Renal resistive index significantly increased in hypertensive children and it is independently related to the pulse pressure and left ventricular mass index

References

• Tublin ME, Bude RO, Platt JF. Review. The resistive index in renal Doppler sonography: where do we stand?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:885–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigé N, Lévy PP, Callard P, Faintuch JM, Chigot V, Jousselin V, Ronco P, Boffa JJ. Renal arterial resistive index is associated with severe histological changes and poor renal outcome during chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berni A, Ciani E, Bernetti M, Cecioni I, Berardino S, Poggesi L, Abbate R, Boddi M. Renal resistive index and low-grade inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(12):723–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddi M, Cecioni I, Poggesi L, Fiorentino F, Olianti K, Berardino S, La Cava G, Gensini G. Renal resistive index early detects chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy in normo- and hypertensive patients. Am J Nephrol. 2006;26(1):16–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef DM, Fawzy FM. Value of renal resistive index as an early marker of diabetic nephropathy in children with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2012;23(5):985–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abd El Ghaffar S, El Kaffas K, Hegazy R, Mostafa M. Renal Doppler indices in diabetic children with insulin resistance syndrome. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(7):479–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radermacher J. Ultrasonography of the kidney and renal vessels. I. Normal findings, inherited and parenchymal diseases. Urologe A. 2005;44(11):1351–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frauchiger B, Nussbaumer P, Hugentobler M, Staub D. Duplex sonographic registration of age and diabetes-related loss of renal vasodilatory response to nitroglycerine. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(6):827–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savino A, Pelliccia P, Schiavone C, Primavera A, Tumini S, Mohn A, Chiarelli F. Serum and urinary nitrites and nitrates and Doppler sonography in children with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(12):2676–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Guan B, Zhu L. Hemodynamics as Measured With Color Doppler Sonography in Early-Stage Obesity-Related Nephropathy in Children. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(8):1671–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadzri M, Hing EY, Hamzaini AH, Faizah MZ, AbAziz A, Kanaheswari Y, Zulfiqar MA. Renal doppler assessment in differentiating obstructive from non-obstructive hydronephrosis in children. Med J Malaysia. 2015;70(6):346–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohuchi H, Negishi J, Hayama Y, Miyazaki A, Shiraishi I, Ichikawa H. Renal resistive index reflects Fontan pathophysiology and predicts mortality. Heart. 2017;103(20):1631–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ćulafić D, Štulić M, Obrenović R, Miletić D, Mijač D, Stojković M, Jovanović M, Ćulafić M. Role of cystatin C and renal resistive index in assessment of renal function in patients with liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(21):6573–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadaro L, Privitera G, Fede G, Magliocco O, Russello M, Piro S, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F. Diabetes increases renovascular impedance in patients with liver cirrhosis. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10(6):703–09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melek E, Baskın E, Gulleroglu K, Uslu N, Kırnap M, Moray G, Haberal M. The predictive value of resistive index obtained by Doppler ultrasonography early after renal transplantation on long-term allograft function. Pediatr Transplant. 2017;21:2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radermacher J, Mengel M, Ellis S, Stuht S, Hiss M, Schwarz A, Eisenberger U, Burg M, Luft FC, Gwinner W, et al. The renal arterial resistance index and renal allograft survival. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):115–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enhesari A, Mardpour S, Makki Z, Mardpour S. Early ultrasound assessment of renal transplantation as the valuable biomarker of long lasting graft survival: a cross-sectional study. Iran J Radiol. 2014;11(1):e11492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriquin HB, O’Regan S, Robitaille P, Paltiel H. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: intrarenal arterial Doppler patterns as a useful guide to therapy. Radiology. 1989;172(3):625–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwashima Y, Yoshihara F, Kamide K, Takata H, Fujii T, Kubota Y, Nakamura S, Horio T, Kawano Y. Association of renal resistive index with target organ damage in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(12):1292–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedesco MA, Natale F, Mocerino R, Tassinario G, Calabrò R. Renal resistive index and cardiovascular organ damage in a large population of hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;21(4):291–96.
   Google Scholar
• Pontremoli R, Viazzi F, Martinoli C, Ravera M, Nicolella C, Berruti V, Leoncini G, Ruello N, Zagami P, Bezante GP, et al. Increased renal resistive index in patients with essential hypertension: a marker of target organ damage. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(2):360–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholbach T. Doppler studies in normal kidneys of healthy children. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10(2):156–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murat A, Akarsu S, Ozdemir H, Yildirim H, Kalender O. Renal resistive index in healthy children. Eur J Radiol. 2005;53(1):67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner B, Daniels SR: summary of the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Hypertension 2004;44:387–88.
   Google Scholar
• Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7(2):79–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn DW, Kim YJ, Kim HC, Chun HG, Park YB, Choi YS. Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function when mitral E and A waves are completely fused: role of assessing mitral annulus velocity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12:203–08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, Reichek N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(6):450–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi K, Okura T, Tanino A, Kukida M, Nagao T, Higaki J. Usefulness of the renal resistive index to predict an increase in urinary albumin excretion in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2017;31(1):66–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof JM, Cardwell G, Franco K, Portman RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular mass index in hypertensive children. Hypertension. 2002;39(4):903–08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirinos JA, Townsend RR. Systemic arterial hemodynamics and the “renal resistive index”: what is in a name?. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(3):170–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill WC. Renal resistive index: a case of mistaken identity. Hypertension. 2014;64(5):915–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno RM, Daghini E, Versari D, Sgrò M, Sanna M, Venturini L, Romanini C, Di Paco I, Sudano I, Cioni R, et al. Predictive role of renal resistive index for clinical outcome after revascularization in hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: a monocentric observational study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014;20(12):9.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Ito S. Central pulse pressure and aortic stiffness determine renal hemodynamics: pathophysiological implication for microalbuminuria in hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;58(5):839–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tublin ME, Tessler FN, Murphy ME. Correlation between renal vascular resistance, pulse pressure, and the resistive index in isolated perfused rabbit kidneys. Radiology. 1999;213(1):258–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuznetsova T, Cauwenberghs N, Knez J, Thijs L, Liu YP, Gu YM, Staessen JA. Doppler indexes of left ventricular systolic and diastolic flow and central pulse pressure in relation to renal resistive index. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(4):535–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stea F, Sgrò M, Faita F, Bruno RM, Cartoni G, Armenia S, Taddei S, Ghiadoni L. Relationship between wave reflection and renal damage in hypertensive patients: a retrospective analysis. J Hypertens. 2013;31:2418–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddi M, Natucci F, Ciani E. The internist and the renal resistive index: truths and doubts. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10:893–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddi M. Renal Ultrasound (and Doppler Sonography) in Hypertension: an Update. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:191–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruijm MT, Wuerzner G, Glatz N, Alwan H, Ponte B, Ackermann D, Burnier M, Bochud M. A new technique for simultaneous validation of two manual nonmercury auscultatory sphygmomanometers (a&d um-101 and accoson greenlight 300) based on the international protocol. Blood Pressure Monitoring. 2010;15(6):322–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar