Geomechanical performances of geocell reinforced retaining wall backfilled with magnesia-based cement stabilized marine fill

References

• Alvi, I. H., Q. Li, Y. Hou, C. C. Onyekwena, M. Zhang, and A. Ghaffar. 2023. “A Critical Review of Cement Composites Containing Recycled Aggregates with Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials.” Journal of Building Engineering 69: 105989. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, H., T. Yonezawa, M. Tateyama, M. Shinoda, and K. Watanabe. 2005. “Development of Aseismic Abutment with Geogrid-Reinforced Cement-Treated Backfills.” In Proceedings of International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-656-9-1315.
   Google Scholar
• Bentley. 2020. CONNECT Edition 20.04 PLAXIS 3D-Reference Manual.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, G. H., and S. Y. Liu. 2017. “Compaction and Mechanical Characteristics and Stabilization Mechanism of Carbonated Reactive MgO-Stabilized Silt.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21 (7): 2641–2654. doi:10.1007/s12205-017-1145-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, G. H., S. Y. Liu, G. Y. Du, L. Wang, J. S. Li, and L. Liu. 2020. “Hydraulic Conductivity Characteristics of Carbonated Reactive Magnesia-Treated Silt.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79 (6): 3033–3047. doi:10.1007/s10064-020-01746-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. M., T. Lansivaara, and W. B. Wei. 2007. “Two-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis by Limit Equilibrium and Strength Reduction Methods.” Computers and Geotechnics 34 (3): 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugh, A. K. 2003. “On the Boundary Conditions in Slope Stability Analysis.” International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 27 (11): 905–926. doi:10.1002/nag.305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakhshandi, M., G. Rahmati, and M. Sadjadi. 2018. “Static Performance of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls with Peripheral Soil–Cement Mixtures.” Scientia Iranica 27 (3): 1028–1038. doi:10.24200/sci.2018.21076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Develioglu, I., and H. F. Pulat. 2019. “Compressibility Behaviour of Natural and Stabilized Dredged Soils in Different Organic Matter Contents.” Construction and Building Materials 228: 116787. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyo, E. U., S. Ng’ambi, and S. J. Abbey. 2020. “Incorporation of a Nanotechnology-Based Additive in Cementitious Products for Clay Stabilisation.” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 12 (5): 1056–1069. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.12.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, H., and M. Duan. 2014. “The Environment and Environmental Load of Offshore Oil Engineering.” In Offshore Operation Facilities, 1–140. Waltham, USA: Gulf Professional Publishing. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-396977-4.00001-9.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1991. Design of Cement Stabilized Soil Retaining Walls with Concrete Panel Facing: Final Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2016. Geotechnical Site Characterization Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 5. FHWA-NHI-16-072. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, Y., S. He, S. Zhang, and Y. Yang. 2020. “Parameter Analysis on Hardening Soil Model of Soft Soil for Foundation Pits Based on Shear Rates in Shenzhen Bay, China.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2020/7810918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, D. V., and R. M. Marquez. 2007. “Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis by Elasto-Plastic Finite Elements.” Géotechnique 57 (6): 537–546. doi:10.1680/geot.2007.57.6.537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J., and W. Adaska. 2020. Guide to Cement-Stabilized Subgrade Soils. Ames, IA: National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University.
   Google Scholar
• Grünhäuser Soares, E., and J. Castro-Gomes. 2021. “Carbonation Curing Influencing Factors of Carbonated Reactive Magnesia Cements (CRMC) – A Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 305 (7): 127210. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127210.
   Google Scholar
• Hatami, K., and J. Boutin. 2022. “Influence of Backfill Type on the Load-Bearing Performance of GRS Bridge Abutments.” Geosynthetics International 29 (5): 506–519. doi:10.1680/jgein.21.00052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helwany, S. M. B., G. Reardon, and J. T. H. Wu. 1999. “Effects of Backfill on the Performance of GRS Retaining Walls.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 17 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0266-1144(98)00021-1.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, W.-K. 2020. “The Investigation of the Structural Performance of the Hybrid Composite Precast Frames with Mechanical Joints Based on Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis.” In Hybrid Composite Precast Systems, edited by W.-K. Hong, 89–177. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102721-9.00003-0.
   Google Scholar
• International Building Code. 2021. Chapter 18 Soils and Foundations, 2021 International Building Code (IBC) | ICC Digital Codes. Washington, DC: IBC. Accessed 10 November 2022. https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2021P2/chapter-18-soils-and-foundations#IBC2021P2_Ch18_Sec1807
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency. 2018. Cement Technology Roadmap Plots Path to Cutting CO₂ Emissions 24% by 2050. Paris, France: IEA. Accessed 23 November 2022. https://www.iea.org/news/cement-technology-roadmap-plots-path-to-cutting-co2-emissions-24-by-2050
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, M. A. 2005. “Performance of Cement-Stabilized Retaining Walls.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42 (3): 876–891. doi:10.1139/t05-021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, J., Q. Chen, and S. Nimbalkar. 2016. “Field Data Based Method for Predicting Long-Term Settlements.” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 9 (3): 466–476. doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2016.466.476.
   Google Scholar
• Kara, S., S. Erdem, and R. A. G. Lezcano. 2021. “MgO-Based Cementitious Composites for Sustainable and Energy Efficient Building Design.” Sustainability 13 (16): 9188. doi:10.3390/su13169188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, L., B. Chen, and B. Chen. 2021. “Strength Evolutions of Varying Water Content-Dredged Sludge Stabilized with Alkali-Activated Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag.” Construction and Building Materials 275: 122111. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, L., B. Chen, and H. Duan. 2021. “Modification of Nanoparticles for the Strength Enhancing of Cement-Stabilized Dredged Sludge.” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 13 (3): 694–704. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, H. D., W. C. Wang, and A. J. Li. 2020. “Investigation of Dilatancy Angle Effects on Slope Stability Using the 3D Finite Element Method Strength Reduction Technique.” Computers and Geotechnics 118: 103295. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H. 2016. “Nonlinear Elastic Analysis of Reinforcement Loads for Vertical Reinforced Soil Composites without Facing Restriction.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142 (6): 04016013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., L. Q. He, Y. J. Jiang, M. M. Sun, E. J. Chen, and F. H. Lee. 2019. “Effect of in Situ Water Content Variation on the Spatial Variation of Strength of Deep Cement-Mixed Clay.” Géotechnique 69 (5): 391–405. doi:10.1680/JGEOT.17.P.149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhollenzer, S., F. Tschuchnigg, and H. F. Schweiger. 2018. “Finite Element Analyses of Slope Stability Problems Using Non-Associated Plasticity.” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 10 (6): 1091–1101. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyekwena, Chikezie Chimere, Qi Li, Happiness Ijeoma Umeobi, Xiaying Li, and John N. Ng’ombe. 2022. “Bayesian Reliability-Based Prediction of the Soil Water Retention Curve Using Finite Data.” Expert Systems with Applications 203: 117550. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyekwena, C. C., Q. Xue, Q. Li, H. I. Umeobi, A. Ghaffar, and M. H. Fasihnikoutalab. 2023. “Advances in the Carbonation of MgO-Based Binder and CO2 Utilization in the Construction Industry.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy doi:10.1007/s10098-023-02482-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyekwena, C. C., Q. Xue, Q. Li, Y. Wan, S. Feng, H. I. Umeobi, H. Liu, and B. Chen. 2022. “Support Vector Machine Regression to Predict Gas Diffusion Coefficient of Biochar-Amended Soil.” Applied Soft Computing 127: 109345. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan, G., G. Sasikala, and A. Ravisankar. 2018. “Efficacy of Engineered Backfilling in Limiting Settlements during Future Deep Excavations.” International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering 4 (4): 31. doi:10.1007/s40891-018-0149-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roscoe, K. H. 1970. “The Influence of Strains in Soil Mechanics.” Géotechnique 20 (2): 129–170. doi:10.1680/geot.1970.20.2.129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, R. K., and S. K. Ho. 1998. “Horizontal Deformation in Reinforced Soil Walls.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35 (2): 312–327. doi:10.1139/CGJ-35-2-312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, S., S. Liang, G. Kastiukas, W. Zhu, and X. Zhou. 2020. “Solidification of Waste Excavation Clay Using Reactive Magnesia, Quicklime, Sodium Carbonate and Early-Age Oven Curing.” Construction and Building Materials 258: 120333. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, S., T. Wang, R. Guo, and C. Unluer. 2021. “Assessment of the Properties and Environmental Impact of Carbonated Reactive Magnesia Containing Industrial Waste.” Thermochimica Acta 706: 179051. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2021.179051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghebfar, M., M. Y. Abu-Farsakh, A. Ardah, Q. Chen, and B. A. Fernandez. 2017. “Full-Scale Testing of Geosynthetic-Reinforced, Soil-Integrated Bridge System.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2656 (1): 40–52. doi:10.3141/2656-05.
