1,144
Views
197
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Toxic Metals in the Environment: Thermodynamic Considerations for Possible Immobilization Strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg

, , &
Pages 495-604 | Published online: 10 Aug 2010

REFERENCES

  • Bernstam , L. and Nriagu , J. 2000 . Molecular aspects of arsenic stress . J. Toxicol. Env. Health Pt. B , 3 : 293 – 322 .
  • Casteel , S. , Evans , T. , Turk , J. , Basta , N. , Weis , C. , Henningsen , G. and Hoffman , E. 2001 . Refining the risk assessment of metal-contaminated soils . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , 203 : 473 – 474 .
  • Mulligan , C. N. , Yong , R. N. and Gibbs , B. F. 2001 . Remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils and groundwater: An evaluation . Eng. Geol. , 60 : 193 – 207 .
  • Li , X. D. , Poon , C. S. and Liu , P. S. 2001 . Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong . Appl. Geochem. , 16 : 1361 – 1368 .
  • Patriarca , M. , Menditto , A. , Rossi , B. , Lyon , T. D. B. and Fell , G. S. 2000 . Environmental exposure to metals of newborns, infants and young children . Microchem. J. , 67 : 351 – 361 .
  • Mielke , H. W. , Gonzales , C. R. , Smith , M. K. and Mielke , P. W. 1999 . The urban environment and children's health: Soils as an integrator of lead, zinc, and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA . Environ. Res. , 81 : 117 – 129 .
  • Tong , S. , von Schirnding , Y. E. and Prapamontol , T. 2000 . Environmental lead exposure: A public health problem of global dimensions . Bulletin of the World Health Organization. , 78 : 1068 – 1077 .
  • Bunzl , K. , Trautmannsheimer , M. , Schramel , P. and Reifenhauser , W. 2001 . Availability of arsenic, copper, lead, thallium, and zinc to various vegetables grown in slag-contaminated soils . J. Environ. Qual. , 30 : 934 – 939 .
  • Nan , Z. and Cheng , G. 2001 . Accumulation of Cd and Pb in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in calcareous soil irrigated with wastewater . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 66 : 748 – 754 .
  • Pahlsson , A. M. B. 1989 . Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants . Water Air Soil Poll. , 47 : 287 – 319 .
  • Reeves , R. D. , Baker , A. J. M. and Brooks , R. R. September, 4–8, 1995 . “ Abnormal accumulation of trace metals by plants ” . In Mining Environmental Management
  • Jonnalagadda , S. B. and Rao , P. V. V. 1993 . P. Toxicity, bioavailability and metal speciation . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology , 106 : 585 – 595 .
  • Sun , B. , Zhao , F. J. , Lombi , E. and McGrath , S. P. 2001 . Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA . Environ. Pollut. , 113 : 111 – 120 .
  • Barona , A. , Aranguiz , I. and Elias , A. 2001 . Metal associations in soils before and after EDTA extractive decontamination: Implications for the effectiveness of further cleanup procedures . Environ. Pollut. , 113 : 79 – 85 .
  • Peters , R. W. 1999 . Chelant extraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 66 : 151 – 210 .
  • Lothenbach , B. 1966 . Gentle soil remediation: Immobilization of heavy metals by aluminium and montmorillonite compounds , 115 Zurich : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich .
  • Zhang , P. C. , Ryan , J. A. and Bryndzia , L. T. 1997 . Pyromorphite formation from goethite adsorbed lead . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 2673 – 2678 .
  • Boisson , J. , Mench , M. , Vangronsveld , J. , Ruttens , A. , Kopponen , P. and De Koe , T. 1999 . Immobilization of trace metals and arsenic by different soil additives: Evaluation by means of chemical extractions . Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. , 30 : 365 – 387 .
  • Boisson , J. , Ruttens , A. , Mench , M. and Vangronsveld , J. 1999 . Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metal immobilizing soil additive for the remediation of polluted soils. Part 1. Influence of hydroxyapatite on metal exchangeability in soil, plant growth and plant metal accumulation . Environ. Pollut. , 104 : 225 – 233 .
  • Basta , N. T. , Gradwohl , R. , Snethen , K. L. and Schroder , J. L. 2001 . Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate . J. Environ. Qual. , 30 : 1222 – 1230 .
  • Scheckel , K. G. and Ryan , J. A. 2002 . Effects of aging and pH on dissolution kinetics and stability of chloropyromorphite . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 2198 – 2204 .
  • Lindsay , W. L. 1979 . Chemical Equilibria in Soils , 211 – 220 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Bard , A. J. 1966 . Chemical equilibrium , 202 p. New York : Harper & Row .
  • Bard , A. J. 1985 . “ Standard potentials in aqueous solution ” . In IUPAC , 1st ed. , Edited by: Bard , A. J. , Parsons , R. and Jordan , J. 834 p. New York : M. Dekker .
  • Wall , F. T. 1965 . Chemical Thermodynamics , San Francisco : W. H. Freeman .
  • Ryan , J. A. , Berti , W. R. , Brown , S. L. , Casteel , S. W. , Chaney , R. L. , Doolan , M. , Grevatt , P. , Hallfrisch , J. , Maddaloni , M. , Mosby , D. E. and Scheckel , K. G. 2003 . Reducing Children's Risk to Soil Pb: Summary of a Field Experiment . Environ. Sci. Technol , In press
  • Scheckel , K. G. and Ryan , J. A. 2003 . In vitro formation of pyromorphite via reaction of Pb sources with soft-drink phosphoric acid . Sci. Total Environ. , 302 : 253 – 265 .
  • Sparks , D. L. 1995 . Environmental Soil Chemistry , San Diego, CA : Academic Press, Inc. .
  • Karanthanasis , A. D. , Adams , R. and Hajek , B. F. 1983 . Stability relationships in kaolinite, gibbsite, and Al-hydroxyinterlayered vermiculite soil systems . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 47 : 1247 – 1251 .
  • Bloom , P. R. and Erich , M. S. 1987 . Effect of solution composition on the rate and mechanism of gibbsite dissolution in acid solutions . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 51 : 1131 – 1136 .
  • Yang , J. , Mosby , D. E. , Casteel , S. W. and Blanchar , R. W. 2001 . Lead immobilization using phosphoric acid in a smelter-contaminated urban soil . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 3553 – 3559 .
  • Cao , R. X. , Ma , L. Q. , Chen , M. , Singh , S. P. and Harris , W. G. 2003 . Phosphate-induced metal immobilization in a contaminated site . Environ. Pollut. , 122 : 19 – 28 .
  • Laperche , V. , Logan , T. J. , Gaddam , P. and Traina , S. J. 1997 . Effect of apatite amendments on plant uptake of lead from contaminated soil . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 2745 – 2753 .
  • Zhang , P. C. and Ryan , J. A. 1997 . Formation of pyromorphite in apatite and lead mineral suspensions: Effects of reaction kinetics . Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. , 213 : 109 – GEOC .
  • Zhang , P. C. and Ryan , J. A. 1998 . Formation of pyromorphite in anglesite hydroxyapatite suspensions under varying pH conditions . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 3318 – 3324 .
  • Zhang , P. C. and Ryan , J. A. 1999 . Transformation of Pb(II) from cerrusite to chloropyromorphite in the presence of hydroxyapatite under varying conditions of pH . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 625 – 630 .
  • Hettiarachchi , G. M. , Pierzynski , G. M. and Ransom , M. D. 2000 . In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 4614 – 4619 .
  • Ryan , J. A. , Zhang , P. C. , Hesterberg , D. , Chou , J. and Sayers , D. E. 2001 . Formation of chloropyromorphite in a lead-contaminated soil amended with hydroxyapatite . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 3798 – 3803 .
  • Krishnamurti , G. S. R. and Naidu , R. 2003 . Solid-solution equilibria of cadmium in soils . Geoderma , 113 : 17 – 30 .
  • Rossman , T. G. 2003 . Mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis: An integrated approach . Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis , 533 : 37 – 65 .
  • Saha , K. C. 2003 . Review of Arsenicosis in West Bengal, India – A Clinical Perspective . Crit. Revs. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 127 – 163 .
  • Brown , K. G. and Ross , G. L. 2002 . Arsenic, Drinking Water, and Health: A position paper of the American Council on Science and Health . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 36 : 162 – 174 .
  • Saha , J. C. , Dikshit , A. K. , Bandyopadhyay , M. K. and Saha , K. C. 1999 . A Review of Arsenic Poisoning and its Effects on Human Health . Crit. Revs. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 29 : 281 – 313 .
  • Brown , K. G. 1998 . Assessing Risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water in the United States . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , 4 : 1061 – 1070 .
  • Warren , H. V. 1989 . Geology, trace elements and health . Social Science & Medicine , 29 : 923 – 926 .
  • Harwood , NuttW. , Beattie , J. M. and Pye-Smith , R. J. 1913 . Arsenic Cancer . The Lancet , 182 : 282 – 284 .
  • Acharyya , S. K. , Lahiri , S. , Raymahashay , B. C. and Bhowmik , A. 2000 . Arsenic toxicity of groundwater in parts of the Bengal basin in India and Bangladesh: The role of Quaternary stratigraphy and Holocene sea-level fluctuation . Environ. Geol. , 39 : 1127 – 1137 .
  • Nickson , R. T. , McArthur , J. M. , Ravenscroft , P. , Burgess , W. G. and Ahmed , K. M. 2000 . Mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater, Bangladesh and West Bengal . Appl. Geochem. , 15 : 403 – 413 .
  • Alam , M. G. M. , Snow , E. T. and Tanaka , A. 2003 . Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh . Sci. Total Environ. , 308 : 83 – 96 .
  • La Force , M. J. , Hansel , C. M. and Fendorf , S. 2000 . Arsenic speciation, seasonal transformations, and co-distribution with iron in a mine waste-influenced palustrine emergent wetland . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 3937 – 3943 .
  • Savage , K. S. , Bird , D. K. and Ashley , R. P. 2000 . Legacy of the Califormia Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District . Int. Geol. Rev. , 42 : 385 – 415 .
  • Roussel , C. , Bril , H. and Fernandez , A. 2000 . Arsenic speciation: Involvement in evaluation of environmental impact caused by mine wastes . J. Environ. Qual. , 29 : 182 – 188 .
  • Nesbitt , H. W. and Muir , I. J. 1998 . Oxidation states and speciation of secondary products on pyrite and arsenopyrite reacted with mine waste waters and air . Mineral. Petrol. , 62 : 123 – 144 .
  • Foster , A. L. , Brown , G. E. , Tingle , T. N. and Parks , G. A. 1998 . Quantitative arsenic speciation in mine tailings using X-ray absorption spectroscopy . Am. Miner. , 83 : 553 – 568 .
  • Smith , E. , Naidu , R. and Alston , A. M. 1998 . “ Arsenic in the soil environment: A review ” . In Advances in Agronomy , 149 – 195 . San Diego : Academic Press Inc . in
  • Rochette , E. A. , Li , G. C. and Fendorf , S. E. 1998 . Stability of arsenate minerals in soil under biotically generated reducing conditions . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 62 : 1530 – 1537 .
  • Moore , T. J. , Rightmire , C. M. and Vempati , R. K. 2000 . Ferrous iron treatment of soils contaminated with arsenic-containing wood-preserving solution . Soil. Sediment. Contam. , 9 : 375 – 405 .
  • Welham , N. J. , Malatt , K. A. and Vukcevic , S. 2000 . The Stability of Iron Phases Presently Used for Disposal from Metallurgical Systems—A Review . Miner. Eng. , 13 : 911 – 931 .
  • Smedley , P. L. and Kinniburgh , D. G. 2002 . A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters . Appl. Geochem. , 17 : 517 – 568 .
  • Sterling , R. O. and Helble , J. J. 2003 . Reaction of arsenic vapor species with fly ash compounds: kinetics and speciation of the reaction with calcium silicates . Chemosphere , 51 : 1111 – 1119 .
  • Mollah , M. Y. A. , Lu , F. and Cocke , D. L. 1998 . An X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) characterization of the speciation of arsenic (V) in Portland cement type-V . Sci. Total Environ. , 224 : 57 – 68 .
  • Bothe , J. V. Jr. and Brown , P. W. 1999 . The stabilities of calcium arsenates at 23+/−1[deg]C . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 69 : 197 – 207 .
  • Glew , D. N. and Hames , D. A. 1971 . Can. J. Chem. , 49 : 3114 – 3118 .
  • Hem , J. D. 1977 . Metal ions at surfaces of hydrous iron oxide . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 41 : 527 – 538 .
  • Itagaki , K. and Nishimura , T. 1986 . Thermodynamic properties of compounds and aqueous species of VA elements . Metall. Rev. of MMIJ , 3 : 29 – 48 .
  • USGS . 1995 . Thermodynamic Properties of Materials, Bulletin 2131 , Washington, DC : U. S. Government Printing Office .
  • Naumov , G. B. , Ryzhenko , B. N. and Khodakovsky , I. L. 1974 . “ Handbook of thermodynamic data ” . In Report Available Only through NTIS in
  • Smith , L. A. 1994 . Summary of data analyses and experimental design for investigation of iron chemistry in lead-contaminated materials , 63 Cincinnati : US EPA .
  • Barton , P. D. 1969 . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 33 : 841 – 857 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.