Discerning Thoughts From Feelings: The Cognitive-Affective Division in Eating Disorders

REFERENCES

• Ainsworth , C. , Waller , G. and Kennedy , F. 2002 . Threat processing in women with bulimia . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 1155 – 1178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleman , A. 2005 . Feelings you can't imagine: Towards a cognitive neuroscience of alexithymia . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 : 553 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderluh , M.B. , Tchanturia , K. , Rabe-Hesketh , S. and Treasure , J. 2003 . Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: Defining a broader eating disorder phenotype . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 242 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Clark , D. A. 1997 . An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 49 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruch , H. 1962 . Perceptual and cognitive disturbances in anorexia nervosa . Psychosomatic Medicine , 24 : 187 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bydlowski , S. , Corcos , M. , Jeammet , P. , Paterniti , S. , Berthoz , S. , Laurier , C. and Consoli , S.M. 2005 . Emotion-processing deficits in eating disorders . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 37 : 321 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen , L. , Rokkedal , K. and Rosenvinge , J. H. 2009 . Validating the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) in two Danish samples: A comparison between female eating disorder patients and females from the general population . European Eating Disorders Review , 17 : 462 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connan , F. , Campbell , I. C. , Katzman , M. , Lightman , S. L. and Treasure , J. 2003 . A neurodevelopmental model for anorexia nervosa . Physiology and Behavior , 79 : 13 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corstorphine , E. 2006 . Cognitive-Emotional-Behavioural Therapy for the eating disorders: Working with beliefs about emotions . European Eating Disorders Review , 14 : 448 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corstorphine , E. 2008 . “ Addressing emotions in the eating disorders: Schema mode work ” . In Psychological responses to eating disorders and obesity: Recent and innovative work , Edited by: Buckroyd , J. and Rother , S. 85 – 102 . Chichester , , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Dancyger , I. F. and Garfinkel , P. E. 1995 . The relationship of partial syndrome eating disorders to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa . Psychological Medicine , 25 : 1019 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , H. and Tchanturia , K. 2005 . Cognitive remediation therapy as an intervention for acute anorexia nervosa: A case report . European Eating Disorders Review , 13 : 311 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Berardis , D. , Serroni , N. , Campanella , D. , Carano , A. , Gambi , F. , Valchera , A. and Ferro , F.M. 2009 . Alexithymia and its relationships with dissociative experiences, body dissatisfaction and eating disturbances in a non-clinical female sample . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 33 : 471 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Emotion, cognition, and behaviour . Science , 298 : 1191 – 1194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolhanty , J. and Greenberg , L. S. 2007 . Emotion-focused therapy in the treatment of eating disorders . European Psychotherapy , 7 : 97 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Dwivedi , K. N. 2004 . “ Emotion regulation and mental health ” . In Promoting emotional well-being of children and adolescents and preventing their mental ill health: A handbook , Edited by: Dwivedi , K. N. and Harper , P. B. 69 – 84 . London , , UK : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Eizaguirre , A. E. , Saenz de Cabezón , A. O. , Ochoa de Alda , I. , Olariaga , L. J. and Juaniz , M. 2004 . Alexithymia and its relationships with anxiety and depression in eating disorders . Personality and Individual Differences , 36 : 321 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn , C. G. , Cooper , Z. , Doll , H.A. and Welch , S.L. 1999 . Risk factors for anorexia nervosa: Three integrated case control comparisons . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 468 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassino , S. , Pierò , A. , Gramaglia , C. and Abbate-Daga , G. 2004 . Clinical, psychopathological, and personality correlates of interoceptive awareness in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity . Psychopathology , 37 : 168 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. and Kozak , M. J. 1986 . Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 20 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , J. R. E. and Power , M. J. 2009 . Eating disorders and multi-level models of emotion: An integrated model . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 16 : 240 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. 1991 . The Eating Disorder Inventory-2: Professional manual , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. 2004 . The Eating Disorder Inventory-3: Professional manual , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. and Garfinkel , P. E. , eds. 1997 . Handbook of treatment for eating disorders , 2nd , New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. , Olmsted , M. P. and Polivy , J. 1983 . Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 2 : 15 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilboa-Schechtman , E. , Avnon , L. , Zubery , E. and Jeczmien , P. 2006 . Emotional processing in eating disorders: Specific impairment or general distress-related deficiency? . Depression and Anxiety , 23 : 331 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel , M. , Spalthoff , G. , Schulze , C. and Florin , I. 1989 . Dysfunctional cognitions, attributional style, and depression in bulimia . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 33 : 747 – 757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , L. S. and Safran , J. D. 1987 . “ Emotion, cognition, and action ” . In Theoretical foundations of behavior therapy , Edited by: Eysenck , H. J. and Martin , I. 295 – 311 . New York , NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , L. S. and Safran , J. D. 1989 . Emotion in psychotherapy . American Psychologist , 44 : 19 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse , C. and Floyd , K. 2008 . Affectionate experience mediates the effects of alexithymia on mental health and interpersonal relationships . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 25 : 793 – 810 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe , K. D. and Bogen , J. E. 1977 . Alexithymia in twelve commissurotomized patients . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 28 : 148 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , J. I. , Hiripi , E. , Pope , H. G. and Kessler , R. C. 2007 . The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Biological Psychiatry , 61 : 348 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jänsch , C. , Harmer , C. and Cooper , M. J. 2009 . Emotional processing in women with anorexia nervosa and in healthy volunteers . Eating Behaviors , 10 : 184 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos , A. A. B. , Cabrillac , E. , Hartmann , A. , Wirsching , M. and Zeeck , A. 2009 . Emotional perception in eating disorders . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 42 : 318 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye , W. H. , Fudge , J. L. and Paulus , M. 2009 . New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa . Nature Reviews: Neuroscience , 10 : 573 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , J. K. , Brand , N. , Bermond , B. and Hijman , R. 2003 . Cognitive and emotional characteristics of alexithymia: A review of neurobiological studies . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 54 : 533 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legenbauer , T. , Vocks , S. and Rüddel , H. 2008 . Emotion recognition, emotional awareness and cognitive bias in individuals with bulimia nervosa . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 64 : 687 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lena , S. M. , Fiocco , A. J. and Leyenaar , J. K. 2004 . The role of cognitive deficits in the development of eating disorders . Neuropsychology Review , 14 : 99 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias , J. L. and Kent , P. S. 1998 . Neuropsychological consequences of extreme weight loss and dietary restriction in patients with anorexia nervosa . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 548 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merwin , R. M. , Zucker , N. L. , Lacy , J. L. and Elliott , C. A. 2009 . Interoceptive awareness in eating disorders: Distinguishing lack of clarity from non-acceptance of internal experience . Cognition and Emotion , 24 : 892 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , C. , Serpell , L. , Waller , G. , Murphy , F. , Treasure , J. and Leung , N. 2005 . Cognitive avoidance in the strategic processing of ego threats among eating-disordered patients . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 38 : 30 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickalide , A. D. and Anderson , A. E. 1985 . Subgroups of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Validity and utility . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 19 : 121 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montebarocci , O. , Codispoti , M. , Surcinelli , P. , Franzoni , E. , Baldaro , B. and Rossi , N. 2006 . Alexithymia in female patients with eating disorders . Eating and Weight Disorders , 11 : 14 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moser , D. J. , Benjamin , M. L. , Bayless , J. D. , McDowell , B. D. , Paulsen , J. S. , Bowers , W. A. and Andersen , A.E. 2003 . Neuropsychological functioning pre-treatment and posttreatment in an inpatient eating disorders program . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 33 : 64 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2004). Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. Practice Guideline CG9. http://www.nice.org.uk/CG009 (http://www.nice.org.uk/CG009)
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , E. E. , Liebenluft , E. , McClure , E. B. and Pine , D. S. 2005 . The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology . Psychological Medicine , 35 : 163 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton , A. , Selway , S. , Strongman , K. and Houston , M. 2005 . Eating disorders: The regulation of positive as well as negative emotion experience . Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 12 : 39 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips , L. , Tiggeman , M. and Wade , T. 1997 . Comparison of cognitive style in bulimia nervosa and depression . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 939 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podar , I. and Allik , J. 2009 . A cross-cultural comparison of the Eating Disorder Inventory . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 42 : 346 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power , M. and Dalgleish , T. 2008 . Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder , 2nd , Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quinton , S. and Wagner , H. L. 2005 . Alexithymia, ambivalence over emotional expression, and eating attitudes . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 1163 – 1173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , U. and Treasure , J. 2006 . Anorexia nervosa: Valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 45 : 343 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton , M. C. , Sunday , S. R. , Hurt , S. and Halmi , K. A. 1998 . The relationship between alexithymia, depression, and Axis II psychopathology in eating disorder inpatients . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 23 : 277 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafran , R. and Mansell , W. 2001 . Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment . Clinical Psychology Review , 21 : 879 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos , P. E. 1973 . The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 22 : 255 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim , L. and Zeman , J. 2004 . Emotion awareness and identification skills in adolescent girls with bulimia nervosa . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 760 – 771 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim , L. and Zeman , J. 2006 . The contribution of emotion regulation to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in early adolescent girls . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 35 : 219 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolak , L. and Levine , M. P. 1996 . “ Adolescent transitions and the development of eating problems ” . In The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders , Edited by: Smolak , L. , Levine , M. P. and Striegel-Moore , R. 207 – 233 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Soukup , V. M. , Beiler , M. E. and Terrell , F. 1990 . Stress, coping style, and problem solving ability among eating-disordered inpatients . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 46 : 592 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate , L. , Tchanturia , K. and Treasure , J. 2005 . Building a model of the aetiology of eating disorders by translating experimental neuroscience into clinical practice . Journal of Mental Health , 14 : 553 – 566 .
   Google Scholar
• Speranza , M. , Corcos , M. , Loas , G. , Stephan , P. , Guilbaud , O. , Perez-Diaz , F. and Jeanmet , P. 2005 . Depressive personality dimensions and alexithymia in eating disorders . Psychiatry Research , 135 : 153 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice , E. , Shaw , H. , Becker , C. A. and Rohde , P. 2008 . Dissonance-based interventions for the prevention of eating disorders: Using persuasion principles to promote health . Prevention Science , 9 : 114 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice , E. , Shaw , H. , Burton , E. and Wade , E. 2006 . Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: A randomised efficacy trial . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 74 : 263 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , G. J. 2000 . Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 45 : 134 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , G. J. , Ryan , D. P. and Bagby , R. M. 1985 . Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 45 : 191 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Tchanturia , K. , Davies , H. and Campbell , I. C. 2007 . Cognitive remediation therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa: Preliminary findings . Annals of General Psychiatry , 6 : 14 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teasdale , J. D. and Barnard , P. J. 1993 . Affect, cognition, and change: Re-modelling depressive thought , Hove , , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. K. and Dolce , J. J. 1989 . The discrepancy between emotional vs. rational estimates of body size, actual size, and ideal body ratings: Theoretical and clinical implications . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 45 : 473 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. K. , Dolce , J. J. , Spana , R. E. and Register , A. 1987 . Emotionally versus intellectually based estimates of body size . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 6 : 507 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure , J. , Tchanturia , K. and Schmidt , U. 2005 . Developing a model of the treatment for eating disorder: Using neuroscience research to examine the how rather than the what of change . Counselling and Psychotherapy Research , 5 : 191 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay , L. and Limbos , M. 2009 . Body image disturbance and psychopathology in children: Research evidence and implications for prevention and treatment . Current Psychiatric Reviews , 5 : 62 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• van Strien , T. and Ouwens , M. A. 2007 . Effects of distress, alexithymia and impulsivity on eating . Eating Behaviors , 8 : 251 – 257 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitousek , K. and Ewald , L. S. 1993 . “ Self-representation in eating disorders: A cognitive perspective ” . In The self in emotional distress: Cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives , Edited by: Segal , Z. V. and Blau , S. J. 221 – 257 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek , K. and Hollon , S. D. 1990 . The investigation of schematic content and processing in eating disorders . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 14 : 191 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vocks , S. , Legenbauer , T. , Wächter , A. , Wucherer , M. and Kosfelder , J. 2007 . What happens in the course of body exposure? Emotional, cognitive, and physiological reactions to mirror confrontation in eating disorders . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 62 : 231 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside , U. , Chen , E. , Neighbors , C. , Hunter , D. , Lo , T. and Larimer , M. 2007 . Difficulties regulating emotions: Do binge eaters have fewer strategies to modulate and tolerate negative effect? . Eating behaviours , 8 : 162 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilsdon , A. and Wade , T. D. 2006 . Executive functioning in anorexia nervosa: Exploration of the role of obsessionality, depression and starvation . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 40 : 746 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , G. T. 1996 . Treatment of bulimia nervosa: When CBT fails . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 197 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonderlich , S. A. , Mitchell , J. E. , Peterson , C. B. and Crow , S. 2001 . “ Integrative cognitive therapy for bulimic behaviour ” . In Eating disorders: Innovative directions in research and practice , Edited by: Striegel-Moore , R. H. and Smolak , L. 173 – 195 . New York , NY : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Wonderlich , S. A. , Engel , S. G. , Peterson , C. B. , Robinson , M. D. , Crosby , R. D. , Mitchell , J. E. and Simonich , H.K. 2008 . Examining the conceptual model of integrative cognitive-affective therapy for BN: Two assessment studies . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 41 : 748 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonnevijlle-Bendek , M. J. S. , van Goozen , S. H. M. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. , van Elburg , T. A. and van Engeland , H. 2004a . Emotional functioning in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 13 : 28 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonnevijlle-Bendek , M. J. S. , van Goozen , S. H. M. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. , van Elburg , A. , de Wildt , M. , Stevelmans , E. , … and van Engelend , H. 2004b . Emotional functioning in anorexia nervosa patients: Adolescents compared to adults . Depression and Anxiety , 19 : 35 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar