242
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Lessons from Pilot Projects

Shifting Gears for the Automated Vehicle: Findings from Focus Groups in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area

, &

References

  • I. Ajzen, “The Theory of Planned Behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (1991) 179–211.
  • P. Bansal, K. Kockelman, and A. Singh, “Assessing Public Opinions of and Interest in New Vehicle Technologies: An Austin Perspective,” paper presented at the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (Washington, DC, January 2016).
  • N. Barbour, N. Menon, Y. Zhang, and F. Mannering, “Shared Automated Vehicles: A Statistical Analysis of Consumer Use Likelihoods and Concerns,” Transport Policy 80 (2019) 86–93.
  • R. A. Bauer, “Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking,” in M. J. Baker, ed., Marketing: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management (Taylor and Francis: 2001) 13–21.
  • M. Ben-Akiva and S. R. Lerman, Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand (Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985).
  • J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and Legislations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1948 [1789]).
  • R. Berliner, R. M., Hardman, S., and G. Tal, “Uncovering Early Adopter’s Perceptions and Purchase Intentions of Automated Vehicles: Insights from Early Adopters of Electric Vehicles in California.” Transportation Research Part F 60 (2019) 712–722.
  • B. Botello, R. Buehler, S. Hankey, A. Mondschein, and Z. Jian, “Planning for Walking and Cycling in an Autonomous Vehicle Future,” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 1 (2019) 1–8.
  • V. Braun and V. Clarke, “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology,” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3: 2 (2006) 77–101.
  • L. Buckley, S. A. Kaye, and A. K. Pradhan, “Psychosocial Factors Associated with Intended Use of Automated Vehicles: A Simulated Driving Study,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 115 (2018) 202–208.
  • H. K. Chen and D. W. Yan, “Interrelationships Between Influential Factors and Behavioral Intention with Regard to Autonomous Vehicles,” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 13: 7 (2019) 511–527.
  • F. D. Davis, “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology,” Management Information Systems Quarterly 13: 3 (1989) 319–340.
  • F. D. Davis, R. P. Bagozzi, and P. R. Warshaw, User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science 35: 8 (1989) 982–1003.
  • D. Fagnant and K. Kockelman, “The Travel and Environmental Implications of Shared Autonomous Vehicles, Using Agent-Based Model Scenarios,” Transportation Research Part C 40 (2014) 1–13.
  • A. Faisal, T. Yigitcanlar, M. Kamaruzzamand, and C. Graham, “Understanding Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Rereview on Capability, Impact, Planning and Policy,” The Journal of Transport and Land Use 12: 1 (2019) 45–72.
  • M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen, Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975).
  • T. Golob, M. J. Beckmann, and Y. Zahavi, “A Utility-Theory Travel Demand Model Incorporating Travel Budgets” Transportation Research Part B 15B: 6 (1981) 375–389.
  • E. González-González, S. Nogués, and D. Stead, “Automated Vehicles and the City of Tomorrow: A Backcasting Approach,” Cities 94 (2019) 153–160.
  • Google. (2012). Self-Driving Car Test: Steve Mahan <www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE> Accessed July 27, 2018.
  • M. Hengstler, E. Enkel, and S. Duelli, “Applied Artificial Intelligence and Trust: The Case of Autonomous Vehicles and Medical Assistance Devices,” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 105 (2016) 105–120.
  • D. Howard, and D. Dai, “Public Perceptions of Self-Driving Cars: The Case of Berkeley, California,” presented at the 93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (Washington, DC, January 2014).
  • I. B. Huang, J. Keisler, and I. Linkov, “Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Environmental Sciences: Ten Years of Applications and Trends,” Science of the Total Environment 409 (2011) 3578–3594.
  • V. Huth, E. Fuessl, and R. Risser, “Motorcycle Riders’ Perceptions, Attitudes and Strategies: Findings from a Focus Group Study,” Transportation Research Part F 25 (2014) 74–85.
  • P. Jing, H. Huang, B. Ran, F. Zhan, and Y. Shi, “Exploring the Factors Affecting Mode Choice Intention of Autonomous Vehicle Based on an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior: A Case Study in China,” Sustainability 11 (2019) 1–20.
  • J. Kester, G. Zarazua de Rubens, B. K. Sovacool, and L. Noel, “Public Perceptions of Electric Vehicles and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Insights from a Nordic Focus Group Study,” Transportation Research Part D 74 (2019) 277–293.
  • R. Krueger, T. H. Rashidi, and J. M. Rose, “Preferences for Shared Autonomous Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part C 69 (2016) 343–353.
  • M. Kyriakidis, R. Happee, and J. C. De Winter, “Public Opinion on Automated Driving: Results of an International Questionnaire among 5000 Respondents,” Transportation Research Part F 32 (2015) 127–140.
  • J. LaMondia, D. Fagnant, H. Qu, J. Barrett, and K. Kockelman, “Long-Distance Travel Mode Shifts Due to Automated Vehicles: A Statewide Mode-Shift Simulation Experiment and Travel Survey Analysis,” presented at the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (Washington, DC, 2016).
  • J. D. Lee, and K. D. See, “Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance,” Human Factors 46: 1 (2004) 50–80.
  • J. Lee, D. Lee, Y. Park, S. Lee, and T. Ha, “Autonomous Vehicles Can Be Shared, but a Feeling of Ownership is Important: Examination of the Influential Factors for Intention to Use Autonomous Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part C 107 (2019) 411–422.
  • T. Leicht, A. Chtourou, and K. Ben Youssef, “Consumer Innovativeness and Intentioned Autonomous Car Adoption,” Journal of High Technology Management Research 29 (2018) 1–11.
  • S. Li, P. Blythe, W. Guo, and A. Namdeo, “Investigation of Older Drivers’ Requirements of the Human–Machine Interaction in Highly Automated Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part F 62 (2019) 546–563.
  • T. Liljamo, H. Liimatainen, and M. Pöllänen, “Attitudes and Concerns on Automated Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part F 59 (2018) 24–44.
  • M. Mahmudur Rahman, D. Shuchisnigdha, L. Strawderman, R. Burch, and B. Smith, “How the Older Population Perceives Self-Driving Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part F 65 (2019) 242–257.
  • M. Meyer and E. J. Miller, Urban Transportation Planning (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000).
  • H. J. Miller, “Theories and Models in Transportation Planning,” in G. Giuliano and S. Hanson, The Geography of Urban Transportation (New York: The Guilford Press, 2017) 113–138.
  • S. Murtagh, D. A. Rowe, M. A. Elliott, D. McMinn, and N. M. Nelson, “Predicting Active School Travel: The Role of Planned Behavior and Habit Strength,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9: 65 (2012) 1–9.
  • S. Nordhoff, B. van Arem, and R. Happee, “A Conceptual Model to Explain, Predict, and Improve User Acceptance of Driverless Vehicles,” presented at the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (Washington, DC, January 2016).
  • NSTC (National Science and Technology Council) and USDOT (United States Department of Transportation), “Ensuring American Leadership in Automated Vehicle Technologies” (Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2020) <www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2020-02/EnsuringAmericanLeadershipAVTech4.pdf> Accessed July 15, 2020.
  • J. P. Nuñez Velasco, H. Farah, V. Arem, and M. P. Hagenzieker, “Studying Pedestrians’ Crossing Behavior When Interacting with Automated Vehicles Using Virtual Reality,” Transportation Research Part F 66 (2019) 1–14.
  • L. E. Olsson, J. Huck, and M. Friman, “Intention for Car Use Reduction: Applying a Stage-Based Model,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15: 216 (2018) 1–14.
  • P. A. Pavlou, “Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating Trust and Risk with the Technology Acceptance Model,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 7: 3 (2003) 101–134.
  • S. D. Pendleton, H. Andersen, X. Du, X. Shen, M. Meghjani, Y. H. Eng, and M. H. Ang, “Perception, Planning, Control, and Coordination for Autonomous Vehicles,” Machines 5: 6 (2017) 1–54. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/5/1/6
  • O. Petrik, F. Moura, and J. de Abreu e Silva, “Measuring Uncertainty in Discrete Choice Travel Demand Forecasting Models,” Transportation Planning and Technology 39: 2 (2016) 218–237.
  • A. K. Pradhan, E. Pulver, J. Zakrajsek, S. Bao, and L. Molnar, “Perceived Safety Benefits, Concerns, and Utility of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems among Owners of ADAS-Equipped Vehicles,” Traffic Injury Prevention 19: S2 (2018) 135–137.
  • B. Pudane, M. Rataj, E. J. Molin, N. Mouter, S. van Cranenburgh, and C. G. Chorus, “How Will Automated Vehicles Shape Users’ Daily Activities? Insights from Focus Groups with Commuters in the Netherlands,” Transportation Research Part D 71 (2019) 222–235.
  • R. D. Robertson, S. R. Meister, and W. G. Vanlaar, Automated Vehicles: Driver Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices, Report of The Traffic Injury Research Foundation (Ottawa, Canada, 2017a) <http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Automated-Vehicles-Driver-Knowledge-Attitudes-and-Practices-ExecutiveSummary-3.pdf> Accessed July 12, 2021.
  • R. Robertson, S. R. Meister, W. G. Vanlaar, and M. M. Hing, “Automated Vehicles and Behavioral Adaptation in Canada,” Transportation Research Part A 104 (2017b) 50–57.
  • P. M. Sandman, “Risk Communication: Facing Public Outrage,” EPA Journal 13: 90 (1987) 21–22.
  • S. E. Shladover, “Connected and Automated Vehicle Systems,” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 22 (2018) 190–200.
  • Society of Automotive Engineers International, “Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles” (2018) <www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_201806/> Accessed June 6, 2019.
  • T. Stoiber, I. Schubert, R. Hoerler, and P. Burger, “Will Consumers Prefer Shared and Pooled-Use Autonomous Vehicles? A Stated Choice Experiment with Swiss Households,” Transportation Research Part D 71 (2019) 265–282.
  • M. Sweet and K. Laidlaw, “No Longer in the Driver’s Seat: How Do Affective Motivations Impact Consumer Interest in Automated Vehicles?” Transportation 47 (2020) 2601–2634. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-019-10035-5
  • K. Train, Discrete Choice Models with Simulation, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
  • V. Venkatesh and F. D. Davis, “A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies,” Management Science 46: 2 (2000) 186–204.
  • V. Venkatesh, M. G. Morris, G. B. Davis, and F. D. Davis, “User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View,” Management Information Systems Quarterly 27: 3 (2003) 425–478.
  • J. Wall, V. Cuenca, K. Creef, and B. Barnes, “Attitudes and Opinions towards Intelligent Speed Adaptation,” paper presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (Gold Coast, Australia, June 23-26, 2013).
  • A. Wang, C. Stogios, Y. Gai, J. Vaughan, G. Ozonder, S. Lee, and M. Hatzopoulo, “Automated, Electric, or Both? Investigating the Effects of Transportation and Technology Scenarios on Metropolitan Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” Sustainable Cities and Society 40 (2018) 524–533.
  • M. Woldeamanuel and D. Nguyen, “Perceived Benefits and Concerns of Autonomous Vehicles: An Exploratory Study of Millennials’ Sentiments of an Emerging Market,” Transportation Economics 71 (2018) 44–53.
  • Z. Xu, K. Zhang, H. Min, Z. Wang, X. Zhao, and P. Liu, “What Drives People to Accept Automated Vehicles? Findings from a Field Experiment,” Transportation Research Part C 95 (2018) 320–334.
  • Y. Yim, “A Focus Group Study of Automated Highway Systems and Related Technologies,” California PATH Working Paper, 1997 (Berkeley: University of California).
  • F. El Zarwi, A. Vij, and J. L. Walker, “A Discrete Choice Framework for Modeling and Forecasting Adoption and Diffusion of New Transportation Services,” Transportation Research C: Emerging Technologies 79 (2017) 207–223.
  • T. Zhang, D. Tao, X. Qu, X. Zhang, R. Lin, and W. Zhang, “The Roles of Initial Trust and Perceived Risk in Public’s Acceptance of Automated Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part C 98 (2019) 207–220.
  • J. Zmud, I. N. Sener, and J. Wagner, “Consumer Acceptance and Travel Behavior Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles,” Texas Transportation Institute Report (College Station: Texas Transportation Institute, 2016).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.