2,827
Views
470
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Removal of Dyes from the Effluent of Textile and Dyestuff Manufacturing Industry: A Review of Emerging Techniques With Reference to Biological Treatment

, , , , &
Pages 219-238 | Published online: 12 Jan 2007

REFERENCES

  • Abadulla , E. , Tzanov , T. , Costa , S. , Robra , K. H. , Cavaco-Paulo , A. and Gübitz , G. 2000 . Decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsute . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 66 : 3357 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Alaton , I. A. and Balcioglu , I. A. 2001 . Photochemical and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of waste vinylsulphone dyes: A case study with hydrolyzed reactive Black 5 . J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. , 141 : 247 [CROSSREF]
  • Allan , R. and Roxon , J. J. 1974 . Metabolism by intestinal bacteria: The effect of bile salts on tartazine azo reduction . Xenobiotica , 4 : 637 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • An , H. , Qian , T. , Gu , X. and Tang , W. Z. 1996 . Biological treatment of dye wastewaters using an anaerobic-oxic system . Chemosphere , 33 : 2533 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Austin , G. T. 1984 . Shreve's Chemical Process Industries , 5th , 784 New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Azmi , W. and Banerjee , U. 1998 . Biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes . Enzyme Microbiol. Technol , 22 : 185 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Azmi , W. and Banerjee , U. 1999 . Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by the growing and resting cells of Bacillus sp . Indian J. Environ. Ecoplan , 2 : 241 [CSA]
  • Azmi , W. and Banerjee , U. 2001 . Biological decolorization of crystal violet by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. and microbial assessment of toxicity of untreated and treated dye . Sci. Iranica , 8 : 171
  • Azmi , W. and Banerjee , U. 2002 . Biological stabilization of textile and dyestuff industrial waste . Indian Chem. Eng , 44 : 230 [CSA]
  • Balan , D. S.L. and Monteiro , R. T.R. 2001 . Decolorization of textile indigo dye by ligninolytic fungi . J. Biotechnol , 89 : 141 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Barr , D. P. and Aust , S. D. 1994 . Mechanisms white rot fungi use to degrade pollutants . Environ. Sci. Technol , 28 : 78A
  • Black , J. J. , Holmes , M. , Dymerski , P. P. and Zapisek , W. F. 1980 . “ Fish tumor pathology and aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in a Great Lakes estuary ” . In Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment , Edited by: Afghan , B. K. and Mackoy , D. 559 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Blumel , S. , Contzen , M. , Lutz , M. , Stolz , A. and Knackmuss , H. J. 1998 . Isolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize the sulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-4′-sulfoazobenzene as the sole source of carbon and energy . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 64 : 2315 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Bromley-Challenor , K. C.A. , Knapp , J. S. , Zhang , Z. , Gray , N. C.C. , Hetheridge , H. J. and Evans , H. R. 2000 . Decolorization of an azo dye by unacclimated activated sludge under anaerobic conditions . Water Res , 34 : 4410 [CROSSREF]
  • Brown , D. and Laboureur , P. 1983a . The aerobic biodegradability of primary aromatic amines . Chemosphere , 12 : 405 [CROSSREF]
  • Brown , D. and Hamburger , B. 1987 . The degradation of dye stuffs: Part III. Investigations of their ultimate degradability . Chemosphere , 16 : 1539 [CROSSREF]
  • Brown , D. and Laboureur , P. 1983b . The degradation of dye stuffs: Part I. Primary biodegradation under anaerobic conditions . Chemosphere , 12 : 397 [CROSSREF]
  • Brown , J. P. 1981 . Reduction of polymeric azo and nitro dyes by intestinal bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 41 : 1283 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Bumpus , J. A. and Brock , B. J. 1988 . Biodegradation of crystal violet by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 54 : 1143 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Campos , R. , Kamdelbauer , A. , Robra , K. H. , Cavaco-Paulo , M. and Gübitz , G. M. 2001 . Indigo degradation with purified laccase from Trametes hirsuta and Sclerotium rolfsii . J. Biotechnol , 89 : 131 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Carliell , C. M. , Barclay , S. J. , Naidoo , N. , Buckley , C. A. , Mulholland , D. A. and Senior , E. 1995 . Microbial declorization of reactive azo dye under anaerobic conditions . Water , 21 : 61
  • Carliell , C. M. , Godefroy , S. J. , Naidoo , N. , Buckley , C. A. , Senior , E. , Mulholland , D. and Martineigh , B. S. 1994 . “ Ananerobic decolorization of azo dyes ” . In Seventh International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion , Cape Town, , South Africa : RSA Litho (pty) Ltd . Goodwood, South Africa
  • Chen , Y. C. , Liao , C. W. and Hsiung , K. P. 1991 . Decolorization of dyes by basidomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium . J. Chinese. Agric. Chem. Soc , 29 : 439 ATCC 24725
  • Chinwetkitvanich , S. , Tuntoonsvelt , M. and Panswad , T. 2000 . Anaerobic decolorization of reactive dyebath effluents by a two stage UASB system with tapioca as co-substrate . Water Res , 34 : 2223 [CROSSREF]
  • Chung , K. T. and Cerniglia , C. E. 1992 . Mutagenicity of azo dyes: Structure activity relationships . Mutat. Res , 277 : 201 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Chung , K. T. , Fulk , G. E. and Egan , M. 1978 . Reduction of azo dyes by intestinal anaerobes . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 35 : 558 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Coneely , A. , Smyth , W. F. and McMullan , G. 2002 . study of the white-rot fungal degradation of selected phthalocyanine dyes by capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography . Anal. Chim. Acta , 451 : 259 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Costerton , J. W. , Lewandowski , Z. , De Beer , D. , Caldwell , D. , Korber , D. and James , G. 1994 . Biofilms: The customized microniche . J. Biotechnol , 176 : 2137
  • Coughlin , M. F. , Kinkle , B. K. and Bishop , P. L. 1999 . Degradation of azo dyes containing aminonaphthol by Shingomonas sp 1CX . J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 23 : 341 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Coughlin , M. F. , Kinkle , B. K. , Tepper , A. and Bishop , P. L. 1997 . Characterization of aerobic azo dye degrading bacteria and their activity in biofilms . Water Sci. Technol , 36 : 215 [CROSSREF]
  • Cripps , C. , Bumpus , J. A. and Aust , S. D. 1990 . Biodegradation of azo and heterocyclic dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , : 1114
  • Daneshvar , N. , Salari , D. and Khataee , A. R. 2004 . Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative catalyst to TiO2. . J. Phytochem. Photobiol , 162 : 317 [CROSSREF]
  • Donlon , B. A. , Razo-Flores , E. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. A. 1996 . Continous detoxification, transformation and degradation of nitrophenols in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors . Biotechnol. Bioeng , 51 : 439 [CSA]
  • Donlon , B. A. , Razo-Flores , E. , Field , J. and Lettinga , G. 1995 . Toxicity of N-Substituted aromatics to acetoclastic methanogenic activity in granular sludge . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 61 : 3889 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Donlon , B. A. , Razo-Flores , E. , Luijten , M. , Swarts , H. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. A. 1997 . Detoxification and partial mineralization of the azo dye mordant orange 1 in a continuous upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 47 : 83 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Dwyer , D. F. , Krumme , M. L. , Boyd , S. A. and Tiedje , J. M. 1986 . Kinetics of phenol biodegradation by an immobilized methanogenic consortium . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 52 : 345 [CSA]
  • Easton , J. R. 1995 . “ The dye maker's view. ” . In Colour in Dyehouse Effluent , Edited by: Cooper , P. Vol. 9 , Nottingham : Society of Dyers and Colourists .
  • Field , J. A. , Stams , A. J.M. , Kato , M. and Schraa , G. 1995 . Enhanced biodegradation of aromatic pollutants in cocultures of anaerobic and aerobic bacterial consortia . Antoine van Leeuwenhoek , 67 : 47 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • FitzGerald , S. W. and Bishop , P. L. 1995 . Two stage anaerobic/aerobic treatment of sulfonated azo dyes . J. Environ. Sci. Health. A , 30 : 1251
  • Georgiou , D. , Metallinous , C. , Aivasidis , A. , Voudrias , E. and Gimouhopoulos , K. 2004 . Decolorization of azo-reactive dyes and cotton-textile wastewater using anaerobic digestion and acetate consuming bacteria . Biochem. Eng. J , 19 : 75 [CROSSREF]
  • Gingell , R. and Walker , R. 1971 . Mechanisms of azo reduction by Streptococcus faecalis II. The role of soluble flavins . Xenobiotica , 1 : 231 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Govindaswami , M. , Schmidt , T. M. , White , D. C. and Loper , J. C. 1993 . Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial aerobic degrader of azo dyes . J. Biotechnol , 175 : 6062
  • Haug , W. , Schmidt , A. , Nortermann , B. , Hempel , D. C. , Stolz , A. and Knackmuss , H. J. 1991 . Mineralization of the sulfonated azo dye mordant yellow3 by a 6-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate-degrading bacterial consortium . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 57 : 3144 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Horsefield , P. , Logan , F. A. and Newey , J. A. 1976 . Oral irritation with gentian violet . Br. Med. J , 2 : 529
  • Hildenbrand , S. , Schmahl , F. W. , Wodarz , R. , Kimmel , R. and Dartsch , P. C. 1999 . Azo dyes and carcinogenic aromatic amines in cell culture . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 72 : M52 [CROSSREF]
  • Hu , T. L. 1994 . Decolorization of reactive azo dyes by transformation with Pseudomonas luteola . Biores. Technol , 49 : 47 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Hu , T. L. 1998 . Degradation of reactive azo dye RP2B by Pseudomonas luteola . Water Sci. Technol , 38 : 299 [CROSSREF]
  • Hu , T. L. , Jiang , K. Y. and Lin , C. 1991 . The study of model for organic substance transformation in wastewater . Wastewater Treatment Technology in Republic of China , : 37 Proc. 16th conf
  • Idaka , E. , Horitsu , H. and Ogawa , T. 1987 . Some properties of azoreductase produced by Pseudomonas cepacia . Bull. Environ. Cont. Toxicol , 39 : 982 [CSA]
  • Jiang , H. and Bishop , P. L. 1994 . Aerobic biodegradation of azo dyes in biofilms . Water Sci. Technol , 29 : 525
  • Knackmuss , H. J. 1997 . “ Integrated anaerobic/aerobic processes for the elimination of electron deficient xenobiotic compounds ” . In Environmental Biotechnology Edited by: Verachtert , H. and Verstraete , W. 89 Oostende
  • Konopka , A. 1993 . Isolation and characterizatioin of a subsurface bacterium that degrades anilines and methylanilines . FEMS Lett , 111 : 93 [CROSSREF]
  • Kudlich , M. , Keck , A. , Klein , J. and Stolz , A. 1997 . Localization of the enzyme system involved in anaerobic reduction of azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. BN6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of azo dye reduction . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 63 : 3691 [CSA]
  • Kulla , H. G. 1981 . , Aerobic bacterial degradation of azo dyes . FEMS Symp , 12 : 387
  • Kulla , H. G. , Klausener , F. , Meyer , U. , Ludeke , B. and Leisinger , T. 1983 . Interference of aromtic sulfo groups in microbial degradation of azo dyes: Orange I and orange II . Arch. Microbiol , 135 : 1 [CROSSREF]
  • Kriek , E. 1979 . “ Aromatic amines and related compounds as carcinogenic hazards to man ” . In Environmental carcinogenesis , Edited by: Emmelot , P and Kriek , E . 143 Amsterdam : Elsvier .
  • Kwasniewska , K. 1985 . Biodegradation of crystal violet (hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride) by oxidative red yeasts . Bull. Environ. Toxicol , 334 : 323
  • Lie , T. J. , Leadbetter , J. R. and Leadbetter , E. R. 1998 . Metabolism of sulfonic acid and other organosulfur compounds by sulfate-reducing bacteria . Geomicrobiol. J , 15 : 135
  • Loidl , M. , Hinteregger , C. , Ditzelmuller , G. , Ferschl , A. and Streichsbier , F. 1990 . Degradation of aniline and monochlorinated anilines by soil born Pseudomonas acidovorans strains . Arch. Microbiol , 155 : 56 [CROSSREF]
  • Longstaff , E. 1983 . An assessment and categorization of the animal carcinogenicity data on selected dyestuffs and an extrapolation of those data on the relative carcinogenic risk to man . Dyes Pigments , 4 : 243 [CROSSREF]
  • Lourenco , N. D. , Novais , J. M. and Pinheiro , H. M. 2000 . Reactive textile dye color removal in a sequencing batch reactor . Water Sci. Technol , 42 : 321
  • Moldes , D. , Galleo , P. P. , Rodrìguez Couto , S. and Sanromán , À . 2003 . Grape seeds: the best lignocellulosic waste to produce laccase by solid state cultures of Trametes hirsute . Biotechnol. Lett. , 25 : 491 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Nicholson , D. K. , Woods , S. L. , Istok , J. D. and Peek , D. C. 1992 . Reduction dechlorination of chlorophenols by a pentachlorophenol-acclimated methanogenic consortium . Appl. Environ Microbiol , 58 : 2280 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Nigam , P. , Banat , I. M. , Singh , D. and Merchant , R. 1996a . Microbial process for the decolourization of textile effluent containing azo, diazo and reactive dyes . Process Biochem , 31 : 435 [CROSSREF]
  • Nigam , P. , McMullan , G. , Banat , I. M. and Merchant , R. 1996b . Decolourization of effluent from the textile industry by a microbial consortium . Biotechnol. Lett , 18 : 117 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Ogawa , T. , Idaka , E. and Yatome , C. 1978 . “ Studies on the treatment of the wastewater containing dyestuffs by microorganisms. ” . In Microbiology for Environmental Cleaning , Edited by: Arima , K. 426 published under the support of the Ministry of Education . grant 212204-1977
  • Ollikka , P. , Alhonnaki , K. , Leppaen , V. , Clumoff , T. , Raijola , T. and Suominene , L. 1993 . Decolorization of azo, triphenylmethane, hetrocyclic and polymeric dyes by lignin peroxidase isoenzymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 59 : 4010 [CSA]
  • O'Neil , C. , Hawkes , F. R. , Esteves , S. S.R. , Hawkes , D. L. and Wilcox , S. J. 1999 . Anaerobic and aerobic treatment of simulated textile effluent . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol , 74 : 993 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Parkin , G. F. and Speece , R. E. 1983 . Attached versus suspended growth anaerobic reactors: Response to toxic substrances . Water Sci. Technol , 15 : 261
  • Pagga , U. and Brown , D. 1986 . The degradation of dyestuffs: Part II Behaviour of dyestuffs in aerobic biodegradation tests . Chemosphere , 15 : 479 [CROSSREF]
  • Paszczynski , A. , Huynh , V. B. and Crawford , R. 1986 . Comparison of ligninase-1 and peroxidase-M2 from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Arch.Biochem. Biophys , 244 : 750 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Paszczynski , A. , Pasti-Grigsby , M. B. , Goszczynski , S. , Grawford , R. L. and Crawford , D. L. 1992 . Mineralization of sulfonated azo dyes and sulfanilic acid by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Streptomyces chromofuscus . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 58 : 3598 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Quezada , H. , Linares , I. and Buitron , G. 2000 . Use of a sequencing batch biofilter for degradation of azo dyes (acids and bases) . Water Sci.Technol , 42 : 329 [CSA]
  • Razo-Flores , E. , Donlon , B. , Field , J. and Lettinga , G. 1996 . Biodegradadibility of N-substituted aromatics and alkylphenols under methanogenic conditions using granular sludge . Water Sci. Technol , 33 : 47 [CROSSREF]
  • Razo-Flores , E. , Luijten , M. , Donlon , B. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. 1997 . Biodegradation of selected azo dyes under methanogenic conditions . Water Sci. Technol , 36 : 65 [CROSSREF]
  • Rosenkranz , H. S. and Klopman , G. 1990 . Structural basis of mutagenicity of 1-amino-2-naphthol based azo dyes . Mutagenesis , 5 : 137 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Sani , R. and Banerjee , U. 1999a . Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes and textile and dye-stuff effluent by Kurthia sp . Enzyme Microbiol. Techechnol , 24 : 433 [CROSSREF]
  • Sani , R. and Banerjee , U. 1999b . Decolorization of acid green 20, a textile dye, by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Adv. Environ. Res , 2 : 485 – 490 . [CSA]
  • SBP Board of Consultants and Engineers . 1994 . Handbook of Exported Oriented Dyes and Intermediate Industries , 6 SBP Consultants and Engineers Pvt. Ltd .
  • Shaul , G. M. , Holdsworth , T J. , Dempsey , C. R. and Dostal , K. A. 1991 . Fate of water soluble azo dyes in the activated sludge process . Chemosphere , 22 : 107 [CROSSREF]
  • Shore , J. 1995 . “ Dyeing with reactive dyes ” . In Cellulosics Dyeing , Edited by: Shore , J. Oxford, Manchester, , UK : Alden Press .
  • Sierra , R. and Lettinga , G. 1991 . The effects of aromatic structures on inhibition of acetoclastic methanogens in granular sludge . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 34 : 544 [CSA]
  • Soares , G. M.B. , Costa-Ferreira , M. and Pessoa de Amorim , M. T. 2001 . Decolorization of an anthraquinone-type dye using a laccase formulation . Bioresource Technol , 79 : 171 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Stolz , A. , Nortermann , B. and Knackmuss , S. J. 1992 . Bacterial metabolism of 5-aminosalicylic acid: Initial ring cleavage . Biochem. J , 282 : 685
  • Tan , N. C.G. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. A. 2000 . “ Biodegradation of sulfonated aromatic compounds ” . In Environmental Technologies to Treat Sulfur Pollution. Principles and Engineering , Edited by: Lens , P. and Hulshoff , P. L. 377 London : IWA Publishing .
  • Tan , N. C.G. , Boldu , F. X. , Opsteeg , J. L. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. A. 1999 . Biodegradation of azo dyes in cocultures of anaerobic granular sludge with aerobic aromatic amine degrading enrichment cultures . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 51 : 865 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Thurston , C. F. 1994 . The structure and function of fungal laccase . Microbiology , 140 : 19
  • Tien , M. and Kirk , T. K. 1984 . Lignin degrading enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Purification, characterization and catalytic properties of a unique H2O2 requiring oxygenase . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 81 : 2280 [CSA]
  • Tseng , S. K. and Lin , M. R. 1994 . Treatment of organic wastewater by anaerobic biological fluidized bed reactors . Water Sci. Technol , 29 : 157
  • Todini , O. and Hulshoff , P. L. 1992 . Anaerobic degradation of benzaldehyde in methanogenic granular sludge: The influence of additional substrates . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 38 : 417 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Vaidya , A. A. and Datye , K. V. 1982 . Environmental pollution during chemical processing of synthetic fibers . Colorate , 14 : 3 [CSA]
  • Van , d er , Zee , F. P. , Bisschops , I. A.E. , Blanchard , V. G. , Bouwman , R. H.M. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. A. 2003 . The contribution of biotic and abiotic processes during azo dye reduction in anaerobic sludge . Water. Res. , 37 : 3098 [CROSSREF]
  • Van , d er , Zee , F. P. , Lettinga , G. and Field , J. A. 2000 . The role of (auto)catalysis in the mechanism of anaerobic azo reduction . Water Sci. Technol , 42 : 301
  • Vasdev , K. , Kuhad , R. C. and Saxena , R. K. 1995 . Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by a bird's nest fungus Cyathus bulleri . Current Microbiol , 30 : 269 [CROSSREF]
  • Walker , R. and Ryan , A. J. 1971 . Some molecular parameters influencing rate of reduction of azo compounds by intestinal microflora . Xenobiotica , 1 : 483 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Waring , D. R. and Hallas , G. 1990 . The Chemistry and Application of Dyes , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Willets , J. R.M. , Ashbolt , N. J. , Moosbrugger , R. E. and Aslam , M. R. 2000 . The use of a themophilic anaerobic system for pretreatment of textile dye wastewater . Water Sci. Technol , 42 : 309
  • Wong , Y. and Jian , Yu. 1999 . Laccase catalyzed decolorization of synthetic dyes . Water Res , 33 : 3512 [CROSSREF]
  • Wong , P K. and Yuen , P. Y. 1996 . Decolorization and biodegradation of methyl red by Klebsiella pneumoniae RS-13 . Water Res , 30 : 1736 [CROSSREF]
  • Wu , W. M. , Bhatnagar , L. and Zeikus , J. G. 1993 . Performance of anaerobic granules for degradation of pentachlorophenol . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 59 : 389 [CSA]
  • Wuhrmann , K. , Menscher , K. and Kappeler , T. 1980 . Investigation on rate determining factors in the microbial reduction of azo dyes . Eur. J. Appl. Micro. Biotech , 9 : 325 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Yatome , C. , Yamada , S. , Ogawa , T. and Matsui , M. 1991 . Degradation of crystal violet by Bacillus subtilis . J. Environ. Sci. Health A , 26 : 75
  • Yesilada , O. 1995 . Degradation of crystal violet by fungi . World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 11 : 601 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Young , L. and Yu , J. 1997 . Ligninase-catalyzed decolorization of synthetic dyes . Water Res , 31 : 1187 [CROSSREF]
  • Zimmermann , T. , Kulla , H. G. and Leisinger , T. 1982a . Properties of purified orange II-azoreductase, the enzyme initiating azo dye degradation by Pseudomonas KF46 . Eur. J. Biochem , 129 : 197 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Zimmermann , T. , Gasser , F. , Kulla , H. and Leisinger , T. 1984 . Comparison of two bacterial azoreductases acquired during adaptation to growth on azo dyes . Arch. Micro , 138 : 37 [CROSSREF]
  • Zimmermann , T. , Kulla , H. G. and Leisinger , T. 1982b . Purification and properties of Orange II-azoreductase from Pseudomonas KF46 . Experientia , 38 : 1380
  • Zissi , U. , Lyberatos , G. and Pavlou , S. 1997 . Biodegradation of p-aminoazobenzene by Bacillus subtilis under aerobic conditions . J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 19 : 49 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Zitomer , D. H. and Shrout , J. D. 1998 . Feasibility and benefits of methanogenesis under oxygen limited conditions . Waste Manage , 18(2) : 107 [CROSSREF]
  • Zitomer , D H. and Speece , R. H. 1993 . Sequential environments for enhanced biotransformation of aqueous contaminants . Environ. Sci. Technol , 227 ( 2 ) : 227
  • Zhen , Z and Yu , J. 1998 . Stresses on immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium hyphae in submerged cultures for ligninase production . Can. J. Chem. Eng , 76 : 784 [CSA]
  • Zollinger , H. 1987 . Colour Chemistry: Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments , 92 New York : VCH .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.