531
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Fate and Biotransformation of Metal and Metalloid Species in Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes

&
Pages 307-364 | Published online: 05 Mar 2010

REFERENCES

  • Abalos , M. , Bayona , J. M. , Compano , R. , Granados , M. , Leal , C. and Prat , M. D. 1997 . Analytical procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota: A critical review . J. Chromatogr. A , 788 : 1 – 49 .
  • Aguerre , S. , Bancon-Montigny , C. , Lespes , G. and Potin-Gautier , M. 2000 . Solid phase microextraction (SPME): a new procedure for the control of butyl- and phenyltin pollution in the environment by GC-FPD . Analyst , 125 : 263 – 268 .
  • Ali , I. , Gupta , V. K. and Aboul-Enein , H. Y. 2005 . Metal ion speciation and capillary electrophoresis: Application in the new millennium . Electrophoresis , 26 : 3988 – 4002 .
  • Alkan , U. , Cindoruk , S. , Tasdemir , Y. and Colby , C. 2002 . Influence of an aerobic selector on copper and hexavalent chromium biosorption by activated sludge . J. Chem. Technol. Biot. , 77 : 1141 – 1148 .
  • Alonso , A. E. , Callejon , M. M. , Jimenez , J. C. and Ternero , M. R. 2002 . Heavy metal extractable forms in sludge from wastewater treatment plants . Chemosphere , 47 : 765 – 775 .
  • Amweg , E. L. , Stuart , D. L. and Weston , D. P. 2003 . Comparative bioavailability of selenium to aquatic organisms after biological treatment of agricultural drainage water . Aquat. Toxicol. , 63 : 13 – 25 .
  • Andrianisa , H. A. , Ho , A. , Sasaki , A. , Ikeda , M. , Aizawa , J. and Umita , T. 2006 . Behaviour of arsenic species in batch activated sludge process: Biotransformation and removal . Water Sci. Technol. , 54 : 121 – 128 .
  • Arar , E. J. and Pfaff , J. D. 1991 . Determination of dissolved Hexavalent chromium in industrial waste-water effluents by ion chromatography and postcolumn derivatization with diphenylcarbazide . J. Chromatogr. A , 546 : 335 – 340 .
  • Arar , E. J. , Long , S. E. , Martin , T. D. and Gold , S. 1992 . Determination of hexavalent chromium in sludge incinerator emissions using ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectometry . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 1944 – 1950 .
  • Argaman , Y. , Hucks , C. E. and Shelby , S. E. Jr. 1984 . The effects of organotin on the activated sludge process . Water Res. , 18 : 535 – 542 .
  • Astratinei , V. , Van Hullebusch , E. and Lens , P. 2006 . Bioconversion of selenate in methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge . J. Environ. Qual. , 35 : 1873 – 1883 .
  • Balogh , S. and Liang , L. 1995 . Mercury pathways in municipal wastewater treatment plants . Water Air Soil Poll. , 80 : 1181 – 1190 .
  • Bancon-Montigny , C. , Lespes , G. and Potin-Gautier , M. 1999 . Optimisation using experimental designs of the sample pretreatment: application to the control of the organotins in sewage sludge by GC-FPD . Analyst , 124 : 1265 – 1270 .
  • Bancon-Montigny , C. , Lespes , G. and Potin-Gautier , M. 2000 . Improved routine speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples by pulsed flame photometric detection . J. Chromatogr. A , 896 : 149 – 158 .
  • Barth , E. F. , Ettinger , M. B. , Salotto , B. V. and Mc Dermott , G. N. 1965 . Summary report on the effects of heavy metals on the biological treatment processes . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 37 : 86 – 96 .
  • Battaglia-Brunet , F. , Dictor , M. C. , Garrido , F. , Crouzet , C. , Morin , D. Dekeyser , K. 2002 . An arsenic(III)-oxidizing bacterial population: Selection, characterization and performance in reactors . J. Appl. Microb. , 93 : 656 – 667 .
  • Battistoni , P. , Fava , C. and Ruello , M. L. 1993 . Heavy metal shock load in activated sludge uptake and toxic effects . Water Res. , 27 : 821 – 827 .
  • B'Hymer , C. and Caruso , J. A. 2004 . Arsenic and its speciation analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1045 : 1 – 13 .
  • B'Hymer , C. and Caruso , J. A. 2006 . Selenium speciation analysis using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A. , 1114 : 1 – 20 .
  • Bisogni , J. J. and Lawrence , A. W. 1975 . Kinetics of mercury methylation in aerobic and anaerobic environments . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 47 : 135 – 152 .
  • Bodzek , D. , Janoszka , B. , Dobosz , C. , Warzecha , L. and Bodzek , M. 1997 . Determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heavy metals in sludges from biological sewage treatment plants . J. Chromatogr. A , 774 : 177 – 192 .
  • Boisson , F. , Gnassia-Barelli , M. and Romeo , M. 1995 . Toxicity and accumulation of selenite and selenate in the unicellar marine ala Cricosphaera elongeta . Arch. Environ. Cont. Tox. , 28 : 487 – 493 .
  • Brown , M. J. and Lester , J. N. 1979 . Metal removal in activated sludge: The role of bacterial extracellular polymers . Water Res. , 13 : 817 – 837 .
  • Bundaleska , J. M. , Stafilov , T. and Arpadjan , S. 2005 . Direct analysis of natural waters for arsenic species by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry . Int. J. Environ. An. Ch. , 85 : 199 – 207 .
  • Butcher , D. J. 2007 . Environmental applications of arsenic speciation using atomic spectrometry detection . Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. , 42 : 1 – 22 .
  • Butler , O. T. , Cook , J. M. , Harrington , C. F. , Hill , S. J. , Rieuwerts , J. and Miles , D. L. 2005 . Atomic spectrometry update. Environmental analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 20 : 130 – 157 .
  • Butler , O. T. , Cook , J. M. , Harrington , C. F. , Hill , S. J. , Rieuwerts , J. and Miles , D. L. 2006 . Atomic spectrometry update. Environmental analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 21 : 217 – 243 .
  • Butler , O. T. , Cook , J. M. , Harrington , C. F. , Hill , S. J. , Rieuwerts , J. and Miles , D. L. 2007 . Atomic spectrometry update. Environmental analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 22 : 187 – 221 .
  • Butler , O. T. , Cook , J. M. , Harrington , C. F. , Hill , S. J. , Rieuwerts , J. and Miles , D. L. 2008 . Atomic spectrometry update. Environmental analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 23 : 249 – 286 .
  • Byrdy , F. A. , Olson , L. K. , Vela , N. P. and Caruso , J. A. 1995 . Chromium speciation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid-chromatography with both inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopic and inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometric detection . J. Chromatogr. A , 712 : 311 – 320 .
  • Cabrero , A. , Fernandez , S. , Mirada , F. and Garcia , J. 1998 . Effects of copper and zinc on the activated sludge bacteria growth kinetics . Water Res. , 32 : 1355 – 1362 .
  • Cai , Y. , Monsalud , S. , Jaffé , R. and Jones , R. D. 2000 . Gas chromatographic determination of organomercury following aqueous derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate. Comparative study of gas chromatography coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 876 : 147 – 155 .
  • Camara , C. , Cornelis , R. and Quevauviller , P. 2000 . Assessment of methods currently used for the determination of Cr and Se species in solutions . TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 19 : 189 – 194 .
  • Campillo , N. , Penalver , R. , Hernandez-Cordoba , M. , Perez-Sirvent , C. and Martinez-Sanchez , M. J. 2007 . Comparison of two derivatizing agents for the simultaneous determination of selenite and organoselenium species by gas chromatography and atomic emission detection after preconcentration using solid-phase microextraction . J. Chromatogr. A , 1165 : 191 – 199 .
  • Cano-Pavon , J. M. , Garcia de Torres , A. , Sanchez-Rojas , F. and Cañada-Rudner , P. 1999 . Analytical methods for mercury speciation in environmental and biological samples—An overview . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 75 : 93 – 106 .
  • Carbonell-Barrachina , A. A. , Jugsujinda , A. , Burlo , F. , Delaune , R. D. and Patrick , W. H. 2000 . Arsenic chemistry in municipal sewage sludge as affected by redox potential and pH . Water Res. , 34 : 216 – 224 .
  • Carlos Gonzalez , J. , Lavilla , I. and Bendicho , C. 2003 . Evaluation of nonchromatographic approaches for speciation of extractable As(III) and As(V) in environmental solid samples by FI-HGAAS . Talanta , 59 : 525 – 534 .
  • Carrero , P. , Malave , A. , Burguera , J. L. , Burguera , M. and Rondon , C. 2001 . Determination of various arsenic species by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: Investigation of the effects of the acid concentration of different reaction media on the generation of arsines . Anal. Chim. Acta , 438 : 195 – 204 .
  • Cave , M. R. , Butler , O. , Cook , J. M. , Cresser , M. S. , Garden , L. M. Holden , A. J. 1999 . Environmental analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 14 : 279 – 352 .
  • Cave , M. R. , Butler , O. , Chenery , S. R. N. , Cook , J. M. , Cresser , M. S. and Miles , D. L. 2001 . Atomic spectrometry update. Environmental analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 16 : 194 – 235 .
  • Cecchi , T. 2007 . Application of ion pairing chromatography to the analysis of inorganic analytes: Review . J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. , 30 : 1205 – 1225 .
  • Chang , S. Y. , Huang , J. C. and Liu , Y. C. 1986 . Effects of Cd(II) and Cu(II) on a biofilm system . J. Environ. Eng. , 112 : 94 – 104 .
  • Chang , I. S. and Kim , B. H. 2007 . Effect of sulphate reduction activity on biological treatment of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] contaminated electroplating wastewater under sulphate-rich wastewater . Chemosphere , 68 : 218 – 226 .
  • Chau , Y. K. , Zhang , S. and Maguire , R. J. 1992a . Determination of butyltin species in sewage and sludge by gas-chromatography atomic-absorption spectrometry . Analyst , 117 : 1161 – 1164 .
  • Chau , Y. K. , Zhang , S. and Maguire , R. J. 1992b . Occurrence of butyltin species in sewage and sludge in Canada . Sci. Total Environ. , 121 : 271 – 281 .
  • Chua , H. , Yu , P. H. F. , Sin , S. N. and Cheung , M. W. L. 1999 . Sub-leathal effects of heavy metals on activated sludge microorganisms . Chemosphere , 39 : 2681 – 2692 .
  • Chen , J. M. and Hao , O. J. 1997 . Biological removal of aqueous hexavalent chromium . J. Chem. Technol. Biot. , 69 : 70 – 76 .
  • Chen , Y. and Gu , G. 2005a . Short-term batch studies on biological removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater using activated sludge biomass . Bioresource Technol. , 96 : 1722 – 1729 .
  • Chen , Y. and Gu , G. 2005b . Preliminary studies on continuous chromium(VI) biological removal from wastewater by anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process . Bioresource Technol. , 96 : 1713 – 1721 .
  • Cheng , M. H. , Patterson , J. W. and Minear , R. A. 1975 . Heavy metals uptake by activated sludge . J. Water Poll. Control Fed. , 47 : 362 – 376 .
  • Chirwa , E. M. N. and Wang , H. 1997 . Hexavalent chromium reduction by Bacilus sp. in a packed-bed bioreactor . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 1446 – 1451 .
  • Chirwa , E. M. N. and Wang , H. 2000 . Simultaneous chromium(VI) reduction and phenol degradation in an anaerobic consortium of bacteria . Water Res. , 34 : 2376 – 2384 .
  • Chou , K. , Shi , B. and Haug , A. 2000 . “ Arsenic and Aluminum speciation in environmental toxicology—A minireview ” . In Metal speciation in the environment , Edited by: Thomaidis , N. S. and Lekkas , T. D. 9 – 19 . Athens, GA : GNest .
  • Chung , J. , Nerengerg , R. and Rittmann , B. E. 2006 . Bioreduction of selenate using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 1664 – 1671 .
  • Coedo , A. G. , Dorado , T. , Padilla , I. and Alguacil , F. J. 2000 . Speciation of chromium in steelmaking solid wastes by selective retention on ion-exchange media and determination by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 15 : 1564 – 1568 .
  • Coelho , N. M. M. , Cosmen da Silva , A. and Moraes da Silva , C. 2002 . Determination of As(III) and total inorganic arsenic by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 460 : 227 – 233 .
  • Cooke , T. D. and Bruland , K. W. 1987 . Aquatic chemistry of selenium: Evidence of biomethylation . Env. Sci. Technol. , 21 : 1214 – 1219 .
  • Dadfarnia , S. , Thompson , K. C. and Hoult , G. 1994 . Development of a simple method for the determination of toluene extractable organotin by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometry and its application to effluent analysis . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 9 : 7 – 9 .
  • Das , A. K. and Chakraborty , R. 1997 . Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in the study of metal ion speciation . Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. , 357 : 1 – 17 .
  • Das , A. K. , de la Guardia , M. and Cervera , M. L. 2001 . Literature survey of on-line elemental speciation in aqueous solutions . Talanta , 55 : 1 – 28 .
  • Dermou , E. , Velissariou , A. , Xenos , D. and Vayenas , D. V. 2005 . Biological chromium(VI) reduction using a trickling filter . J. Hazard. Mater. , 126 : 78 – 85 .
  • Dictor , M. C. , Battaglia-Brunet , F. , Garrido , F. and Barranger , P. 2003 . Arsenic oxidation capabilities of a chemoautotrophic bacterial population: Use for the treatment of an arsenic contaminated wastewater . J. Phys. IV , 107 : 377 – 380 .
  • Dietz , C. , Sanz , J. , Sanz , E. , Muñoz-Olivas , R. and Cámara , C. 2007 . Current perspectives in analyte extraction strategies for tin and arsenic speciation . J. Chromatogr. A , 1153 : 114 – 129 .
  • Donard , O. F. X. , Quevauviller , P. and Bruchet , A. 1993 . Tin and organotin speciation during wastewater and sludge treatment processes . Water Res. , 27 : 1085 – 1089 .
  • Dutka , B. J. , Nyholm , N. and Petersen , J. 1983 . Comparison of several microbiological toxicity screening tests . Water Res. , 17 : 1363 – 1368 .
  • Dyg , S. , Cornelis , R. , Griepink , B. and Quevauviller , P. 1994 . Development and interlaboratory testing of aqueous and lypophilized Cr (III) and Cr (VI) reference materials . Anal. Chim. Acta , 286 : 297 – 308 .
  • European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis . 2010 . EVISA: The primary source of information for spectral analysis Retrieved September 7, 2008, from http://www.speciation.net
  • Farabegoli , G. , Carucci , A. , Majone , M. and Rolle , E. 2004 . Biological treatment of tannery wastewater in the presence of chromium . J. Environ. Manage. , 71 : 345 – 349 .
  • Fent , K. and Muller , M. D. 1991 . Occurrence of organotins in municipal wastewater and sewage sludge and behavior in a treatment plant . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 489 – 493 .
  • Fent , K. 1996 . Organotin compounds in municipal wastewater and sewage sludge: contamination, fate in treatment process and ecotoxicological consequences . Sci. Total Environ. , 185 : 151 – 159 .
  • Field , J. A. , Sierra-Alvarez , R. , Cortinas , I. , Feijoo , G. , Moreira , M. T. , Kopplin , M. and Gandolfi , A. J. 2004 . Facile reduction of arsenate in methanogenic sludge . Biodegradation , 15 : 185 – 196 .
  • Filali-Meknassi , Y. , Tyagi , R. D. and Narasiah , K. S. 2000 . Simultaneous sewage sludge digestion and metal leaching: effect of aeration . Process Biochem. , 36 : 263 – 273 .
  • Francesconi , K. A. and Kuehnelt , D. 2004 . Determination of arsenic species: A critical review of methods and applications, 2000–2003 . Analyst , 129 : 373 – 395 .
  • Francesconi , K. A. and Sperling , M. 2005 . Speciation analysis with HPLC-mass spectrometry: time to take stock . Analyst , 130 : 998 – 1001 .
  • Fuentes , A. , Llorens , M. , Saez , J. , Aguilar , M. I. , Ortuno , J. F. and Meseguer , V. F. 2004 . Phytotoxicity and heavy metals speciation of stabilised sewage sludges . J. Hazard. Mater. , A108 : 161 – 169 .
  • Fujita , M. , Ike , M. , Kashiwa , M. , Hashimoto , R. and Soda , S. 2002 . Laboratory-scale continuous reactor for soluble selenium removal using selenate-reducing bacterium. Bacillus sp. SF-1 . Biotechnol. and Bioeng. , 80 : 755 – 761 .
  • Gadd , G. F. 2004 . Microbial influence on metal mobility and application for bioremediation . Geoderma , 122 : 109 – 119 .
  • Ghosh , M. M. and Zugger , P. D. 1973 . Toxic effects of mercury on the activated sludge process . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 45 : 424 – 433 .
  • Gikas , P. and Romanos , P. 2006 . Effects of trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent (Cr(VI)) chromium on the growth of activated sludge . J. Hazard. Mater. , 133 : 212 – 217 .
  • Giuriati , C. , Abballe , F. , Cristofori , M. C. and Gorni , A. 2005 . Accelerated and automated extraction of hexavalent chromium from solid waste materials coupled with ion chromatography determination . LC GC Europe , 18 : 220 – 224 .
  • Goi , D. , Tubaro , F. and Dolcetti , G. 2006 . Analysis of metals and EOX in sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants: A case study . Waste Manage. , 26 : 167 – 175 .
  • Gokcay , C. F. and Yetis , U. 1991 . Effect of chromium (VI) on activated sludge . Water Res. , 25 : 65 – 73 .
  • Goldstone , M. E. , Atkinson , C. , Kirk , P. W. W. and Lester , J. N. 1990 . The behaviour of heavy metals during wastewater treatment III. Mercury and arsenic . Sci. Total Environ. , 95 : 271 – 294 .
  • Gómez-Ariza , J. L. , Morales , E. , Sánchez-Rodas , D. and Giráldez , I. 2000a . Stability of chemical species in environmental matrices . TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 19 : 200 – 209 .
  • Gómez-Ariza , J. L. , Sánchez-Rodas , D. , Giráldez , I. and Morales , E. 2000b . A comparison between ICP-MS and AFS detection for arsenic speciation in environmental samples . Talanta , 51 : 257 – 268 .
  • Gómez , V. and Callao , M. P. 2006 . Chromium determination and speciation since 2000 . TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 25 : 1006 – 1015 .
  • Gong , Z. L. , Lu , X. F. , Ma , M. S. , Watt , C. and Le , X. C. 2002 . Arsenic speciation analysis . Talanta , 58 : 77 – 96 .
  • Gustin , M. S. , Chavan , P. V. , Dennett , K. E. , Donaldson , S. , Marchand , E. and Fernanadez , G. 2006 . Use of constructed wetlands with four different experimental designs to access the potential for methyl and total Hg outputs . Appl. Geochem. , 21 : 2023 – 2035 .
  • Hamdy , M. K. and Noyes , O. R. 1975 . Formation of methylmercury by bacteria . Appl. Microb. , 30 : 424
  • Hansen , D. , Duda , P. J. , Zayed , A. and Terry , N. 1998 . Selenium removal by constructed wetlands: role of biological volatilization . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 591 – 597 .
  • Harino , H. , Fukushima , M. , Kurokawa , Y. and Kawai , S. 1997 . Susceptibility of bacterial populations to organotin compounds and microbial degradation of organotin compounds in environmental water . Environ. Pollut. , 98 : 157 – 162 .
  • Haroun , M. , Idris , A. and Omar , S. R. S. 2007 . A study of heavy metals and their fate in the composting of tannery sludge . Waste Manage. , 27 : 1541 – 1550 .
  • Harper , S. C. , Manoharan , R. , Mavinic , D. S. and Randall , C. W. 1996 . Chromium and nickel toxicity during the biotreatment of high ammonia lanfill leachate . Water Environ. Res. , 68 : 19 – 24 .
  • Harrington , J. M. , Fendorf , S. E. and Rosenzweig , R. F. 1998 . Biotic generation of arsenic(III) in metal(loid)-contaminated freshwater lake sediments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 2425 – 2430 .
  • Heroult , J. , Nia , Y. , Denaix , L. , Bueno , M. and Lespes , G. 2008 . Kinetic degradation processes of butyl- and phenyltins in soils . Chemosphere , 72 : 940 – 946 .
  • Hsu , H. and Sedlak , D. L. 2003 . Strong Hg(II) complexation in municipal wastewater effluent and surface waters . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 2743 – 2749 .
  • Hsu-Kim , H. and Sedlak , D. L. 2005 . Similarities between inorganic sulfide and the strong Hg(II)-complexing ligands in municipal wastewater effluent . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 4035 – 4041 .
  • Hughes , M. N. and Poole , R. K. 1991 . Metal speciation and microbial growth-the hard (and soft) facts . J. Gen. Microb. , 137 : 725 – 734 .
  • Hwang , H. M. , Oh , J. R. , Kahng , S. H. and Lee , K. W. 1999 . Tributyltin compounds in mussels, oysters and sediments of Chinhae Bay, Korea . Mar. Environ. Res. , 47 : 61 – 70 .
  • Imai , A. and Gloyna , E. F. 1990 . Effects of pH and oxidation state of chromium on the behavior of chromium in the activated sludge process . Water Res. , 24 : 1143 – 1150 .
  • Innocenti , L. , Bolzonella , D. , Pavan , P. and Cecchi , F. 2002 . Effect of sludge age on the performance of a membrane bioreactor: Influence on nutrients and metals removal . Desalination , 146 : 467 – 474 .
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety . 1998 . Environmental health criteria 61: Chromium , 11 – 197 . Geneva : WHO .
  • Ipolyi , I. and Fodor , P. 2000 . Development of analytical systems for the simultaneous determination of the speciation of arsenic [As(III), methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, As(V)] and selenium [Se(IV), Se(VI)] . Anal. Chim. Acta , 413 : 13 – 23 .
  • Ishibasi , Y. , Cervantes , C. and Silver , S. 1990 . Chromium reduction in Pseudomonas putida . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 2268 – 2270 .
  • Ito , A. , Takachi , T. , Kitada , K. , Aizawa , J. and Umita , T. 2001 . Characteristics of arsenic elution from sewage sludge . Appl. Organomet. Chem. , 15 : 266 – 270 .
  • James , B. R. , Petura , J. C. , Vitale , R. J. and Mussoline , G. R. 1995 . Hexavalent chromium extraction from soils—A comparison of 5 methods . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 29 : 2377 – 2381 .
  • Jensen , J. and Jepsen , S. E. 2005 . The production, use and quality of sewage sludge in Denmark . Waste Manage. , 25 : 239 – 247 .
  • Jeremiason , J. D. , Engstrom , D. R. , Swain , E. B. , Nater , E. A. , Johnson , B. M. , Almendinger , J. E. , Monson , B. A. and Kolka , R. K. 2006 . Sulfate addition increases methylmercury production in an experimental wetland . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 3800 – 3806 .
  • Jones , C. A. , Langner , H. W. , Anderson , K. , McDermott , T. R. and Inskeep , W. P. 2000 . Rates of microbially mediated arsenate reduction and solubilization . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 64 : 600 – 608 .
  • Jones-Lepp , T. L. and Momplaisir , G. M. 2005 . New applications of LC–MS and LC–MS2 toward understanding the environmental fate of organometallics . TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 24 : 590 – 595 .
  • Karvelas , M. , Katsoyiannis , A. and Samara , C. 2003 . Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment processes . Chemosphere , 53 : 1201 – 1210 .
  • Kawai , S. , Kurokawa , Y. , Harino , H. and Fukushima , M. 1998 . Degradation of tributyltin by a bacterial strain isolated from polluted river water . Environ. Pollut. , 102 : 259 – 263 .
  • Konovalova , V. V. , Dmytrenko , G. M. , Nigmatullin , R. R. , Bryk , M. T. and Gvozdyak , P. I. 2003 . Chromium(VI) reduction in a membrane bioreactor with immobilized Pseudomonas cells . Enzyme Microb. Techn. , 33 : 899 – 907 .
  • Kosolapov , D. B. , Kuschk , P. , Vainshtein , M. B. , Vatsourina , A. V. , Wiebner , A. , Kastner , M. and Muller , R. A. 2004 . Microbial processes of heavy metal removal from carbon-deficient effluents in constructed wetlands . Eng. Life Sci. , 4 : 403 – 411 .
  • Kotas , J. and Stasicka , Z. 2000 . Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation . Environ. Pollut. , 107 : 263 – 283 .
  • Kubáň , P. , Houserová , P. , Kubáň , P. , Hauser , P. C. and Kubáň , V. 2007 . Mercury speciation by CE: A review . Electrophoresis , 28 : 58 – 68 .
  • Kumar , A. R. and Riyazuddin , P . 2007 . nonchromatographic hydride generation atomic spectrometric techniques for the speciation analysis of arsenic, antimony, selenium, and tellurium in water samples—A review . Int. J. Environ. An. Ch. , 87 : 469 – 500 .
  • Lamb , A. and Tollefson , E. L. 1973 . Toxic effects of cupric, chromate and chromic ions on biological oxidation . Water Res. , 7 : 599 – 613 .
  • Lee , J. and Nriagu , J. 2003 . The formation of mineral arsenates in wastewaters . J. Phys. IV. , 107 : 753 – 756 .
  • Lekkas , T. , Kolokythas , G. , Nikolaou , A. , Kostopoulou , M. , Kotrikla , A. , Gatidou , G. , Thomaidis , N. , Golfinopoulos , S. , Makri , C. , Babos , D. , Vagi , M. , Stasinakis , A. , Petsa , A. and Lekkas , D. 2004 . Evaluation of the pollution of the surface waters of Greece from the priority compounds of List II, 76/464/EEC Directive, and other toxic organic compounds . Environ. Int. , 30 : 995 – 1007 .
  • Lemly , A. D. , Finger , S. E. and Nelson , M. K. 1993 . Sources and impact of irrigation drainwater contaminants in arid wetlands . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 12 : 2265 – 2279 .
  • Lenz , M. , Gmerek , A. and Lens , P. 2006 . Selenium speciation in anaerobic granular sludge . Int. J. Environ. An. Ch. , 86 : 615 – 627 .
  • Lester , J. N. 1983 . Significance and behaviour of heavy metals in waste water treatment processes. I. Sewage treatment and effluent discharge . Sci. Total Environ. , 30 : 1 – 44 .
  • Lester , J. N. 1987 . Heavy metals in wastewater and sludge treatment processes: sources, analysis and legislation , Tampa, FL : CRC Press .
  • Lewandowski , Z. 1987 . Behaviour of biological reactors in the presence of toxic compound . Water Res. , 21 : 147 – 153 .
  • Li , Y. , Yin , X.-B. and Yan , X.-P. 2008 . Recent advances in on-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis to atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometry for speciation analysis and studies of metal–biomolecule interactions . Anal. Chim. Acta , 615 : 105 – 114 .
  • Lombrana , J. I. , Varona , F. and Mijanos , F. 1993 . Biokinetics behaviour and settling characteristics in an activated sludge under the effect of toxic Ni(II) influents . Water Air Soil Poll. , 69 : 57 – 68 .
  • Losi , M. E. and Frankenberger , W. T. 1997 . Reduction of selenium oxyanions by Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1: Isolation and growth of the bacterium and its expulsion of selenium particles . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 63 : 3079 – 3084 .
  • Madoni , P. , Davoli , D. , Gorbi , G. and Vescovi , L. 1996 . Toxic effect of heavy metals on activated sludge protozoan community . Water Res. , 30 : 135 – 141 .
  • Madoni , P. , Davoli , D. and Guglielmi , L. 1999 . Response of sOUR and AUR to heavy metal contamination in activated sludge . Water Res. , 33 : 2459 – 2464 .
  • Marques , M. J. , Salvador , A. , Morales-Rubio , A. E. and de la Guardia , M. 1998 . Analytical methodologies for chromium speciation in solid matrices: a survey of literature . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 362 : 239 – 248 .
  • Mazierski , J. 1995 . Effect of chromium Cr(VI) on the growth rate of activated sludge bacteria . Water Res. , 29 : 1479 – 1482 .
  • McSheehy , S. , Pohl , P. , Lobinski , R. and Szpunar , J. 2001 . Investigation of arsenic speciation in oyster test reference material by multidimensional HPLC-ICP-MS and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS-MS) . Analyst , 126 : 1055 – 1062 .
  • Mehrotra , A. S. and Sedlak , D. L. 2005 . Decrease in net mercury methylation rates following iron amendment to anoxic wetland sediment slurries . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 2564 – 2570 .
  • Merian , E. 1991 . Metals and their compounds in the environment: Occurrence, analysis and biological relevance , Wenheim, Germany : VCH .
  • Melaku , S. , Cornelis , R. , Vanhaecke , F. , Dams , R. and Moens , L. 2005 . Method development for the speciation of chromium in river and industrial wastewater using GFAAS . Microchim. Acta , 150 : 225 – 231 .
  • Michalke , K. , Wickenheiser , E. B. , Mehring , M. , Hirner , A. V. and Hensel , R. 2000 . Production of volatile derivatives of metal(loid)s by microflora involved in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 66 : 2791 – 2796 .
  • Michel , C. , Jean , M. , Coulon , S. , Dictor , M. C. , Delorme , F. , Morin , D. and Garrido , F . 2007 . Biofilms of As(III)-oxidising bacteria: Formation and activity studies for bioremediaton process development . Appl. Env. Biotechn. , 77 : 457 – 467 .
  • Miekeley , N. , Pereira , R. C. , Casartelli , E. A. , Almeida , A. C. and Carvalho , M. D. 2005 . Inorganic speciation analysis of selenium by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and its application to effluents from a petroleum refinery . Spectrochim. Acta Part B , 60 : 633 – 641 .
  • Moldovan , M. , Krupp , E. M. , Holliday , A. E. and Donard , O. F. X. 2004 . High resolution sector field ICP-MS and multicollector ICP-MS as tools for trace metal speciation in environmental studies: a review . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 19 : 815 – 822 .
  • Montigny , C. , Lespes , G. and Potin-Gautier , M. 1998 . Matrix effects and selectivity of the detector in the determination of butyl- and phenyltins by gas chromatography flame photometric detection . J. Chromatogr. A , 819 : 221 – 230 .
  • Moore , W. A. , Mc Dermott , G. N. , Post , M. A. and Ettinger , M. B. 1961 . Effects of chromium on the activated sludge process . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 33 : 54 – 72 .
  • Morabito , R. , Chiavarini , S. and Cremisini , C. 1995 . “ GC-MS for the speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples ” . In Quality assurance of environmental analysis within the BCR-programme , Edited by: Griepink , B. and Quevauviller , P. 435 – 464 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Morales , R. , López-Sánchez , J. F. and Rubio , R. 2008 . Selenium speciation by capillary electrophoresis . TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 27 : 183 – 189 .
  • Mugan , T. J. 1996 . Quantification of total mercury discharges from publicly owned treatment works to Wisconsin surface waters . Water Env. Res. , 68 : 229 – 234 .
  • Mullen , M. D. , Wolf , D. C. , Ferris , F. G. , Beveridge , T. J. , Flemming , C. A. and Bailey , G. W. 1989 . Bacterial sorption of heavy metals . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 55 : 3143 – 3149 .
  • Muller , E. B. , Stouthamer , A. H. , van Verseveld , H. W. and Eikelboom , D. H. 1995 . Aerobic domestic waste water treatment in a pilot plant with complete sludge retention by cross-flow filtration . Water Res. , 29 : 1179 – 1189 .
  • Nagase , H. , Ose , Y. , Sato , T. and Ishikawa , T. 1984 . Mercury methylation by compounds in humic material . Sci. Total Environ. , 32 : 147 – 156 .
  • Nielsen , J. S. and Hrudey , S. E. 1983 . Metal loadings and removal at a municipal activated sludge plant . Water Res. , 17 : 1041 – 1052 .
  • Nischwitz , V. and Pergantis , S. A. 2006 . Optimisation of an HPLC selected reaction monitoring electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of 50 arsenic species . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 21 : 1277 – 1286 .
