E. Z., & Avery, B. M. (2015). Temporal dynamics of emotional processing in the brain. Emotion Review, 7(4), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, R., Bates, G., & Elphinstone, B. (2018). Stories of suffering and growth: An investigation of the lived experience of nonattachment. Contemporary Buddhism, 19(2), 448–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2018.1572311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, R., Bates, G., & Elphinstone, B. (2020). Growing by letting go: Nonattachment and mindfulness as qualities of advanced psychological development. Journal of Adult Development, 27(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-09326-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). Affective forecasting: Knowing what to want. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00355.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolgast, M., Lundh, L., & Viborg, G. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: An experimental comparison of two emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 858–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Schulz, R. (2003). The importance of goal disengagement in adaptive self-regulation: When giving up is beneficial. Self and Identity, 2(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, B. W. Y., Gao, J., Leung, H. K., & Sik, H. H. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of awareness training program (ATP), a group-based Mahayana Buddhist intervention. Mindfulness, 10(7), 1280–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1082-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar