Target organ damage in primary hypertensive patients: role of the morning heart rate surge

References

• Levy RL, White PD, Stroud WD, et al. Transient tachycardia: prognostic significance alone and in association with transient hypertension. JAMA 1945;129:585–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MT, Suadicani P, Hein HO, et al. Elevated resting heart rate, physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a 16-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Heart 2013;99:882–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauman J, Janszky I, Vatten LJ, et al. Temporal changes in resting heart rate and deaths from ischemic heart disease. JAMA 2011;306:2579–2587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul L, Hastie CE, Li WS, et al. Resting heart rate pattern during follow-up and mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2010;55:567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve AM, Bang CN, Berg RM, et al. Resting heart rate and risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in asymptomatic aortic stenosis: the SEAS study. Int J Cardiol 2015;180:122–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemelmans RH, van der Graaf Y, Nathoe HM, et al. The risk of resting heart rate on vascular events and mortality in vascular patients. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:1410–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm M, Cotton D, Foster L, et al. Impact of resting heart rate on mortality, disability and cognitive decline in patients after ischaemic stroke. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2804–2812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1315–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott WJ. Circadian variation in the timing of stroke onset: a meta-analysis. Stroke 1998;29:992–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987;75:131–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 2003;107:1401–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosse P, Lasserre R, Minifie C, et al. Blood pressure surge on rising. J Hypertens 2004;22:1113–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, et al. Prognostic value of the morning blood pressure surge in 5645 subjects from 8 populations. Hypertension 2010;55:1040–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Zamboulis C, et al. Elevated heart rate and atherosclerosis: an overview of the pathogenetic mechanisms. Int J Cardiol 2008;126:302–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, et al. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2005;23:697–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989;2:358–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007;28:1462–1536.
   Google Scholar
• Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004–2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:75–80.
   Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek J, et al. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000;11:A0828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert EA, Chatzivlastou K, Schlaich M, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure is associated with reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Hypertens 2014;27:783–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodt C, Breckling U, Derad I, et al. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations of healthy humans associated with nighttime sleep and morning arousal. Hypertension 1997;30:71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary AC, Struthers AD, Donnan PT, et al. The morning surge in blood pressure and heart rate is dependent on levels of physical activity after waking. J Hypertens 2002;20:865–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofl C, Becker C, Prank K, et al. Twenty-four-hour rhythms of plasma catecholamines and their relation to cardiovascular parameters in healthy young men. Eur J Endocrinol 1997;137:675–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol 2010;141:122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Adverse prognostic value of a blunted circadian rhythm of heart rate in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1998;16:1335–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Ben-Ishay D, et al. Blunted heart rate dip during sleep and all-cause mortality. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2116–2121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, et al. Nocturnal nondipping of heart rate predicts cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2009;27:2265–2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Ortiz L, Garcia-Garcia A, Ramos-Delgado E, et al. Relationships of night/day heart rate ratio with carotid intima media thickness and markers of arterial stiffness. Atherosclerosis 2011;217:420–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada Y, Galbreath MM, Shibata S, et al. Morning blood pressure surge is associated with arterial stiffness and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive seniors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013;305:H793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakopoulos NA, Tsivgoulis G, Barlas G, et al. Time rate of blood pressure variation is associated with increased common carotid artery intima-media thickness. Hypertension 2005;45:505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi F. Clinical implications of present physiological understanding of HRV components. Card Electrophysiol Rev 2002;6:245–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinenno FA, Jones PP, Seals DR, et al. Age-associated arterial wall thickening is related to elevations in sympathetic activity in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;278:H1205–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauletto P, Scannapieco G, Pessina AC. Sympathetic drive and vascular damage in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertension 1991;17:III75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, et al. Low-dose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: Main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 2001;103:1721–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper TM, McKinley PS, Seeman TE, et al. Heart rate variability predicts levels of inflammatory markers: Evidence for the vagal anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2015;49:94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito I, Hitsumoto S, Maruyama K, et al. Impact of heart rate variability on C-reactive protein concentrations in Japanese adult nonsmokers: The Toon Health Study. Atherosclerosis 2016;244:79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani M, Malliani A. Interpreting oscillations of muscle sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate variability. J Hypertens 2000;18:1709–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1482–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar