Plasma leptin level is positively associated with blood pressure measures independent of gender and BMI

References

• World Health Organization. A global brief on hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis: World Health Day 2013. World Health Organization; 2013
   Google Scholar
• Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, AlMazroa, M.A., Amann, M., Anderson, H.R., Andrews, K.G. and Aryee, M. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu S, Millett C. Social epidemiology of hypertension in middle-income countries. Hypertension. 2013. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotchen TA. Obesity-related hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Am J Hypertens. 2010; 23(11):1170–78. doi:10.1038/ajh.2010.172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JE, Do Carmo JM, Da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circ Res. 2015; 116(6):991–1006. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994; 372(6505):425–32. doi:10.1038/372425a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bełtowski J. Role of leptin in blood pressure regulation and arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2006; 24(5):789. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000222743.06584.66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonds SE, Pryor JT, Cowley MA. Does leptin cause an increase in blood pressure in animals and humans? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017; 26(1):20–25. doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar A, Xiao J. Positive relationship between plasma leptin level and hypertension. Hypertension. 2010; 56(4):623–28. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.148213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galletti F, D’Elia L, Barba G, Siani A, Cappuccio FP, Farinaro E, Iacone R, Russo O, De Palma D, Ippolito R, et al. High-circulating leptin levels are associated with greater risk of hypertension in men independently of body mass and insulin resistance: results of an eight-year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(10):3922–26. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galletti F, D’Elia L, De Palma D, Russo O, Barba G, Siani A, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP, Rossi G, Zampa G, et al. Hyperleptinemia is associated with hypertension, systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in overweight but not in normal weight men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 22(3):300–06. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner RN, Ross RR, Waters DL, Brooks WM, Morley JE, Montoya GD, Garry PJ. Serum leptin in elderly people: associations with sex hormones, insulin, and adipose tissue volumes. Obesity. 1999;7(2):141–49. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00695.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grontved A, Steene-Johannessen J, Kynde I, Franks PW, Helge JW, Froberg K, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB. Association between plasma leptin and blood pressure in two population-based samples of children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2011; 29(6):1093–100. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328346d787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks PW, Brage S, Luan JA, Ekelund U, Rahman M, Farooqi IS, Halsall I, O'rahilly S, Wareham NJ. Leptin predicts a worsening of the features of the metabolic syndrome independently of obesity. Obesity. 2005;13(8):1476–84. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson AM, Clark J, Rudyk O, Shattock MJ, Bae SE, South T, Pombo J, Redington K, Uppal E, Coen CW, et al. Experimental hyperleptinemia in neonatal rats leads to selective leptin responsiveness, hypertension, and altered myocardial function. Hypertension. 2013; 62(3):627–33. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RJ, Meehan CA, Gorden P. Leptin does not mediate hypertension associated with human obesity. Cell. 2015; 162(3):465–66. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P, et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. Jama. 1999; 282(16):1568–75. doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison MA, Ix JH, Morgan C, McClelland RL, Rifkin D, Shimbo D, Criqui MH. Higher leptin is associated with hypertension: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Hum Hypertens. 2013; 27(10):617–22. doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asferg C, Møgelvang R, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Jensen JS, Marott JL, Appleyard M, Jensen GB, Jeppesen J. Leptin, not adiponectin, predicts hypertension in the Copenhagen city heart study. Am J Hypertens. 2010; 23(3):327–33. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen J, Asferg C. Positive relationship between plasma leptin levels and hypertension from an epidemiological perspective. Hypertension. 2010; 56(4):573–74. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.158519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seven E, Husemoen LL, Wachtell K, Ibsen H, Linneberg A, Jeppesen JL. Overweight, adipocytokines and hypertension: a prospective population-based study. J Hypertens. 2014;32(7):1488–94. discussion 94. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W, Schutte R, Huisman HW, Van Rooyen JM, Ware LJ, Fourie CM, Mels CMC, Kruger R, McCarthy N, Schutte AE. Leptin is positively associated with blood pressure in african men with a low body mass index: the SAfrEIC study. Horm Metab Res. 2015; 47(2):145–51. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1389926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couillard C, Mauriege P, Prud’Homme D, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, Després JP. Plasma leptin concentrations: gender differences and associations with metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Diabetologia. 1997; 40(10):1178–84. doi:10.1007/s001250050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wauters M, Mertens I, Considine R, De Leeuw I, Van Gaal L. Are leptin levels dependent on body fat distribution in obese men and women? Eat Weight Disord. 1998; 3(3):124. doi:10.1007/BF03339999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flanagan DE, Vaile JC, Petley GW, Phillips DI, Godsland IF, Owens P, Moore VM, Cockington RA, Robinson JS. Gender differences in the relationship between leptin, insulin resistance and the autonomic nervous system. Regul Pept. 2007; 140(1):37–42. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2006.11.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khokhar KK, Sidhu S, Kaur G. Correlation between leptin level and hypertension in normal and obese pre- and postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010; 163(6):873–78. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-0714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallamaci F, Cuzzola F, Tripepi G, Cutrupi S, Parlongo S, Tripepi R, Zoccali C. Gender-dependent differences in plasma leptin in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000; 13(8):914–20. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(00)00263-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ficek J, Kokot F, Chudek J, Adamczak M, Ficek R, Wiecek A. Influence of antihypertensive treatment with perindopril, pindolol or felodipinon plasma leptin concentration in patients with essential hypertension. Horm Metab Res. 2002; 34(11/12):703–08. doi:10.1055/s-2002-38247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Weight reduction and pharmacologic treatment in obese hypertensives. Am J Hypertens. 2001; 14(6):530–38. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(00)01279-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedogoda SV, Ledyaeva AA, Chumachok EV, Tsoma VV, Mazina G, Salasyuk AS, Barykina IN. Randomized trial of perindopril, enalapril, losartan and telmisartan in overweight or obese patients with hypertension. Clin Drug Investig. 2013; 33(8):553–61. doi:10.1007/s40261-013-0094-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haro Moraes C, Figueiredo VN, de Faria AP, Barbaro NR, Sabbatini AR, Quinaglia T, Ferreira-Melo SE, Martins LC, Demacq C, Júnior HM. High-circulating leptin levels are associated with increased blood pressure in uncontrolled resistant hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2013; 27(4):225–30. doi:10.1038/jhh.2012.29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda E, Kawai R. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is positively associated with hypertension in apparently healthy Japanese men and women. Br J Biomed Sci. 2011;68(1):29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao W, Sun Y, Wang X, Si Q, Chen H, Wan Z. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a middle-aged and elderly population with prehypertension in Tianjin. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2015;37(5):369–74. doi:10.3109/10641963.2014.977487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu Y, Sato S, Koyamatsu J, Yamanashi H, Nagayoshi M, Kadota K, Kawashiri SY, Maeda T. Association between high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and hypertension in relation to circulating CD34-positive cell levels. J Physiol Anthropol. 2017;36(1):26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar