References
- Yki-Jarvinen H. Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diabetologia. 2016;59:1104–11.doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3944-1.
- Lee H, Kim G, Choi YJ, Huh BW, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee EJ, Lee YH, Huh KB. Association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44:267–76.doi:https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0001.
- Ballestri S, Lonardo A, Bonapace S, Byrne CD, Loria P, Targher G. Risk of cardiovascular, cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:1724–45.doi:https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1724.
- European Association for the Study of the L, European Association for the Study of D, European Association for the Study of O. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:1388–402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004.
- Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nagata C, Takeda J, Sarui H, Kawahito Y, Yoshida N, Suetsugu A, Kato T, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:1579–84.
- Tarantino G, Finelli C. What about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a new criterion to define metabolic syndrome? World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:3375–84.doi:https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i22.3375.
- Targher G, Byrne CD, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Barbui C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2016;65:589–600.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.013.
- Chang Y, Ryu S, Sung E, Jang Y. Higher concentrations of alanine aminotransferase within the reference interval predict nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Chem. 2007;53:686–92.doi:https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.081257.
- Porter SA, Pedley A, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Aminotransferase levels are associated with cardiometabolic risk above and beyond visceral fat and insulin resistance: the Framingham heart study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:139–46.doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300075.
- Weng SF, Kai J, Guha IN, Qureshi N. The value of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Open Heart. 2015;2:e000272.doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2015-000272.
- Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, et al. The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:722–28.
- Meltzer AA, Everhart JE. Association between diabetes and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity among Mexican Americans. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:565–71.doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009315.
- Zhao TV, Li Y, Liu X, Xia S, Shi P, Li L, Chen Z, Yin C, Eriguchi M, Chen Y, et al. ATP release drives heightened immune responses associated with hypertension. Sci Immunol. 2019;4:36.
- Goessling W, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, D’Agostino RB Sr., Ellison RC, Fox CS. Aminotransferase levels and 20-year risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1935–1944, 1944 e1931.doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.018.
- Greber-Platzer S, Thajer A, Bohn S, Brunert A, Boerner F, Siegfried W, Artlich A, Moeckel A, Waldecker-Krebs H, Pauer S, et al. Increased liver echogenicity and liver enzymes are associated with extreme obesity, adolescent age and male gender: analysis from the German/Austrian/Swiss obesity registry APV. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:332.
- Stadler M, Bollow E, Fritsch M, Kerner W, Schuetz-Fuhrmann I, Krakow D, Merger S, Riedl M, Jehle P, Holl RW, et al. Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in adults with type 1 diabetes: a multicentre analysis of the German/Austrian DPV database. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:1171–78.
- Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Mantovani A, Targher G. Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: cause or consequence? J Hepatol. 2018;68:335–52.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.09.021.
- Tsuneto A, Hida A, Sera N, Imaizumi M, Ichimaru S, Nakashima E, Seto S, Maemura K, Akahoshi M. Fatty liver incidence and predictive variables. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:638–43.doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2010.45.
- Zhang T, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Tang F, Li H, Zhang Q, Lin H, Wu S, Liu Y, Xue F. Metabolic syndrome and its components as predictors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a northern urban Han Chinese population: a prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;240:144–48.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.049.
- Henry RJ, Chiamori N, Golub OJ, Berkman S. Revised spectrophotometric methods for the determination of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase. Am J Clin Pathol. 1960;34:381–98.doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/34.4_ts.381.
- Liu A, Chen S, Guo X, Li Z, Zheng L, Sun Y. Relationship between alanine aminotransferase levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general Chinese population. J Diabetes. 2017;9:1120–23.doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12588.
- Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr., Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr., et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289:2560–72.
- Kivimaki M, Feldt T, Vahtera J, Nurmi JE. Sense of coherence and health: evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal samples. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50:583–97.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00326-3.
- Cheung BM, Ong KL, Tso AW, Cherny SS, Sham PC, Lam TH, Lam KS. Gamma-glutamyl transferase level predicts the development of hypertension in Hong Kong Chinese. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:1326–31.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.030.
- Lee DH, Jacobs DR Jr., Gross M, Kiefe CI, Roseman J, Lewis CE, Steffes M. Gamma-glutamyltransferase is a predictor of incident diabetes and hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Clin Chem. 2003;49:1358–66.doi:https://doi.org/10.1373/49.8.1358.
- Wu L, He Y, Jiang B, Liu M, Yang S, Wang Y, Zeng J, Yao Y, Wang J. Gender difference in the association between aminotransferase levels and hypertension in a Chinese elderly population. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e6996.doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006996.
- Ren J, Sun J, Ning F, Pang Z, Qie L, Qiao Q. Qingdao Diabetes Survey Group in a. Gender differences in the association of hypertension with gamma-glutamyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in Chinese adults in Qingdao, China. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;9:951–58.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2015.09.014.
- Stranges S, Trevisan M, Dorn JM, Dmochowski J, Donahue RP. Body fat distribution, liver enzymes, and risk of hypertension: evidence from the Western New York Study. Hypertension. 2005;46:1186–93.doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000185688.81320.4d.
- Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, Chalmers J, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957–67.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8.
- Fuchs FD, Whelton PK. High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension. 2020;75:285–92.doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240.
- Yun KE, Shin CY, Yoon YS, Park HS. Elevated alanine aminotransferase levels predict mortality from cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Koreans. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205:533–37.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.012.
- Artunc F, Schleicher E, Weigert C, Fritsche A, Stefan N, Haring HU. The impact of insulin resistance on the kidney and vasculature. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:721–37.doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.145.
- Seravalle G, Grassi G. Obesity and hypertension. Pharmacol Res. 2017;122:1–7.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.013.
- Landsberg L, Aronne LJ, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Igel LI, Lloyd-Jones D, Sowers J. Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: a position paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15:14–33.doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12049.
- Kawamoto R, Kohara K, Kusunoki T, Tabara Y, Abe M, Miki T. Alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio is the best surrogate marker for insulin resistance in non-obese Japanese adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11:117.doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-11-117.
- Kawano Y, Cohen DE. Mechanisms of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:434–41.doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-013-0758-5.
- Smith GI, Shankaran M, Yoshino M, Schweitzer GG, Chondronikola M, Beals JW, Okunade AL, Patterson BW, Nyangau E, Field T, et al. Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:1453–60.