   Google Scholar
• Seiler, C. 2017. “Bayesian Statistics in Computational Anatomy.” In Statistical Shape and Deformation Analysis: Methods, Implementation and Applications, edited by G. Zheng, S. Li, and G. Székely, 193–214. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-810493-4.00009-2.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, W., Q. Chen, S. Nimbalkar, and W. Liu. 2017. “A New Mixing Technique for Solidifier and Dredged Fill in Coastal Area.” Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 35 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1080/1064119X.2015.1102183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, F., H. Liu, L. Ma, and H. Hu. 2018. “Numerical Analysis of Geocell-Reinforced Retaining Wall Failure Modes.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 46 (3): 284–296. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W. M., Y. M. Wang, and Y. K. Chen. 2013. “Performance of Abutment with Geocell Reinforced Cement Soil Backfill.” Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356: 860–865. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.353-356.860.
   Google Scholar
• Stróżyk, Joanna, and Matylda Tankiewicz. 2016. “The Elastic Undrained Modulus Eu50 for Stiff Consolidated Clays Related to the Concept of Stress History and Normalized Soil Properties.” Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 38 (3): 67–72. doi:10.1515/sgem-2016-0025.
   Google Scholar
• Sukkarak, R., S. Likitlersuang, P. Jongpradist, and P. Jamsawang. 2021. “Strength and Stiffness Parameters for Hardening Soil Model of Rockfill Materials.” Soils and Foundations 61 (6): 1597–1614. doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2021.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukmak, K., J. Han, P. Sukmak, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2016. “Numerical Parametric Study on Behavior of Bearing Reinforcement Earth Walls with Different Backfill Material Properties.” Geosynthetics International 23 (6): 435–451. doi:10.1680/jgein.16.00008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatsuoka, F., M. Tateyama, H. Aoki, and K. Watanabe. 2015. “Bridge Abutment Made of Cement-Mixed Gravel Backfill.” In Ground Improvement Case Histories, edited by B. Indraratna, J. Chu, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn, 351–399. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100191-2.00012-5.
   Google Scholar
• Terzaghi, K., R. B. Peck, and G. Mesri. 1996. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. doi:10.1097/00010694-194911000-00029.
   Google Scholar
• Unluer, C. 2018. “Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Magnesium-Based Binders.” In Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, edited by F. Pacheco-Torgal, C. Shi, and A. P. Sanchez, 129–173. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102444-7.00007-1.
   Google Scholar
• Walling, S., and J. Provis. 2016. “Magnesia-Based Cements: A Journey of 150 Years, and Cements for the Future?” Chemical Reviews 116 (7): 4170–4204. doi:10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.5B00463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D., H. Wang, and X. Wang. 2017. “Compressibility and Strength Behavior of Marine Soils Solidified with MgO—A Green and Low Carbon Binder.” Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 35 (6): 878–886. doi:10.1080/1064119X.2016.1258095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., W. Zhong, Z. Lin, and Y. Tang. 2022. “Dynamic Response and Geogrid Strain Analysis of GRS Retaining Wall.” Applied Sciences 12 (19): 9930. doi:10.3390/app12199930.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J., L. Liu, Y. Deng, G. Zhang, A. Zhou, and H. Xiao. 2022. “Use of Recycled Gypsum in the Cement-Based Stabilization of Very Soft Clays and Its Micro-Mechanism.” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 14 (3): 909–921. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaghoubi, M., A. Arulrajah, M. M. Disfani, S. Horpibulsuk, M. W. Bo, and S. Darmawan. 2018. “Effects of Industrial by-Product Based Geopolymers on the Strength Development of a Soft Soil.” Soils and Foundations 58 (3): 716–728. doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2018.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonezawa, T., T. Yamazaki, M. Tateyama, and F. Tatsuoka. 2014. “Design and Construction of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Structures for Hokkaido High-Speed Train Line.” Transportation Geotechnics 1 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1016/j.trgeo.2013.12.001.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., G. Ye, Y. Cai, and Z. Zhang. 2019. “Centrifugal and Numerical Modeling of Stiffened Deep Mixed Column-Supported Embankment with Slab over Soft Clay.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56 (10): 1418–1432. doi:10.1139/cgj-2018-0180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J. jin., J. lin Yu, X. Nan Gong, R. Hong Zhang, and T. Long Yan. 2019. “Influence of Soil Reinforcement on the Uplift Bearing Capacity of a Pre-Stressed High-Strength Concrete Pile Embedded in Clayey Soil.” Soils and Foundations 59 (6): 2367–2375. doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2019.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J. F., R. Q. Xu, H. Y. Zhao, Z. Y. Luo, B. J. Pan, and C. Y. Rao. 2020. “Fundamental Mechanical Behavior of CMMOSC-S-C Composite Stabilized Marine Soft Clay.” Applied Clay Science 192: 105635. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2020.105635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zienkiewicz, O. C., C. Humpheson, and R. W. Lewis. 1975. “Associated and Non-Associated Visco-Plasticity and Plasticity in Soil Mechanics.” Géotechnique 25 (4): 671–689. doi:10.1680/geot.1975.25.4.671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar