Eating Disorders and Body Image Concerns in Asian American Women: Assessment and Treatment from a Multicultural and Feminist Perspective

REFERENCES

• Ahmad , S. , Waller , G. and Verduyn , C. 1994 . Eating attitudes and body satisfaction among Asian and Caucasian adolescents . Journal of Adolescence , 17 : 461 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akan , G. E. and Grilo , C. M. 1995 . Sociocultural influences on eating attitudes and behaviors, body image, and psychological functioning: A comparison of African-American, Asian-American, and Caucasian college women . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 18 : 181 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Arriaza , C. A. and Mann , T. 2001 . Ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms among college students: The confounding role of body mass index . Journal of American College Health , 49 : 309 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. A. , Cash , T. F. and Lewis , R. J. 1989 . Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge/purgers: A brief report of the results of a national survey in the U.S.A . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 30 : 605 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters , J. and Cash , T. 1987 . Cognitive-behavioral treatment of women's body image dissatisfaction . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 : 889 – 897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cachelin , F. M. , Veisel , C. , Barzegarnazari , E. and Striegel-Moore , R. H. 2000 . Disordered eating, acculturation, and treatment-seeking in a community sample of Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White women . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 24 : 244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun , K. M. , Eastman , K. L. , Wang , G. C. S. and Sue , S. S. 1998 . “ Psychopathology ” . In Handbook of Asian American psychology , Edited by: Lee , L. C. and Zane , N. W. S. 457 – 483 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Crago , M. , Shisslak , C. M. and Estes , L. S. 1996 . Eating disturbances among American minority groups: A review . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 19 : 239 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins , L. H. , Simmons , A. M. and Zane , N. W. S. 2005 . Eating disorders in Asian populations: A critique of current approaches to the study of culture, ethnicity, and eating disorders . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 25 ( 4 ) : 553 – 574 .
   Google Scholar
• Dare , C. and Eisler , I. 1995 . “ Family Therapy ” . In Handbook of eating disorders: Theory, treatment, and research , Edited by: Szmukler , G. , Dare , C. and Treasure , J. 333 – 349 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , C. and Yager , J. 1992 . Transcultural aspects of eating disorders: A critical literature review . Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry , 16 : 377 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNicola , V. F. 1990 . Anorexia multiforme: Self-starvation in historical and cultural context . Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review , 27 : 245 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolan , B. 1991 . Cross-cultural aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: A review . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 10 : 67 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin , S. and Kerr , B. 1987 . Comparison of interventions for women experiencing body image problems . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 34 : 136 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn , C. G. 2002a . “ Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa ” . In Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook , 2nd , Edited by: Fairburn , C. G. and Brownell , K. D. 302 – 313 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fairburn , C. G. 2002b . “ Interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders ” . In Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook , 2nd , Edited by: Fairburn , C. G. and Brownell , K. D. 320 – 324 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fairburn , C. G. , Cooper , Z. and Shafran , R. 2003 . Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 : 509 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , G. , Wadden , T. and Vogt , R. 1997 . Body image in obese women before, during and after weight loss treatment . Health Psychology , 16 : 226 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , M. 1999 . Raising daughters to resist negative cultural messages about body image . Women and Therapy , 22 : 88
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. and Needleman , L. D. 1997 . “ Sequencing and integration of treatments ” . In Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders , 2nd , Edited by: Garner , D. M. and Garfinkel , D. E. 50 – 63 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. , Olmsted , M. P. and Garfinkel , P. E. 1983 . Does anorexia nervosa occur on a continuum? Subgroups of weight-preoccupied women and their relationship to anorexia nervosa . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 2 : 11 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glidden , C. and Tracey , T. 1989 . Women's perceptions of personal versus sociocultural counseling interventions . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 36 : 54 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , K. H. , Perez , M. and Joiner , T. E. Jr. 2002 . The impact of racial stereotypes on eating disorder recognition . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 32 : 219 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , C. C. I. 1995 . Asian eyes: Body image and eating disorders of Asian and Asian American women . Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention , 3 : 8 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Herzog , D. , Hopkins , J. and Burns , C. 1993 . A follow-up study of 33 subdiagnostic eating disordered women . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 14 : 261 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek , H. W. and van Hoeken , D. 2003 . Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 34 : 383 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , G. K. and Ham , M. D. 2001 . Psychotherapy and counseling with Asian American clients: A practical guide , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , L. L. 2001 . Cultural aspects of eating disorder symptomatology in Asian and Caucasian populations . Dissertation Abstracts International , 62 : 1083
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , J. , Hiripi , E. , Pope , H. and Kessler , R. 2007 . The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication . Biological Psychiatry , 61 : 348 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keel , P. K. and Mitchell , J. E. 1997 . Outcome in bulimia nervosa . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempa , M. and Thomas , A. 2000 . Culturally sensitive assessment and treatment of eating disorders . Eating Disorders , 8 : 17 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Killen , J. D. , Taylor , C. B. , Hayward , C. , Haydel , K. F. , Wilson , D. M. Hammer , L. 1996 . Weight concerns influence the development of eating disorders: A 4-year prospective study . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 936 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , M. B. 1993 . Cultural aspects of eating disorders . International Review of Psychiatry , 5 : 205 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Krueger , D. 2002 . “ Psychodynamic approaches to changing body image ” . In Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice , Edited by: Cash , T. and Pruzinsky , T. 461 – 468 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , C. and Zhan , G. 1998 . “ Psychosocial status of children and youths ” . In Handbook of Asian American psychology , Edited by: Lee , L. C. and Zane , N. W. S. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• le Grange , D. , Stone , A. A. and Brownell , K. D. 1998 . Eating disturbances in white and minority female dieters . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 24 : 395 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , M. and Smolak , L. 2002 . “ Body image development in adolescence ” . In Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice , Edited by: Cash , T. and Pruzinsky , T. 74 – 82 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lucero , K. , Hicks , R. A. , Bramlette , J. , Brassington , G. S. and Welter , M. G. 1992 . Frequency of eating problems among Asian and Caucasian college women . Psychological Reports , 71 : 255 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzeo , S. 1999 . Modification of an existing measure of body image preoccupation and its relationship to disordered eating in female college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 : 42 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz , L. B. and Kashubeck , S. 1999 . Body image and disordered eating among Asian American and Caucasian college students: An examination of race and gender differences . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 23 : 781 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford , D. B. 1993 . Eating disorders in different cultures . International Review of Psychiatry , 5 : 109 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Nevo , S. 1985 . Bulimic symptoms: Prevalence and ethnic differences among college women . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 4 : 151 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , S. 2001 . Epidemiology and mortality of eating disorders . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 24 : 201 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pate , J. E. , Pumariega , A. J. , Hester , C. and Garner , D. M. 1992 . Cross-cultural patterns in eating disorders: A review . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 : 802 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney , J. S. 1989 . Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents . Journal of Early Adolescence , 9 ( 1–2 ) : 34 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Pike , K. M. and Walsh , B. T. 1996 . Ethnicity and eating disorders: Implications for incidence and treatment . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 32 : 265 – 274 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piran , N. , Jasper , K. and Pinhas , L. 2004 . “ Feminist therapy and eating disorders ” . In Handbook of eating disorders , Edited by: Thompson , J. K. 263 – 278 . Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Ritenbaugh , C. , Shisslak , C. M. , Teufel , N. and Leonard-Green , T. K. 1996 . “ A cross-cultural review of eating disorders in regard to DSM-IV ” . In Culture and psychiatric diagnosis: A DSM-IV perspective , Edited by: Mezzich , J. E. , Kleinman , A. , Fabrega , H. Jr. and Parron , D. L. 171 – 185 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. , Killen , J. and Litt , I. 1996 . Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction: Are Hispanic and Asian girls at increased risk for eating disorders? . Journal of Adolescent Health , 19 : 384 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root , M. P. P. 1990 . Disordered eating in women of color . Sex Roles , 22 : 525 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , J. , Reiter , J. and Orosan , P. 1995 . Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 263 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands , T. 1998 . Feminist counseling and female adolescents: Treatment strategies for depression . Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 20 : 42 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Sesan , R. and Katzman , M. 1998 . “ Empowerment and the eating-disordered client ” . In Feminism & psychotherapy: Reflections on contemporary theories and practices , Edited by: Seu , I. B. and Heenan , M. C. 78 – 95 . London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Smart , R. S. 1999 . Role of ethnicity, body dissatisfaction, and stressful life events in disordered eating among Asian-American, Chicana/Latina, and European American college females . Dissertation Abstracts International , 60 : 2962
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. 1995 . Binge eating in ethnic minority groups . Addictive Behaviors , 20 : 695 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolak , L. and Murnen , S. K. 2001 . “ Gender and eating problems ” . In Eating Disorders: Innovative Directions in Research and Practice , Edited by: Striegel-Moore , R. H. and Smolak , L. 91 – 110 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Smolak , L. and Striegel-Moore , R. H. 2001 . “ Challenging the myth of the golden girl: Ethnicity and eating disorders ” . In Eating Disorders: Innovative Directions in Research and Practice , Edited by: Striegel-Moore , R. H. and Smolak , L. 111 – 132 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Sokol , M. , Jackson , T. and Selser , C. 2005 . Review of clinical research in child and adolescent eating disorders . Primary Psychiatry , 12 ( 4 ) : 52 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R. L. , Devlin , M. , Walsh , B. T. , Hasin , D. , Wing , R. Marcus , M. D. 1992 . Binge eating disorder: A multisite field trial of the diagnostic criteria . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 11 : 191 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R. L. , Yanovski , S. , Wadden , T. , Wing , R. , Marcus , M. D. Stunkard , A. 1993 . Binge eating disorder: Its further validation in a multisite study . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 13 : 137 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice , E. 2001 . “ Risk factors for eating pathology: Recent advances and future directions ” . In Eating disorders: Innovative directions in research and practice , Edited by: Striegel-Moore , R. H. and Smolak , L. 51 – 73 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Story , M. , French , S. A. , Resnick , M. D. and Blum , R. W. 1995 . Ethnic/racial and socioeconomic differences in dieting behaviors and body image perceptions in adolescents . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 18 : 173 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Striegel-Moore , R. and Franko , D. 2002 . “ Body image issues among girls and women ” . In Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice , Edited by: Cash , T. and Pruzinsky , T. 183 – 191 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Striegel-Moore , R. H. , Silberstein , L. R. , Frensch , P. and Rodin , J. 1989 . A prospective study of disordered eating among college students . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 8 : 499 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. and Sue , S. 1987 . Cultural factors in the clinical assessment of Asian Americans . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 55 ( 4 ) : 479 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. and Sue , D. 2003 . “ Counseling Asian Americans ” . In Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice , 4th , 327 – 342 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Treasure , J. and Schmidt , U. 2003 . “ Treatment overview ” . In Handbook of eating disorders , 2nd , Edited by: Treasure , J. , Schmidt , U. and van Furth , E. 207 – 217 . John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Tsai , G. and Gray , J. 2000 . The Eating Disorders Inventory among Asian American college women . Journal of Social Psychology , 140 : 527 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2001, April 2). Population by race only, race in combination only, race alone or in combination, and Hispanic or Latino origin, for the United Sates: 2000 [Data table]. Retrieved February 22, 2005, from the Population Division, Population Estimates Program http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t1/tab03.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vitiello , B. and Lederhendler , I. 2000 . Research on eating disorders: Current status and future prospects . Biological Psychiatry , 47 : 777 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle , J. , Bindra , R. , Fairclough , B. and Westcombe , A. 1993 . Culture and body image: Body perception and weigh concern in young Asian and Caucasian British women . Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology , 3 : 173 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildes , J. E. , Emery , R. E. and Simons , A. D. 2001 . The roles of ethnicity and culture in the development of eating disturbance and body dissatisfaction: A meta-analytic review . Clinical Psychology Review , 21 : 521 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilfley , D. E. 2002 . “ Psychological treatment of binge eating disorder ” . In Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook , 2nd , Edited by: Fairburn , C. G. and Brownell , K. D. 350 – 353 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar