144
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Hydrothermal manganese crusts from Enarete and Palinuro seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea

, , &
Pages 175-208 | Accepted 17 Jan 1997, Published online: 23 Dec 2008

References

  • Alt , J. C. 1988 . Hydrothermal oxide and nontronite deposits on seamounts in the eastern Pacific . Marine Geology , 81 : 227 – 239 .
  • Alt , J. C. , Lonsdale , P. , Haymon , R. and Muehlenbachs , K. 1987 . Hydrothermal sulfide and oxide deposits on seamounts near 21°N, East Pacific Rise . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , 98 : 157 – 168 .
  • Althaus , T. 1994 . Charakter und Alteration der Laven des Vavilov Seamount Tyrrhenisches Meer , Karlsruhe, , Germany : Universität Karlsruhe . Unpubl. Diplom, thesis
  • Anon. 1983 . Undersea manganese potential close to shore . World Mining , 36 (1) : 84
  • Bäcker , H. , von Stackelberg , U. , Stoffers , P. , Puteanus , D. and Tufar , W. 1991 . Hydrothermale Aktivität auf dem Meeresboden . Geologische Jahrbuch , D93 : 103 – 197 .
  • Barberi , F. , Gasparini , P. , Innocenti , F. and Villari , L. 1973 . Volcanism of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea and its geodynamic implications . Journal of Geophysical Research , 78 : 5221 – 5232 .
  • Barberi , F. , Innocenti , F. , Ferrara , G. H. , Keller , J. and Villari , L. 1974 . Evolution of Eolian arc volcanism (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) . Earth & Planetary Science Letters , 21 : 269 – 276 .
  • Bassi , G. and Sabadini , R. 1994 . The importance of subduction for the modern stressfield in the Tyrrhenian Sea . Geophysical Research Letters , 21 : 329 – 332 .
  • Bau , M. 1991 . Rare‐earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid‐rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium . Chemical Geology , 93 : 219 – 230 .
  • Baubron , J. C. , Allard , P. and Toutain , J. P. 1990 . Diffuse carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy . Nature , 344 : 51 – 53 .
  • Beccaluva , L. , Gabbianelli , G. , Lucchini , F. , Rossi , P. L. and Savelli , C. 1985 . Petrology and K/Ar ages of volcanics dredged from the Aeolian seamounts: implications for geodynamic evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea . Earth & Planetary Science Letters , 74 : 187 – 208 .
  • Belderson , R. H. , Kenyon , N. H. and Stride , A. H. 1974 . Features of submarine volcanoes shown on long range sonographs . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 130 : 403 – 410 .
  • Binns , R. A. , Scott , S. D. , Bogdanov , Y. A. , Lisitzin , A. P. , Gordeev , V. V. , Gurvich , E. G. , Finlayson , E. J. , Boyd , T. , Dotter , L. E. , Wheller , G. E. and Muravyev , K. G. 1993 . Hydrothermal oxide and gold‐rich sulfate deposits of Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea . Economic Geology , 88 : 2122 – 2153 .
  • Bocchi , G. , Gabbianelli , G. , Lucchini , F. , Rossi , P. L. and Selli , R. 1981 . Deep‐sea manganese deposits from the south Tyrrhenian Sea . Rapport Commission Internationale Pour la Mer Mediteranne , 27 (8) : 157 – 158 .
  • Bocchi , G. , Lucchini , F. and Rossi , P. L. 1979 . Dati mineralogi e geochimici su un deposito manganesifero sottomarino del Sud‐Tirreno . Mineralogica Petrografica Acta , 23 : 99 – 109 .
  • Bolognesi , L. and D'Amore , F. 1993 . Isotopic variation of the hydrothermal system on Volcano Island, Italy . Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta , 57 : 2069 – 2082 .
  • Bolton , B. R. , Both , R. , Exon , N. F. , Hamilton , T. F. , Ostwald , J. and Smith , J. D. 1988 . Chemistry and mineralogy of seafloor hydrothermal and hydrogenetic Mn oxide deposits from the Manus Basin and Bismark Archipelago region of the southwest Pacific Ocean . Marine Geology , 85 : 65 – 87 .
  • Bonafede , M. 1995 . Interaction between seismic and volcanic deformation: a possible interpretation of ground deformation observed at Volcano Island (1976–1984) . Terra Nova , 7 : 80 – 86 .
  • Bonatti , E. 1981 . “ Metal deposits in the oceanic lithosphere ” . In The sea , Edited by: Emiliani , C. vol. 7 , 639 – 686 . New York : John Wiley .
  • Bonatti , E. , Fisher , D. and Joensuu , O. 1972a . Iron‐manganese‐barium deposit from the Northern Afar Rift (Ethiopia) . Economic Geology , 67 : 717 – 730 .
  • Bonatti , E. , Honnorez , J. , Joensuu , O. and Rydell , H. 1972b . “ Submarine iron deposits from the Mediterranean Sea ” . In The Mediterranean Sea: a natural sedimentation laboratory , Edited by: Stanley , D. J. 701 – 710 . Stroudsberg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross .
  • Bonte , P. , Lalou , C. and Latouche , C. 1980 . Ferromanganese deposits in cores from the Kane and Atlantis fracture areas: possible relationships with hydrothermalism . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 137 : 373 – 377 .
  • Boström , K. , Hallberg , A. , Aberg , A. and Magnet de Saissy , H. 1990a . “ Metallogenesis at Santorini —a subduction‐zone‐related process. I: Deposition of hydrothermal sediments ” . In Thera and the Aegean world III, volume two, earth sciences , Edited by: Hardy , D. A. 280 – 290 . London : Thera Foundation .
  • Boström , K. , Ingri , J. , Boström , B. , Andersson , P. and Löfvendahl , P. 1990b . “ Metallogenesis at Santorini—a subduction‐zone‐related process. II: Geochemistry and origin of hydrothermal solutions on Nea Kameni, Santorini, Greece ” . In Thera and the Aegean world III, volume two, earth sciences , Edited by: Hardy , D. A. 291 – 299 . London : Thera Foundation .
  • Boulègue , J. and Pflumio , C. 1992 . “ Global chemical fluxes and fluid flow through the seafloor ” . In Use and misuse of the seafloor , Edited by: Hsü , K. J. and Thiede , J. 305 – 318 . New York : John Wiley .
  • Bouysse , P. 1985 . Decouverte de mineralisations cupriferes sous‐marines recentes dans un contexte de marge convergente (Volcan Palinuro, mer Tyrrhenienne) . Geochronologique , 14 : 9
  • Brondi , M. and Aglio , M. Dall’ . 1989 . “ Mercury, arsenic, antimony, radon and helium in ground waters and fumaroles from the Vulcano Island ” . In Water‐rock interaction, WRI‐6 , Edited by: Miles , D. L. 117 – 120 . Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
  • Brookins , D. G. 1989 . “ Aqueous geochemistry of rare earth elements ” . In Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements , Reviews in Mineralogy Edited by: Lippin , B. R. and McKay , G. A. Vol. 21 , 221 – 226 .
  • Buatier , M. D. , Ouyang , K. and Sanchez , J. P. 1993 . Iron in hydrothermal clays from the Galapagos Spreading Centre mounds: consequences for the clay transition mechanism . Clay Minerals , 28 : 641 – 655 .
  • Burgath , K.‐P. and von Stackelberg , U. 1995 . Sulfide‐impregnated volanics and ferromanganese incrustations from the southern Lau Basin . Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , 13 : 263 – 308 .
  • Butterfield , D. A. , Massoth , G. J. , McDuff , R. E. , Lupton , J. E. and Lilley , M. D. 1990 . Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emissions Study vent field, Juan de Fuca Ridge: subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid‐rock interaction . Journal of Geophysical Research , 95 : 12,895 – 12,921 .
  • Calanchi , N. , Romagnoli , C. and Rossi , P. L. 1995 . Morphostructural features and some petrochemical data from the submerged area around Alicudi and Filicudi volcanic islands (Aeolian Arc, southern Tyrrhenian Sea) . Manne Geology , 123 : 215 – 238 .
  • Cann , J. R. , Winter , C. K. and Pritchard , R. G. 1977 . A hydrothermal deposit from the floor of the Gulf of Aden . Mineralogy Magazine , 41 : 193 – 199 .
  • Capaccioni , B. and Coniglio , S. 1995 . Variclored and vesiculated tuffs from La Fossa volcano, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy): evidence of syndepositional alteration processes . Bulletin of Volcanology , 57 : 61 – 70 .
  • Carapezza , M. , Nuccio , P. M. and Valenza , M. 1981 . Genesis and evolaution of the fumaroles of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): a geochemical model . Bulletin of Volcanology , 44 : 547 – 563 .
  • Castellarian , A. and Sartori , R. 1978 . Quaternary iron‐manganese deposits and associated pelagic sediments (radiolarian clary and chert, gypsiferous mud) from the Tyrrhenian Sea . Sedimentology , 25 : 801 – 821 .
  • Cheminee , J.‐L. , Stoffers , P. , McMurty , G. , Richnow , H. , Puteanus , D. and Sedwick , P. 1991 . Gas‐rich exhalations during the 1989 eruption of Macdonald Seamount . Earth Planetary Science Letters , 107 : 318 – 327 .
  • Chen , J. C. and Owen , R. M. 1989 . The hydrothermal component in ferromanganese nodules from the southeast Pacific Ocean . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 53 : 1299 – 1305 .
  • Chiodini , G. , Cioni , R. , Marini , L. and Panichi , C. 1995 . Origin of the fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and implications for volcanic surveillance . Bulletin of Volcanology , 57 : 99 – 110 .
  • Cioni , R. and D'Amore , F. 1984 . A genetic model for the crater fumaroles of Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy) . Geothermics , 13 : 375 – 384 .
  • Cita , M. B. , Aghib , F. S. , Arosio , S. , Folco , E. , Sarto , L. , Erba , E. and Rizzio , A. 1989 . Bacterial colonies and manganese micronodules related to fluid escape on the crest of the Mediterranean Ridge . Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia , 95 : 315 – 336 .
  • Clauer , N. , Stille , P. , Bonnot‐Courtois , C. and Moore , W. S. 1984 . Nd‐Sr isotopic and REE constraints on the genesis of hydrothermal manganese crusts in the Galapagos . Nature , 311 : 743 – 745 .
  • Clocchiatti , R. , Del Moro , A. , Gioncada , A. , Joron , J. L. , Mosbah , M. , Pinarelli , L. and Sbrana , A. 1994 . Assessment of a shallow magmatic system: the 1888–90 eruption, Volcano Island, Italy . Bulletin of Volcanology , 56 : 466 – 486 .
  • Colantoni , P. , Lucchini , F. , Rossi , P. L. , Sartori , R. and Savelli , C. 1981 . The Palinuro volcano and magmatism of the southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean) . Marine Geology , 39 : M1 – M12 .
  • Coniglio , S. and Dobran , F. 1995 . Simulations of magma ascent and pyroclast dispersal at Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 65 : 297 – 317 .
  • Corliss , J. B. , Lyle , M. , Dymond , J. and Crane , K. 1978 . The chemistry of hydrothermal mounds near the Galapagos Rift . Earth & Planetary Science Letters , 40 : 12 – 24 .
  • Corselli , C. , Basso , D. and Garzanti , E. 1994 . Paleobiological and sedimentological evidence of Pleistocene/Holocene hiatuses and ironstone formation at the Pontian islands shelfbreak (Italy) . Marine Geology , 117 : 317 – 328 .
  • Cortecci , G. , Ferrara , G. , Maiorani , A. and Turi , B. 1992 . “ Stable isotopes in volcanic fluids and rocks at Vulcano (Sicily, Italy) ” . In Water‐rock interaction , Edited by: Kharaka , Y. K. and Maest , A. S. vol. 2 , 911 – 914 . Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
  • Cortese , M. , Frazzetta , G. and La Volpe , L. 1986 . Volcanic history of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during the last 10,000 years . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 27 : 117 – 133 .
  • Cowan , J. and Cann , J. 1988 . Supercritical two‐phase separation of hydrothermal fluids in Troodos Massif . Nature , 333 : 259 – 261 .
  • Cronan , D. S. 1979 . Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centres . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 136 : 621 – 626 .
  • Cronan , D. S. , Glasby , G. P. , Moorby , S. A. , Thomson , J. , Knedler , K. E. and McDougall , J. C. 1982 . A submarine hydrothermal manganese deposit from the S.W. Pacfic Island Arc . Nature , 298 : 456 – 458 .
  • De Carlo , E. H. and McMurtry , G. M. 1992 . Rare‐earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific . Chemical Geology , 95 : 235 – 250 .
  • Delia Vedova , B. , Pellis , G. , Foucher , J. P. and Rehault , J.‐P. 1984 . Geothermal structure of the Tyrrhenian Sea . Marine Geology , 55 : 271 – 289 .
  • Dietrich , V. , Emmermann , R. , Keller , J. and Puchelt , H. 1977 . Theoliitic basalts from the Tyrrhenian Sea floor . Earth & Planetary Science Letters , 36 : 285 – 296 .
  • Doe , B. R. 1994 . Zinc, copper, and lead in mid‐ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean‐ridge hydrothermal deposits . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 : 2215 – 2223 .
  • Doglioni , C. 1991 . A proposal for the kinematic modelling of W‐dipping subductions—possible applications to the Tyrrhenian‐Apennines system . Terra Nova , 3 : 423 – 434 .
  • Eckhardt , J.‐D. 1988 . Geochemische Untersuchungen von Mangankrusten verschiedener Herkunft und Genese , Karlsruhe, , Germany : Universität Karsruhe . Unpubl. Diplom thesis
  • Ellam , R. M. and Harmon , R. S. 1990 . Oxygen isotope constraints on the crustal contribution to the subduction‐related magmatism of the Aeolian Islands, southern Italy . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 44 : 105 – 122 .
  • Ellam , R. M. , Menzies , M. A. , Hawkesworth , C. J. , Leeman , W. P. , Rosi , M. and Serri , G. 1988 . The transition from calc‐alkaline to potassic orogenic magmatism in the Aeolian Islands, southern Italy . Bulletin of Volcanology , 50 : 386 – 398 .
  • Emeis , K.‐C. , Camerlenghi , A. , McKenzie , J. A. , Rico , D. and Sprovieri , R. 1991 . The occurrence and significance of Pleistocene and Upper Pliocene sapropels in the Tyrrhenian Sea . Marine Geology , 100 : 155 – 182 .
  • Emelyanov , E. M. 1972 . “ Principal types of Recent bottom sediments in the Mediterranean Sea: their mineralogy and geochemistry ” . In The Mediterranean Sea: a natural sedimentation laboratory , Edited by: Stanley , D. J. 355 – 386 . Stroudsburg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross .
  • Esperanca , S. , Crisci , G. M. , de Rosa , R. and Mazzuoli , R. 1992 . The role of the crust in the magmatic evolution of the island of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy) . Contributions in Mineral Petrology , 112 : 450 – 462 .
  • Fabbri , A. , Marabini , F. and Rossi , S. 1973 . Lineamenti geomorfologici del Monte Palinuro e del Monte delle Baronie (Mar Tirreno) . Giornale di Geologia , 39 : 133 – 156 .
  • Fabbri , A. and Selli , R. 1972 . “ The structure and stratigraphy of the Tyrrhenian Sea ” . In The Mediterranian Sea: a natural sedimentation laboratory , Edited by: Stanley , D. J. 75 – 81 . Stroudsburg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross .
  • Ferrara , G. , Garavelli , A. , Pinarelli , L. and Vurro , F. 1995 . Lead isotope composition of the sublimates from the fumaroles of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): inferences on the deep fluid circulation . Bulliton of Volcanology , 56 : 621 – 625 .
  • Ferrai , L. and Manetti , P. 1993 . Geodynamic framework of the Tyrrhenian volcanism: a review . Acta Vulcanologica , 3 : 1 – 9 .
  • Fouquet , Y. , von Stackelberg , U. , Charlou , J. L. , Erzinger , J. , Herzig , P. M. , Mühe , R. and Wiedicke , M. 1993 . Metallogenesis in back‐arc environments: the Lau Basin example . Economic Geology , 88 : 2154 – 2181 .
  • Francalanci , L. , Taylor , S. R. , McCulloch , M. T. and Woodhead , J. D. 1993 . Geochemical and isotopic variations in the calc‐alkaline rocks of Aeolian arc, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy: constraints on magma genesis . Contributions in Mineralogy and Petrology , 113 : 300 – 313 .
  • Franklin , J. M. 1993 . “ Volcanic‐associated massive sulphide deposits ” . In Mineral deposit modeling , Geology Association of Canada Special Paper 40 Edited by: Kirkham , R. V. , Sinclair , W. D. , Thorpe , R. I. and Duke , J. M. 315 – 334 .
  • Frazzetta , G. , La Volpe , L. and Sheridan , M. F. 1983 . Evoluation of the Fossa Cone, Vulcano . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 17 : 329 – 360 .
  • Fyfe , W. S. and Lonsdale , P. 1981 . “ Ocean floor hydrothermal activity ” . In The sea , Edited by: Emiliani , C. vol. 7 , 589 – 638 . New York : John Wiley .
  • Gabbianelli , G. , Gillot , P. Y. , Lanzafame , G. , Romagnoli , C. and Rossi , P. L. 1990 . Tectonic and volcanic evoluation of Panarea (Aeolian Islands, Italy) . Marine Geology , 92 : 313 – 326 .
  • Gasparini , C. , Iannaccone , G. , Scandone , P. and Scarpa , R. 1982 . Seismotectonics of the Calabrian Arc . Tectonophysics , 84 : 267 – 286 .
  • Giardini , D. and Velona , M. 1991 . The deep seismicity of the Tyrrhenian . Sea Terra Noua , 3 : 57 – 64 .
  • Gibbs , A. E. , Hein , J. R. , Lewis , S. D. and McCulloch , D. S. 1993 . Hydrothermal palyorskite and ferromanganese mineralization at a central Californian margin fracture zone . Marine Geology , 115 : 47 – 65 .
  • Glasby , G. P. 1988 . Hydrothermal manganese deposits in island arcs and related to subduction processes: a possible mode for genesis . Ore Geology Reviews , 4 : 145 – 153 .
  • Glasby , G. P. , Stüben , D. and Jeschke , G. in press . A model for the formation of hydrothermal manganese crusts from the Pitcairn Island hotspot . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. ,
  • Gorshkov , A. I. , Berezovskaya , V. V. , Baturin , G. N. and Sivtsov , A. V. 1992 . The nature of the iron‐manganese crusts from seamounts in the Sea of Japan . Oceanology , 32 : 364 – 369 .
  • Hannington , M. D. and Jonasson , I. R. 1992 . Fe and Mn oxides at seafloor hydrothermal vents . Catena Supplement , 212 : 351 – 370 .
  • Hein , J. R. , Fleischman , C. L. , Morgenson , L. A. , Bloomer , S. H. and Stern , R. J. 1987 . “ Submarine ferromanganese deposits from the Mariana and Volcano volcanic arcs, west Pacific ” . In U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 87 – 281 .
  • Hein , J. R. , Gibbs , A. E. , Clague , D. A. and Torresan , M. 1996 . Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones, Hawaii . Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , 14 : 177 – 203 .
  • Hein , J. R. , Schulz , M. S. and Kang , J.‐K. 1990 . Insular and submarine ferromanganese minearalization of the Tonga‐Lau region . Marine Mining , 9 : 305 – 354 .
  • Hekinian , R. , Francheteau , J. and Ballard , R. D. 1985 . Morphology and evolution of hydrothermal deposits at the axis of the East Pacific Rise . Oceanologica Acta , 8 : 147 – 155 .
  • Hodkinson , R. A. , Stoffers , P. , Scholten , J. , Cronan , D. S. , Jeschke , G. and Rogers , T. D. S. Geochemistry of hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Pitcairn Island hotspot, southeastern Pacific . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 5011 – 5029 .
  • Honnorez , J. 1969 . La formation actuelle d'un gisement sous‐marin de sulfures fume‐rolliens a Vulcano (mer tyrrhenienne). Partie I: Les mineraux sulfures des tufs immerges a faible profondeur . Mineralium Deposita , 4 : 114 – 131 .
  • Honnorez , J. 1979a . Submarine volcanic precipitates from Vulcano, W Mediterranean Sea . Journal of Geological Society of London , 136 : 624 (abstr.)
  • Honnorez , J. 1979b . Metallogenesis in ocean fracture zones . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 136 : 625 (abstr.)
  • Honnorez , J. , Honnorez‐Guerstein , B. , Valette , J. and Wauschkuhn , A. 1973 . “ Present day formation of an exhalative sulfide deposit at Vulvano Ctyrrhenian Sea), Part II: Active crystallization of fumarolic sulfides in the volcanic sediments of the Baia di Levante ” . In Ores in sediments , Edited by: Amstutz , G. C. and Bernard , A. J. 139 – 166 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Kastens , K. and Mascle , J. 1990 . The geological evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea: an introduction to the scientific results of ODP Leg 107 . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Res , 107 : 3 – 26 .
  • Kastens , K. and others . 1988 . ODP Leg 107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea: insights into passive margin and back‐arc basin evolution . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , 100 : 1140 – 1156 .
  • Keller , J. 1974 . Petrology of some volcanic rock series of the Aeolian Arc, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, calc‐alkaline and shoshonitic associations . Contributions in Mineralogy Petrology , 46 : 29 – 47 .
  • Keller , J. 1981 . Alkali basalts from the Tyrrhenian Sea basin: magmatic and geodynamic significance . Bulletin of Volcanology , 44 : 327 – 337 .
  • Keller , J. and Leiber , J. 1974 . Sedimente, Tephra‐Lagen und Basale dere südtyrrhenischen Tiefsee‐Ebene im Bereich des Marsili‐Seeberges . "Meteor"‐Forschungs‐Ergebnisse , 19C : 62 – 76 .
  • Kidd , R. B. and Armannson , H. 1979 . Manganese and iron micronodules from a volcanic seamount in the Tyrrhenian Sea . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 136 : 71 – 76 .
  • Klinkhammer , G. P. , Elderfield , H. , Edmond , J. M. and Mitra , A. 1994 . Geochemical implications of rare earth element patterns in hydrothermal fluids from mid‐ocean ridges . Geochmica et Cosmochimical Acta , 58 : 5105 – 5113 .
  • Kokelaar , P. and Romagnoli , C. 1995 . Sector collapse, sedimentation and clast population evolution at an active island‐arc volcano: Stromboli, Italy . Bulletin of Volcanology , 57 : 240 – 262 .
  • Kuma , K. , Usui , A. , Paplawsky , W. , Gedulin , B. and Arrhenius , G. 1994 . Crystal structure of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å manganates substituted by mono‐ and divalent cations . Mineralogy Magazine , 58 : 425 – 447 .
  • Kunzendorf , H. and Glasby , G. P. 1992 . Tungsten accumulation in Pacific ferromanganese deposits . Mineralium Deposita , 27 : 147 – 152 .
  • Lalou , C. , Thompson , G. , Rona , P. A. , Brichet , E. and Jehanno , C. 1986 . Chronology of selected hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits from the transatlantic geotraverse “TAG”; area, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 26°N . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 50 : 1737 – 1743 .
  • Lalou , C. , Reyss , J.‐L. , Brichet , E. , Arnold , M. , Thompson , G. , Fouquet , Y. and Rona , P. A. 1993 . New age data for Mid‐Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal sites: TAG and Snakepit chronology revisited . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 : 9705 – 9713 .
  • Lavecchia , G. 1988 . The Tyrrhenian‐Apennines system: structural setting and seismotectonics . Tectonics , 147 : 263 – 296 .
  • Lavecchia , G. and Stoppa , F. 1990 . The Tyrrhenian zone: a case of lithosphere extension control of intra‐continental magmatism . Earth & Plantary Science Letters , 99 : 336 – 350 .
  • Le Cloraec , M. F. , Pennisi , M. , Corazza , E. and Lambert , G. 1994 . Origin of fumarolic fluids from a nonerupting volcano: radionuclide constraints at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 : 4401 – 4410 .
  • Malovitskiy , Ya. P. , Ban'olessi , V. M. , Yevsyukov , Yu. D. , Moskalenko , V. N. and Prokoptsev , N. G. 1978 . Geological nature of the Vavilov and Magnaghi Seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea . Oceanology , 18 : 696 – 699 .
  • Mascle , G. , Lemoine , M. , Masele , J. , Renhault , J. P. and Tricart , P. 1991 . Ophiolites and the oceanic crust: new evidence from the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Western Alps . Journal of Geodynamics , 13 : 141 – 161 .
  • Masele , J. , Kastens , K. , Auroux , C. and Leg 107 Scientific Party . 1988 . A land‐locked back‐arc basin: preliminary results from ODP Leg 107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea . Tectonophysics , 146 : 149 – 162 .
  • Mazzol , S. and Helman , M. 1994 . Neogene patterns of relative plate motion for Africa and Europe: some implications of recent central Mediterranean tectonics . Geologische Rundschau , 83 : 464 – 468 .
  • Mazzuoli , R. , Tortorici , L. and Ventura , G. 1995 . Oblique rifting in Salina, Lipari, and Vulcano islands (Aeolian islands, southern Italy) . Terra Nova , 7 : 444 – 452 .
  • McCoy , F. W. and Cornell , W. 1990 . Volcaniclastic sediments in the Tyrrhenian Basin . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 107 : 291 – 305 .
  • McMurtry , G. M. , Sedwick , P. N. , Fryer , P. , VonderHaar , D. L. and Yeh , H.‐W. 1993 . Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submaring arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Marina Arc . Earth & Planetary Science Letters , 114 : 517 – 528 .
  • Mellin , T. A. and Lei , G. 1993 . Stabilization of 10 Å‐manganates by interlayer cations and hydrothermal treatment: implications for the mineralogy of marine manganese concretions . Marine Geology , 115 : 67 – 83 .
  • Metz , S. and Trefry , J. H. 1993 . Field and laboratory studies of metal uptake and release by hydrothermal precipitates . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 : 9661 – 9666 .
  • Michard , A. and Albarède , F. 1986 . The REE content of some hydrothermal fluids . Chemical Geology , 55 : 51 – 60 .
  • Michard , A. , Michard , G. , Stüben , D. , Stoffers , P. , Cheminee , J.‐L. and Binard , N. 1993 . Submarine thermal springs associated with young volcanoes: the Teahitia vents, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 57 : 4977 – 4986 .
  • Minniti , M. and Bonavia , F. F. 1984 . Copper‐grade hydrothermal mineralization discovered in a seamount in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea): is the mineralization related to porphyry‐coppers or to base metal lodes? . Marine Geology , 59 : 271 – 282 .
  • Minniti , M. , Bonavia , F. F. , Dacquino , C. and Raspa , G. 1986 . Distribution of Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, and Cu in young sediments on the Palinuro Seamount in the southeast Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean) . Marine Mining , 5 : 277 – 305 .
  • Möller , P. , Dulski , P. and Bau , M. 1994 . Rare‐earth element adsorption in a seawater profile above the East Pactic Rise . Chemische Erde , 54 : 129 – 149 .
  • Moorby , S. A. , Cronan , D. S. and Glasby , G. P. 1984 . Geochemistry of hydrothermal Mn‐oxide deposits from the S.W. Pacific island arc . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 48 : 433 – 441 .
  • Moore , W. S. and Vogt , P. R. 1976 . Hydrothermal manganese crusts from two sites near the Galapagos spreading axis . Earth & Planetary Science Letters , 29 : 349 – 356 .
  • Morten , L. , Landini , F. , Bocchi , G. , Mottana , A. and Brunfelt , A. O. 1980 . Fe‐Mn crusts from the Tyrrhenian Sea . Chemical Geology , 28 : 261 – 278 .
  • Moskalenko , V. N. 1992 . Volcanic‐sedimentary deposits in the Tyrrhenian Sea . International Geological Reviews , 34 : 178 – 186 .
  • Murphy , E. , McMurtry , G. M. , Kim , K. H. and DeCarlo , E. H. 1991 . Geochemistry and geochronology of a hydrothermal ferromanganese deposit from the North Fiji Basin . Marine Geology , 98 : 297 – 312 .
  • Olivarez , A. M. and Owen , R. M. 1991 . The europium anomaly of seawater: implications for fluvial versus hydrothermal REE inputs to the oceans . Chemical Geology , 92 : 317 – 328 .
  • Peccerillo , A. and Wu , T. W. 1992 . Evolution of calc‐alkaline magmas in continental arc volcanoes: evidence from Alicudi, Aeolian Arc (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) . Journal of Petrology , 33 : 1295 – 1315 .
  • Philipp , H. 1994 . Spurenelementuntersuchungen an Massiv‐Sulfiden vom Palinuro‐Seamount, Tyrrhenisches Meer , Karlsruhe, , Germany : Universität Karlsruhe . Unpubl. Diplom thesis
  • Philipp , H. and Puchelt , H. Spurenelementuntersuchungen an Massiv‐Sulfiden vom Palinuro‐Seamount, Tyrrhenisches Meer . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Colloquium . March 1995 , Munich. (abstr.)
  • Pirajno , F. 1992 . Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Puchelt , H. and Laschek , D. 1986 . Forschungsfahrt Sonne 41 HYMAS I 18.1.1986–28.4.1986 Fahrtbericht , Karlsruhe, , Germany : Universitat Karlsruhe . Unpublished Report
  • Puchelt , H. and Laschek , D. 1987 . Massive sulphide and oxide ores in the Tyrrhenian Sea from Sonne cruise 41 . Terra Cognita , 7 : 188 (abstr.)
  • Puteanus , D. , Glasby , G. P. , Stoffers , P. and Kunzendorf , H. 1991 . Hydrothermal iron‐rich deposits from the Teahitia‐Mehetia and Macdonald hotspot areas, Southwest Pacific . Marine Geology , 98 : 389 – 409 .
  • Rabbi , E. 1970 . Ricerche chimiche e geochimiche. In: R. Selli (ed.), Ricerche geologiche preliminari ne Mar Tirreno . Giornale di Geologia , 37 (2) : 109 – 128 .
  • Rebai , S. , Philip , H. and Taboada , A. 1992 . Modern tectonic stress field in the Mediterranian region: evidence for variation in stress direction at different scales . Geophysics Journal International , 110 : 106 – 140 .
  • Rehault , J. P. , Moussat , E. and Fabbi , A. 1987 . Structural evolution of the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin . Marine Geology , 74 : 123 – 150 .
  • Robertson , A. 1990 . Geochemistry and mineralogy of iron‐ and trace‐metal‐rich Messinian and Pliocene mudstones cored on the Sardinian margin: ODP Leg 107, Tyrrhenian Sea (central Mediterranean) . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 107 : 245 – 253 .
  • Robertson , A. , Hieke , W. , Mascle , G. , McCoy , F. , McKenzie , J. , Rehault , J. P. and Sartori , R. 1990 . Summary and synthesis of late Miocene to Recent sedimentary and paleoceanographic evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea, western Mediterranean: Leg 107 of the Ocean Drilling Program . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 107 : 639 – 668 .
  • Robin , C. , Colantoni , P. , Gennesseaux , M. and Rehault , J. P. 1987 . Vavilov Seamount: a mildly alkaline Quaternary volcano in the Tyrrhenian Basin . Marine Geology , 78 : 125 – 136 .
  • Rona , P. A. 1980 . “ Hydrothermal manganese deposits of Mid‐Atlantic Ridge crest (latitude 26°N) ” . In Geology and goechemistry of manganese , Edited by: Varentsov , I. M. and Grasselly , Gy. vol. 3 , 195 – 210 . Budapest : Hungarian Academy of Sciences .
  • Rona , P. A. 1988 . Hydrothermal mineralization at oceanic ridges . Canadian Minerologist , 26 : 431 – 465 .
  • Rona , P. A. , Bougault , H. , Charlou , J. L. , Appriou , P. , Nelsen , T. A. , Trefry , J. H. , Eberhart , G. L. , Barone , A. and Needham , H. D. 1992 . Hydrothermal circulation, serpentinization, and degassing at a rift valley‐fracture zone intersection: Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near 15°N, 45°W . Geology , 20 : 783 – 786 .
  • Rona , P. A. , Hannington , M. D. , Raman , C. V. , Thompson , G. , Tivey , M. K. , Humphris , S. E. , Lalou , C. and Petersen , S. 1993 . Active and relict sea‐floor hydrothermal mineralization at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge . Economic Geology , 88 : 1993 – 2017 .
  • Rona , P. A. and Scott , S. D. 1993 . A special issue on sea‐floor hydrothermal mineralization: new perspectives. Preface . Economic Geology , 88 : 1935 – 1976 .
  • Rona , P. A. , Thompson , G. , Mottl , M. J. , Kartson , J. A. , Jenkins , W. J. , Graham , D. , Mallette , M. , Von Damm , K. and Edmond , J. M. 1984 . Hydrothermal activity at the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse Hydrothermal Field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge crest at 26°N . Journal of Geophysical Research , 89 : 11,365 – 11,377 .
  • Rossi , P. L. , Bocchi , G. and Lucchini , F. 1980 . A manganese deposit from the south Tyrrhenian region . Oceanologica Acta , 3 : 107 – 113 .
  • Roy , S. 1992 . Environments and processes of manganese deposition . Economic Geology , 87 : 1218 – 1236 .
  • Rozanova , T. V. , Gorshkov , A. I. and Gordnitski , A. M. Mineral composition of iron ochre on the Marsili Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea) . Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Marine Geology . Gelendjik. vol. 4 , pp. 177 – 178 . (abstr.)
  • Rytuba , J. J. 1994 . Evolution of volcanic and tectonic features in caldera settings and their importance in the location of ore deposits . Economic Geology , 89 : 1687 – 1696 .
  • Savelli , C. 1988 . Late Oligocene to Recent episodes of magmatism in and around the Tyrrhenian Sea: implications for the processes of opening in a young inter‐arc basin of intra‐orogenic (Mediterranean) type . Tectonophysics , 146 : 163 – 181 .
  • Savelli , C. and Gasparotto , G. 1994 . Calc‐alkaline magmatism and rifting of the deep‐water volcano of Marsili (Aeolian back‐arc, Tyrrhenian Sea) . Marine Geology , 119 : 137 – 157 .
  • Savelli , C. and Schreider , A. A. 1991 . The opening processes in the deep Tyrrhenian basins of Marsili and Vavilov, as deduced from magnetic and chronological evidence of their igneous crust . Tectonophysics , 190 : 119 – 131 .
  • Sborschchikov , I. M. and Al'mukamedov , A. I. 1992 . Submarine volcanoes of the Tyrrhenian Sea‐testaments to the opening of a backarc basin . International Geological Reviews , 34 : 166 – 177 .
  • Sborshchikov , I. M. , Savelli , C. , Puchelt , H. , Pescatori , T. , Schreider , A. A. and Yastrebov , V. S. Some volcano‐tectonic features of Marsili Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea): first report of two submersible dives . 74° Congress di Societa Geologo di Italia . Sorrento. (abstr.)
  • Schulz , M. S. and Hein , J. R. 1991 . “ Petrography and chemistry of hydrothermal manganese oxyhydroxides from the Mariana and Izu‐Bonin volcanic arcs, west Pacific ” . In U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 91–557
  • Scott , M. R. , Scott , R. B. , Rona , P. A. , Butler , L. W. and Nalwak , A. J. 1974 . Rapidly accumulating manganese deposit from the median valley of the Mid Atlantic Ridge . Geophysical Research Letters , 1 : 355 – 358 .
  • Scott , S. D. , Chase , R. L. , Hannington , M. D. , Michael , P. J. , McConachy , T. F. and Shea , G. T. Ophiolites: ocean crustal analogues . Proc. Symp. “Troodos 1987,” . Sulphide deposits, tectonics and petrogenesis of Southern Explorer Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean , Edited by: Malpas , J. , Moores , E. M. , Panayiotu , A. and Xenophon‐tos , C. pp. 719 – 733 . Nicosia, Cyprus : Geological Survey Department .
  • Sedwick , P. N. , McMurtry , G. M. , Hilton , D. R. and Goff , F. 1994 . Carbon dioxide and helium in hydrothermal fluids from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, USA: temporal variability and implications for the release of mantle volatiles . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 : 1219 – 1227 .
  • Sedwick , P. N. , McMurtry , G. M. and Macdougall , L. D. 1992 . Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions from Pele's Vents, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 56 : 3643 – 3667 .
  • Sedwick , P. N. and Stüben , D. 1996 . Chemistry of shallow warm springs in an arc‐volcanic setting: Vulcano Island, Aeolian Archipelago, Italy . Marine Chemistry , 53 : 147 – 161 .
  • Selli , R. 1985 . “ Tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea ” . In Geological evolution of the Mediterranean Sea , Edited by: Stanley , D. J. and Wezel , F.‐C. 131 – 151 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Selli , R. and Gabbianelli , G. Depositi ferro‐mangansiferi del SE Tirreno . Atti Con. CNR, Oceanografi e Fondi Marini . pp. 821 – 830 . (English Abstract)
  • Spadini , G. and Wezel , F.‐C. 1994 . Structural evolution of the “41st parallel zone”;: Tyrrhenian Sea . Terra Nova , 6 : 552 – 562 .
  • Stoffers , P. , Glasby , G. P. , Stüben , D. , Renner , R. M. , Pierre , T. G. , Webb , J. and Cardile , C. 1993 . Comparative mineraology and geochemistry of hydrothermal iron‐rich crusts from the Pitcairn, Teahitia‐Mehitia, and Macdonald hot spot areas of the S.W. Pacific . Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , 11 : 45 – 86 .
  • Stüben , D. , Sedwick , P. , Savelli , C. , Ferretti , E. and Wolfson Sensor Group and Geomar Technologie GmbH . 1993 . “ Cruise report Poseidon 200–4 MIPAMEHR‐MAST 1—Investigations on hydrothermalism in the Tyrrhenian and Aeolian Sea ” . In Berichte Reports , 59 Kiel : Geologisch‐Pala Ontologisches Institut der Universtat .
  • Stüben , D. , Stoffers , P. , Cheminee , J.‐L. , Hartmann , M. , McMurtry , G. M. , Richnow , H.‐H. , Jenisch , A. and Michaelis , W. 1992 . Manganese, methane, iron, zinc, and nickel anomalies in hydrothermal plumes from Teahitia and Macdonald volcanoes . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 56 : 3693 – 3704 .
  • Sverjensky , D. A. 1984 . Europium rodox equilibria in aqueous solution . Earth & Plantary Science Letters , 67 : 70 – 78 .
  • Thompson , G. , Mottl , M. J. and Rona , P. A. 1985 . Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26°N Mid‐Atlantic Ridge . Chemical Geology , 49 : 243 – 257 .
  • Toutain , J.‐P. , Baubron , J.‐C. , LeBronec , J. , Allard , P. , Marty , B. , Miele , G. , Tedesco , D. and Luongo , G. 1992 . Continuous monitoring of distal gas emanations at Vulcano, southern Italy . Bulletin of Volcanology , 54 : 147 – 155 .
  • Tricardi , F. and Zitellini , N. 1987 . The rifting in the Tyrrhenian Basin . Geo‐Marine Letters , 7 : 1 – 6 .
  • Tufar , W. 1991 . Paragenesis of complex massive sulfide ores from the Tyrrhenian Sea . Mitteil ungen der Osterreich ischen Geologischen Gesellschaft. , 84 : 265 – 300 .
  • Uchupi , E. and Ballard , R. D. 1989 . Evidence of hydrothermal activity on Marsili Seamount, Tyrrhenian Basin . Deep‐Sea Research , 36 : 1443 – 1448 .
  • Usui , A. 1992 . Hydrothermal manganese minerals in Leg 126 cores . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 126 : 113 – 123 .
  • Usui , A. , Mellin , T. A. , Nohara , M. and Yuasa , M. 1989 . Structural stability of marine 10 Å manganates from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc: implication for low‐temperature hydrothermal activity . Marine Geology , 86 : 41 – 56 .
  • Usui , A. and Mita , N. in press . Geochemistry and mineralogy of a modern buserite deposit from a hot spring in Hokkaido, Japan . Clays and Clay Minerals ,
  • Usui , A. and Nishimura , A. 1992 . Submersible observations of hydrothermal manganese deposits on the Kasikata Seamount, Izu‐Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc . Marine Geology , 106 : 203 – 216 .
  • Usui , A. , Nishimura , A. and Iizasa , K. 1993 . Subermsible observations of manganese nodule and crust deposits on the Tenpo Seamount, northwestern Pacific . Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , 11 : 263 – 291 .
  • Usui , A. and Someya , M. in press . The pattern of distribution and composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwestern Pacific . Geological Society Special Publication ,
  • Usui , A. , Yuasa , M. , Yokota , S. , Nohara , M. , Nishimura , A. and Murakami , F. 1986 . Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, off the Japan Islands . Marine Geology , 73 : 311 – 322 .
  • Varnavas , S. P. 1989 . Submarine hydrothermal metallogenesis associated with the collision of two plates: the Southern Aegean Sea region . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 53 : 43 – 57 .
  • Varnavas , S. P. and Cronan , D. S. 1991 . Hydrothermal metallogenic processes off the islands of Niros and Kos in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc . Marine Geology , 99 : 109 – 133 .
  • Varnavas , S. P. , Papaioannou , J. and Catani , J. 1988 . A hydrothermal manganese deposit from the Erastosthenes Seamount, eastern Mediterranean Sea . Marine Geology , 81 : 205 – 214 .
  • Ventura , G. 1994 . Tectonics, structural evolution and caldera formation on Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, southern Tyrrhenian Sea) . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Resources , 60 : 207 – 224 .
  • Verzhbitsky , E. V. and Sborshchikov , I. M. 1988 . Heat flow and spreading rate in back‐arc basins: the example of the Tyrrhenian Sea . Journal of Geodynamics , 10 : 85 – 91 .
  • Von Damm , K. L. 1990 . Seafloor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys . Annual Reviews in Earth & Planetary Science , 18 : 173 – 204 .
  • Von Stackelberg , U. , Marchig , V. , Müller , P. and Weiser , T. 1990 . Hydrothermal mineralization in the Lau and North Fiji Basins . Geologische Jahrbuch , D92 : 547 – 613 .
  • Wahrenberger , C. , Dietrich , V. and Seward , T. M. 1995 . Composition of sublimates and volcanic gas condensates fron Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy . Terra abstracts Abstract Supplement No. 1 to Terra Noua , 7 : 337 (abstr.)
  • Wilson , P. A. , Elderfield , H. and Obdyke , B. N. 1995 . Pacific guyots drilled by ODP Leg 114 fit Loihi model of hydrothermal activity associated with intraplate volcanism . BRIDGE Newsletter , 8 : 59 – 60 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.