A Review of Atmospheric Mercury in the Polar Environment

REFERENCES

• AMAP . 1997 . Arctic pollution issues: State of the Arctic environment. , Olso, Norway : Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme .
   Google Scholar
• AMAP . 1998 . Assessment report: Arctic pollution issues , Olso, Norway : Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme .
   Google Scholar
• AMAP . 2002 . Assessment report: Human health in the Arctic. , Olso, Norway : Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme .
   Google Scholar
• Arimoto , R. , Schloesslin , C. , Davis , D. , Hogan , A. , Grube , P. , Fitzgerald , W. and Lamborg , C. 2004 . Lead and mercury in aerosol particles collected over the South Pole during ISCAT-2000 . Atmospheric Environment , 38 : 5485 – 5491 .
   Google Scholar
• Ariya , P. , Dastoor , P. P. , Amyot , M. , Schroeder , W. H. , Barrie , L. , Anlanf , K. , Raofic , F. , Ryzhkov , A. , Davignon , D. , Lalongde , J. and Steffen , A. 2004 . The Arctic: A sink for mercury . Tellus , 56 : 397 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• Ariya , P. A. , Khalizov , A. and Gidas , A. 2002 . Reactions of gaseous mercury with atomic and molecular halogens: Kinetics, product studies, and atmospheric implications . Journal of Physical Chemistry A , 106 : 7310 – 7320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspmo , K. , Gauchard , P.-A. , Steffen , A. , Temme , C. , Berg , T. , Bahlmann , E. , Banic , C. , Bommergue , A. , Ebinghaus , R. , Ferrari , C. , Pirrone , N. , Sprovieri , F. and Wibetoe , G. 2005 . Measurements of atmospheric mercury species during an international study of mercury depletion events at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, spring 2003. How reproducible are our present methods? . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 7607 – 7619 .
   Google Scholar
• ATSDR . March 1999 . Toxicological profile for mercury (update). , March , Atlanta, Ga : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry .
   Google Scholar
• Bargagli , R. , Monaci , F. and Bucci , C. 2007 . Environmental biogeochemistry of mercury in Antarctic ecosystems . Soil Biology & Biochemistry , 39 : 352 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargagli , R. 2008 . Environmental contamination in Antarctic ecosystems . Science of the Total Environment , 400 : 212 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , D. , D'Ottone , L. , Campuzano-Jost , P. and Hynes , A. J. 2003 . Gas phase elemental mercury: A comparison of LIF techniques and study of the kinetics of reaction with the hydroxyl radical . Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A , 157 : 247 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , T. , Bartmicki , J. , Munther , J. , Lattila , H. , Hrehoruk , J. and Mazur , A. 2001 . Atmospheric mercury species in the European Arctic: Measurements and modeling . Atmospheric Environment , 35 : 2569 – 2582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , T. , Sekkesæter , S. , Steinnes , E. , Valdal , A.-K. and Wibetoe , G. 2003 . Springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard . The Science of the Total Environment , 304 : 43 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudries , H. and Bottenheim , J. W. 2000 . Cl and Br atom concentrations during a surface boundary layer ozone depletion event in the Canadian high arctic . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 27 ( 4 ) : 517 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , S. , Arimoto , R. , Lindberg , S. and Southworth , G. 2008 . Antarctic polar plateau snow surface conversion of deposited oxidized mercury to gaseous elemental mercury with fractional long-term burial . Atmospheric Environment , 42 : 2877 – 2884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock , O. R. and Brehme , K. A. 2002 . Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: Formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 2135 – 2146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert , J. and Lindberg , S. 2003 . A modeling study of the mechanism of the halogen-ozone-mercury homogeneous reactions in the troposphere during the polar spring . Atmospheric Environment , 37 : 4467 – 4481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert , J. and Lindberg , S. 2004 . The potential influence of iodine-containing compounds on the chemistry of the troposphere in the polar spring, II: Mercury depletion . Atmospheric Environment , 38 : 5105 – 5116 .
   Google Scholar
• Calvert , J. and Lindberg , S. 2005 . Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 3355 – 3367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpi , A. and Chen , Y.-F. 2002 . Gaseous elemental mercury fluxes in New York City . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 140 : 371 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , M. D. and Schroeder , W. 2000 . Potential atmospheric transport pathways for mercury measured in the Canadian High Arctic . Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry , 35 : 101 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. D. , Eisele , F. , Chen , G. , Crawford , J. , Huey , G. , Tanner , D. , Slusher , D. , Mauldin , L. , Oncley , S. and Lenschow , D. 2004 . An overview of ISCAT 2000 . Atmospheric Environment , 38 : 5363 – 5373 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , D. D. , Seelig , J. , Huey , G. , Crawford , J. , Chen , G. , Wang , Y. , Buhr , M. , Helmig , D. , Neff , W. , Blake , D. , Arimoto , R. and Eisele , F. 2008 . A reassessment of Antarctic plateau reactive nitrogen based on ANTCI 2003 airborne and ground based measurements . Atmospheric Environment , 42 : 2831 – 2848 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehn , L.-A. , Follmann , E. H. , Thomas , D. L. , Sheffield , G. G. , Rosa , C. , Duffy , L. K. and O'Hara , T. M. 2006 . Trophic relationships in an Arctic food web and implications for trace metal transfer . Science of the Total Environment , 362 : 103 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denis , M. St. , Song , X. , Lu , J. Y. and Feng , X. 2006 . Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury in downtown Toronto . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 4016 – 4024 .
   Google Scholar
• Donohoue , D. L. , Bauer , D. and Hynes , A. J. 2005 . Temperature and pressure dependent rate coefficients for the reaction of Hg with Cl and the reaction of Cl with Cl: A pulsed laser photolysis-pulsed laser induced fluorescence study . Physical Chemistry A , 109 ( 34 ) : 7732 – 7741 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebinghaus , R. , Kock , H. H. , Temme , C. , Einax , J. W. , Lowe , A. G. , Richter , A. , Burrows , J. P. and Schroeder , W. H. 2002 . Antarctic springtime of atmospheric mercury . Environmental Science and Technology , 36 : 1238 – 1244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebinghaus , T. , Tripatih , R. M. , Wallschlager , D. and Lindberg , S. E. 1999 . “ Natural and anthropogenic mercury sources and their impact on the air-surface exchange of mercury on regional and global scales ” . In Mercury contaminated sites: Characterization, risk assessment and remediation , Edited by: Ebinghaus , R. , Tunner , R. R. , de Lacerda , L. D. , Vasiliev , O. and Salomons , W. 3 – 50 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1997 . Mercury Study Report to Congress. , Washington, DC : The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and the Office of Research and Development . EPA-452/R-97-003
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari , C. P. , Padova , C. , Faïn , X. , Gauchard , P.-A. , Dommergue , A. , Aspmo , K. , Berg , T. , Cairns , W. , Barbante , C. , Cescon , P. , Kaleschke , L. , Richter , A. , Wittrock , F. and Bountron , C. 2008 . Atmospheric mercury depletion event study in Ny-Alesund (Svalbard) in spring 2005. Deposition and transformation of Hg in surface snow during springtime . Science of the Total Environment , 397 : 167 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedli , H. R. , Radke , L. F. and Lu , J. Y. 2001 . Mercury in smoke from biomass fires . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 28 : 3223 – 3226 .
   Google Scholar
• Garbarino , J. R. , Snyder-Conn , E. , Leiker , T. J. and Hoffman , G. 2002 . Contaminants Arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan Sea Ice . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 139 : 183 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• George , L. A. , Hard , T. M. and O'Brien , R. J. 1999 . Measurement of free radicals OH and HO2 in Los Angeles smog . Journal of Geophysical Research , 104 : 11643 – 11655 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodsite , M. E. , Plane , J. M.C. and Skov , H. 2004 . A theoretical study of the oxidation of Hg0 to HgBr2 in the troposphere . Environmental Science & Technology , 38 : 1772 – 1776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , B. 1995 . The gas phase oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 80 : 301 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann , M. and Platt , U. 1994 . Spectroscopic measurement of bromine oxide and ozone in the high Arctic during Polar Sunrise Experiment 1992 . J. Geophys. Res. , 99 : 25399 – 25414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedgecock , I. M. , Trunfio , G. A. , Pirrone , N. and Sprovieri , F. 2005 . Mercury chemistry in the MBL: Mediterranean case and sensitivity studies using the AMCOTS (Atmospheric Mercury Chemistry over the Sea) model . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 7217 – 7230 .
   Google Scholar
• Helmig , D. , Oltmans , S. J. , Carlson , D. , Lamarque , J.-F. , Jones , A. , Labuschagne , C. , Anlauf , K. and Hayden , K. 2007 . A review of surface ozone in the polar regions . Atmospheric Environment , 41 : 5138 – 5161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , C. D. , Jacob , D. J. and Yang , X. 2006 . Global lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by atomic bromine in the free troposphere . Geophysical Research Letters , 33 : L20808
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , C. D. , Jacob , D. J. , Mason , R. P. and Jaffe , D. A. 2009 . Sources and deposition of reactive gaseous mercury in the marine atmosphere . Atmospheric Environment , 43 ( 14 ) : 2278 – 2285 .
   Google Scholar
• Johansen , P. , Mulvad , G. , Pedersen , H. S. , Hansen , J. C. and Riget , F. 2007 . Human accumulation of mercury in Greenland . Science of the Total Environment , 377 : 173 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , A. D. and Shepson , P. B. 2006 . Chlorine and bromine atom ratios in the springtime Arctic troposphere as determined from measurements of halogenated volatile organic compounds . Journal of Geophysical Research , 111 : D17303
   Google Scholar
• Kellerhals , M. , Beauchamp , S. , Belzer , W. , Blanchard , P. , Froude , F. , Harvery , B. , McDonald , K. , Pilote , M. , Poissant , L. , Puckett , K. , Schroeder , B. , Steffen , A. and Tordon , R. 2003 . Temporal and spatial variability of total gaseous mercury in Canada: Results from the Canadian Atmospheric Mercury Measurement Network (CAMNet) . Atmospheric Environmen , 37 : 1003 – 1011 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalizov , A. F. , Viswanathan , B. , Larregaray , P. and Ariya , P. A. 2003 . A theoretical study on the reactions of Hg with halogens: atmospheric implications . J. Phys. Chem. A , 107 : 6360 – 6365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , K. H. and Kim , M.-Y. 2002 . A decadal shift in total gaseous mercury concentration levels in Seoul, Korea: Changes between the late 1980s and the late 1990s . Atmospheric Environment , 36 : 663 – 675 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , K.-H. , Kim , M. Y. , Kim , J. and Lee , G. 2002 . The concentrations and fluxes of total gaseous mercury in a western coastal area of Korea during the late March 2001 . Atmospheric Environment , 36 : 63 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , K.-H. , Ebinghaus , R. , Schroeder , W. H. , Blanchard , P. , Kock , H. H. , Steffen , A. , Froude , F. A. , Kim , M.-Y. , Hong , S. and Kim , J. H. 2005 . Atmospheric mercury concentrations from several observatory sites in the Northern Hemisphere . J. Atmospheric Chemistry , 50 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirk , J. L. , St. Louis , V. L. and Sharp , M. J. 2006 . Rapid reduction and reemission of mercury deposited into snowpacks during atmospheric mercury depletion events at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 7590 – 7596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreher , K. , Johnston , P. V. , Wood , S. W. , Nardi , B. and Platt , U. 1997 . Ground-based measurements of tropospheric and stratospheric BrO at Arrival Heights (78_S), Antarctica . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 24 : 3021 – 3024 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahoutifard , N. , Poissant , L. and Scott , S. 2006 . Scavenging of gaseous mercury by acidic snow at Kuujjuarapik, Northern Québec . Science of the Total Environment , 355 : 118 – 126 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lalonde , J. , Poulain , A. J. and Amyot , M. 2002 . The role of mercury redox reactions in snow on snow-to-air mercury transfer . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 174 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamborg , C. H. , Fitzgerald , W. F. , O'Donnel , J. and Torgersen , T. 2002 . A non-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 66 : 1105 – 1118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis , M. , Stevens , R. K. , Schaedlich , F. and Prestbo , E. M. 2002 . Development and characterization of an annular denuder methodology for the measurement of divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 3000 – 3009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurier , F. J.G. , Mason , R. P. , Whalin , L. and Kato , S. 2003 . Reactive gaseous mercury formation in the North Pacific Ocean's marine boundary layer: A potential role of halogen chemistry . Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres , 108 ( D17 ) : 4529 doi: 10.1029/2003JD003625
   Google Scholar
• Lee , D. S. , Nemitz , E. , Fowler , D. and Kingdon , R. D. 2001 . Modelling atmospheric mercury transport and deposition across Europe and the UK . Atmospheric Environment , 35 : 5455 – 5466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leser , H. , Hönninger , G. and Platt , U. 2003 . MAX-DOAS measurements of BrO and NO2 in the marine boundary layer . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 30 ( 10 ) : 1537 doi: 10.1029/2002GL015811
   Google Scholar
• Li , C. , Cornett , J. , Willie , S. and Lam , J. 2009 . Mercury in Arctic air: The long-term trend . Science of the Total Environment , 407 ( 8 ) : 2756 – 2759 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin , C. J. and Pehkonen , S. O. 1999 . The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: A review . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 2067 – 2079 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.-J. , Cheng , M.-D. and Schroeder , W. H. 2001 . Transport patterns and potential sources of total gaseous mercury measured in Canadian high Arctic in 1995 . Atmospheric Environment , 35 : 1141 – 1154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.-J. , Pongprueksa , P. , Lindberg , S. E. , Pehkonen , S. O. , Byun , D. and Jang , C. 2006 . Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models, I: Model science evaluation . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 2911 – 2928 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.-J. , Pongprueksa , P. , Bullock , R. Jr. , Lindberg , S. E. , Pehkonen , S. O. , Jang , C. , Bravermang , T. and Ho , T. C. 2007 . Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models, II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS domain . Atmospheric Environment , 41 : 6544 – 6560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg , S. E. , Meyers , T. P. , Taylor , G. E. Jr. , Turner , R. R. and Schroeder , W. H. 1992 . Atmosphere-surface exchange of mercury in a forest: Results of modeling and gradient approaches . Journal of Geophysical Research , 97 : 2519 – 2528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg , A. E. , Brooks , S. , Lin , C.-J. , Scott , K. , Meyers , T. , Chambers , L. , Landis , M. and Stevens , R. 2001 . Formation of reactive gaseous mercury in the Arctic: Evidence of oxidation of Hg0 to gas-phase Hg-II compounds after arctic sunrise . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 1 : 295 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg , S. E. , Brooks , S. , Lin , C. J. , Scott , K. J. , Landis , M. S. , Stevens , R. K. , Goodsite , M. and Richter , A. 2002 . Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise . Environmental Science and Technology , 36 : 1245 – 1256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist , O. , Jernelrv , A. , Johansson , K. and Rodhe , H. 1984 . Mercury in the Swedish Environment: Global and Local Sources , Solna, , Sweden : Swedish Environmental Protection Agency . SNV PM 1816
   Google Scholar
• Liu , S. , Nadim , F. , Perkins , C. , Carley , R. J. , Hoag , G. E. , Lin , Y. and Chen , L. 2002 . Atmospheric mercury monitoring survey in Beijing, China . Chemosphere , 48 : 97 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , J. Y. , Schroede , W. H. , Barrie , L. A. , Steffen , A. , Welch , H. E. , Martin , K. , Lockhart , L. , Hunt , R. V. , Boila , G. and Richter , A. 2001 . Magnification of atmospheric mercury deposition to polar regions in springtime: The link to tropospheric ozone depletion chemistry . Geophysical Research Letters , 28 : 3219 – 3222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynam , M. M. and Keeler , G. J. 2005 . Artifacts associated with the measurement of particulate mercury in an urban environment: The influence of elevated ozone concentrations . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 3081 – 3088 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald , R. W. , Harner , T. and Fyfe , J. 2005 . Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data . Science of the Environment , 342 : 5 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm , E. G. and Keeler , G. J. 2007 . Evidence for a sampling artifact for particulate-phase mercury in the marine atmosphere . Atmospheric Environment. , 41 : 3352 – 3359 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , R. P. and Sheu , G.-R. 2002 . Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 4 : 1093
   Google Scholar
• Mauldin , R. L. III , Kosciuch , E. , Henry , B. , Eisele , F. L. , Shetter , R. , Lefer , B. , Chen , G. , Davis , D. , Huey , G. and Tanner , D. 2004 . Measurements of OH, HO2 + RO2, H2SO4, and MSA at the South Pole during ISCAT 2000 . Atmospheric Environment , 38 : 5423 – 5437 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakagawa , R. and Hiromoto , M. 1997 . Geographical distribution and background levels of total mercury in air in Japan and neighbouring countries . Chemosphere , 34 : 801 – 806 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nriagu , J. O. and Pacyna , J. M. 1988 . Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water soils by trace metals . Nature , 333 : 134 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nriagu , J. and Becker , C. 2003 . Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: Global and regional inventories . Sci. Total Environ. , 304 : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltmans , S. J. , Lefohn , A. S. , Harris , J. M. , Galbally , I. , Scheel , H. E. , Bodeker , G. , Brunke , E. , Claude , H. , Tarasick , D. and Johnson , B. J. 2006 . Long-term changes in tropospheric ozone . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 3156 – 3173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltmans , S. J. , Johnson , B. J. and Helmig , D. 2008 . Episodes of high surface-ozone amounts at South Pole during summer and their impact on the long-term surface-ozone variation . Atmospheric Environment , 42 : 2804 – 2816 .
   Google Scholar
• Pacyna , E. G. and Pacyna , J. M. 2002 . Global emission of mercury from anthropogenic sources in 1995 . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 137 : 149 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacyna , E. G. , Pacyna , J. M. , Steenhuisen , F. and Wilson , S. 2006 . Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000 . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 4048 – 4063 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacyna , J. M. and Keeler , G. J. 1995 . Sources of mercury in the Arctic . Water, Air, & Soil Pollution , 80 : 621 – 632 .
   Google Scholar
• Pal , B. and Ariya , P. A. 2004 . Studies of ozone initiated reactions of gaseous mercury: Kinetics, product studies and atmospheric implications . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics , 6 ( 3 ) : 572 – 579 .
   Google Scholar
• Pal , B. and Ariya , P. A. 2004 . Gas-phase HO-initiated reaction of elemental mercury: Kinetics, product studies, and atmospheric implications . Environmental Science & Technology , 38 : 5555 – 5566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poissant , L. 2001 . Atmospheric mercury transport, oxidation and fallout in northern Quebec (Nunavik): An important potential route for contamination , Edited by: Kalhok , S. 125 – 129 . Ottawa, Canada : Indian and Northern Affairs Canada . Synopsis of Research Conducted under the 2000–2001 Northern Contaminants Program.
   Google Scholar
• Poissant , L. , Pilote , M. , Xu , X. , Zhang , H. and Beauvais , C. 2004 . Atmospheric mercury speciation and deposition in the Bay St. François wetlands . Journal of Geophysical Research , 109 : D11301 doi: 10.1029/2003JD004364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poissant , L. , Pilote , M. , Beauvais , C. , Constant , P. and Zhang , H. H. 2005 . A year of continuous measurements of three atmospheric mercury species (GEM, RGM, and Hgp) in southern Québec, Canada . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 1275 – 1287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pszenny , A. A.P. , Moldanova , J. , Keene , W. C. , Sander , R. , Maben , J. R. , Martinez , M. , Crutzen , P. J. , Perner , D. and Prinn , R. G. 2004 . Halogen cycling and aerosol pH in the Hawaiian marine boundary layer . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 4 : 147 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• P'yankov , V. A. 1949 . Kinetics of the reaction between mercury vapor and ozone . Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii , 19 : 187 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Pyle , D. M. and Mather , T. A. 2003 . The importance of volcanic emissions for the global atmospheric mercury cycle . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 5115 – 5124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raga , G. B. , Baumgardner , D. , Castro , T. , Martínez-Arroyo , A. and Navarro-González , R. 2001 . Mexico City air quality: A qualitative review of gas and aerosol measurements (1960–2000) . Atmospheric Environment , 35 : 4041 – 4058 .
   Google Scholar
• Raofie , F. and Ariya , P. A. 2003 . Kinetics and products study of the reaction of BrO radicals with gaseous mercury . Journal de Physique IV , 107 : 1119 – 1121 .
   Google Scholar
• Ren , X. , Harder , H. , Martinez , M. , Lesher , R. L. , Oliger , A. , Shirley , T. , Adams , J. , Simpas , J. B. and Brune , W. H. 2003 . HOx concentrations and OH reactivity observations in New York City during PMTACS-NY2001 . Atmospheric Environment , 37 : 3627 – 3637 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryaboshapko , A. , Bullock , R. , Ebinghaus , R. , Ilyin , I. , Lohman , K. , Munthe , J. , Petersen , G. , Seigneur , C. and Wangberg , I. 2002 . Comparison of mercury chemistry models . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 3881 – 3898 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryaboshapko , A. , Bullock , J. O.R. , Christensen , J. , Cohen , M. , Dastoor , A. , Ilyin , I. , Petersen , G. , Syrakov , D. , Artz , R. S. , Davignon , D. , Draxler , R. R. and Munthe , J. 2007 . Intercomparison study of atmospheric mercury models, 1: Comparison of models with short-term measurements . Science of the Total Environment , 376 : 228 – 240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryaboshapko , A. , Bullock , J. O.R. , Christensen , J. , Cohen , M. , Dastoor , A. , Ilyin , I. , Petersen , G. , Syrakov , D. , Travnikov , O. , Artz , R. S. , Davignon , D. , Draxler , R. R. , Munthe , J. and Pacyna , J. 2007 . Intercomparison study of atmospheric mercury models, 2: Modeling results vs. long-term observations and comparison of country deposition budgets . Science of the Total Environment , 377 : 319 – 333 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saiz-Lopez , A. , Shillito , J. A. , Coe , H. and Plane , J. M.C. 2006 . Measurements and modeling of I2, IO, OIO, BrO, and NO3 in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 6 : 1513 – 1528 .
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder , W. H. , Anlauf , K. G. , Barrie , L. A. , Lu , J. Y. , Steffen , A. , Schneeberger , D. R. and Berg , T. 1998 . Arctic springtime depletion of mercury . Nature , 394 : 331 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder , W. H. and Munthe , J. 1998 . Atmospheric mercury—an overview . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 809 – 822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , C. , Vijayaraghavan , K. , Lohman , K. , Karamchandani , P. and Scott , C. 2004 . Global source attribution for mercury deposition in the United States . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 555 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , S. , Karamchandani , P. , Lohman , K. and Vijayaraghavan , K. 2001 . Multiscale modeling of the atmospheric fate and transport of mercury . J. Geophys. Res. , 106 : 27795 – 27809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selin , N. E. , Jacob , D. J. , Park , R. J. , Yantosca , R. M. , Strode , A. , Jaeglé , L. and Jaffe , D. 2007 . Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations . Journal of Geophysical Research , 112 : D023038 doi: 10.1029/2006JD07450
   Google Scholar
• Sheu , G.-R. and Mason , R. P. 2001 . An examination of methods for the measurements of reactive gaseous mercury in the atmosphere . Environmental Science & Technology , 35 : 1209 – 1216 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shia , R.-L. , Seigneru , C. , Pai , P. , Ko , M. and Sze , N. D. 1999 . Global simulation of atmospheric mercury concentrations and deposition fluxes . J. Geophys. Res. , 104 : 23747 – 23760 .
   Google Scholar
• Shon , Z.-H. , Kim , K.-H. , Kim , M.-Y. and Lee , M. 2005 . Modeling study of reactive gaseous mercury in the urban air . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 749 – 761 .
   Google Scholar
• Skov , H. , Christensen , J. H. , Goodsite , M. E. , Heidam , N. Z. , Jensen , B. , Wahlin , P. and Geernaert , G. 2004 . Fate of elemental mercury in the Arctic during atmospheric mercury depletion episodes and the load of atmospheric mercury to the Arctic . Environmental Science and Technology , 38 : 2373 – 2382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skov , H. , Brooks , S. B. , Goodsite , M. E. , Lindberg , S. E. , Meyers , T. P. , Landis , M. S. , Larsen , M. R.B. , Jensen , B. , McConville , G. and Christensen , J. 2006 . Fluxes of reactive gaseous mercury measured with a newly developed method using relaxed eddy accumulation . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 5452 – 5463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder-Conn , E. , Garbarino , J. R. , Hoffman , G. L. and Oelkers , A. 1997 . Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaska snow . Arctic , 50 : 201 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommar , J. , Gardfeldt , K. , Stromberg , D. and Feng , X. B. 2001 . Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction between the hydroxyl radical and atomic mercury . Atmospheric Environment , 35 : 3049 – 3054 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprovieri , F. and Pirrone , N. 2000 . A preliminary assessment of mercury levels in the Antarctic and Arctic troposphere . J. Aerosol Sci. , 31 : S757 – S758 .
   Google Scholar
• Sprovieri , F. , Pirrone , N. and Hedgecock , I. M. 2002 . Intensive atmospheric mercury measurements at Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica during November and December 2000 . Journal of Geophysical Research , 107 ( D23 ) : 4722 doi: 10.1029/2002JD002057
   Google Scholar
• Sprovieri , F. , Prirrone , N. , Landis , M. S. and Stevens , R. K. 2005 . Atmospheric mercury behavior at different altitudes at Ny-Alesund during Spring 2003 . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 7646 – 7656 .
   Google Scholar
• Steffen , A. , Schoroeder , W. , Bottenheim , J. , Narayan , J. and Fuentes , J. D. 2002 . Atmospheric mercury concentrations: measurements and profiles near snow and ice surfaces in the Canadian Arctic during Alert 2000 . Atmospheric Environment , 36 : 2653 – 2661 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen , A. , Schroeder , W. , Macdonald , R. , Poissant , L. and Konoplev , A. 2005 . Mercury in the Arctic atmosphere: An analysis of eight years of measurements of GEM at Alert (Canada) and a comparison with observations at Amderma (Russia) and Kuujjuarapik (Canada) . Science of the Total Environment , 342 : 185 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stratton , W. J. , Lindberg , S. E. and Perry , C. J. 2001 . Atmospheric mercury speciation: laboratory and field evaluation of mist chamber method for measuring reactive gaseous mercury . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 170 – 177 . 2001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sudo , K. , Takahashi , M. and Akimoto , H. 2002 . CHASER: A global chemical model of the troposphere 2. Model results and evaluation . Journal of Geophysical Research , 107 : 4586 doi: 10.1029/2001JD001114,
   Google Scholar
• Temmer , C. and Einax , J. W. 2003 . Measurements of Atmospheric Mercury Species at a Coastal Site in the Antarctic and over the South Atlantic Ocean during Polar Summer . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 22 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokos , J. J.S. , Hall , B. , Calhoun , J. A. and Prestbo , E. M. 1998 . Homogeneous gas-phase reaction of Hg0 with H2O2, O3, CH3I, and (CH3)2S: Implications for atmospheric Hg cycling . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 823 – 827 .
   Google Scholar
• Travnikov , O. 2005 . Contribution of the intercontinental atmospheric transport to mercury pollution in the Northern Hemisphere . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 7541 – 7548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Z. and Pehkonen , S. O. 2004 . Oxidation of elemental mercury by aqueous bromine: Atmospheric implications . Atmospheric Environment , 38 : 3675 – 3688 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss-Penzias , P. , Jaffe , D. , Swartzendruber , P. , Hafner , W. , Chand , D. and Prestbo , E. 2007 . Quantifying Asian and biomass burning sources of mercury using the Hg/CO ratio in pollution plumes observed at the Mount Bachelor observatory . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 4366 – 4379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , X. , Cox , R. A. , Warwick , N. J. , Pyle , J. A. , Carver , G. D. , O'Connor , F. M. and Savage , N. H. 2005 . Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study . Journal of Geophysical Research , 110 : D23311 doi: 10.1029/2005JD006244
   Google Scholar