  • Nusko , R. and Heumann , K. G. 1997 . Cr(III)/Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles by extractive separation and thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 357 : 1050 – 1055 .
  • Oremland , R. S. , Blum , J. S. , Culbertson , C. W. and Visscher , P. T. 1994 . Isolation, growth and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate-respiring bacterium, strain SES-3 . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 60 : 3011 – 3019 .
  • Oremland , R. S. , Dowdle , P. R. , Hoeft , S. , Sharp , J. O. , Schaefer , J. K. , Miller , L. G. , Blum , J. S. , Smith , R. L. , Bloom , N. S. and Wallschlaeger , D. 2000 . Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate and sulfate in meromistic Mono Lake, California . Geochimi. Cosmochim. Ac. , 64 : 3073 – 3084 .
  • Oremland , R. S. and Stolz , J. F. 2003 . The ecology of arsenic . Science , 300 : 939 – 944 .
  • Patterson , J. W. 1985 . Industrial wastewater treatment technology , Stoneham, MA : Butterworth Publishers .
  • Pavlogeorgatos , G. , Lekkas , T. and Kampas , G. 1997 . Variation in heavy metal removal by a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 59 : 23 – 30 .
  • Pavlogeorgatos , G. , Lekkas , T. , Georgiou , V. , Spachos , G. , Stefanoulis , C. and Tridimas , P. 1999 . Examination of mercury's effects during the process of the activated sludge . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 69 : 171 – 181 .
  • Pazouki , M. , Keyanpour-Rad , M. , Shafie , S. and Shahhoseini , S. 2007 . Efficiency of Penicillium chrysogenun PTCS 5037 in reducing low concentration of chromium hexavalent in a chromium electroplating plant wastewater . Bioresource Technol. , 98 : 2116 – 2122 .
  • Pereira , M. and Kuch , B. 2005 . Heavy metals, PCDD/F and PCB in sewage sludge samples from two wastewater treatment facilities in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil . Chemosphere , 60 : 844 – 853 .
  • Petrasek , A. C. and Kugelman , J. 1983 . Metals removals and partitioning in conventional wastewater treatment plant . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 55 : 1183 – 1190 .
  • Philip , L. , Iyengar , L. and Venkobachar , C. 1998 . Cr(VI) reduction by Bacillus coagulans isolated from contaminated soils . J. Environ. Eng. , 124 : 1165 – 1170 .
  • Plagellat , C. , Kupper , T. , de Alencastro , L. F. , Grandjean , D. and Tarradellas , J . 2004 . Biocides in sewage sludge: Quantitative determination in some swiss wastewater treatment plants . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 73 : 794 – 801 .
  • Posta , J. , Berndt , H. , Luo , S. K. and Shaldach , G. 1993 . High-performance flow flame atomic-absorption spectrometry for automated online separation and determination of Cr(III) Cr(VI) and preconcentration of Cr(VI) . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 2590 – 2595 .
  • Pramanik , S. , Dey , S. and Chattopadhyay , P . 2007 . A new chelating resin containing azophenolcarboxylate functionality: Synthesis, characterization and application to chromium speciation in wastewater . Anal. Chim. Acta , 584 : 469 – 476 .
  • Rege , M. A. , Yonge , D. R. , Mendoza , D. P. , Petersen , J. N. , Beredes-Samuel , Y. , Johnstone , D. L. , Apel , W. A. and Barnes , J. M. 1999 . Selenium reduction by a denitrifying consortium . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 62 : 479 – 484 .
  • Rio-Segade , S. and Bendicho , C. 1999 . Determination of total and inorganic mercury in biological and environmental samples with on-line oxidation coupled to flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B , 54 : 1129 – 1139 .
  • Rio-Segade , S. and Tyson , J. F. 2003 . Determination of inorganic mercury and total mercury in biological and environmental samples by flow injection-cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry using sodium borohydride as the sole reducing agent . Spectrochim. Acta B , 58 : 797 – 807 .
  • Rosen , B. P. 2002 . Biochemistry of arsenic detoxification . FEBS Lett. , 529 : 86 – 92 .
  • Rosen , A. L. and Hieftje , G. M. 2004 . Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray mass spectrometry for speciation analysis: Applications and instrumentation . Spectrochim. Acta B , 59 : 135 – 146 .
  • Rosenberg , E. 2003 . The potential of organic (electrospray- and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation) mass spectrometric techniques coupled to liquid-phase separation for speciation analysis . J. Chromatogr. A , 1000 : 841 – 889 .
  • Rudd , T. and Lester , J. N. , eds. 1987 . Heavy metals in wastewater and sludge treatment processes , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Rule , K. L. , Comber , S. D. W. , Ross , D. , Thornton , A. , Makropoulos , C. K. and Rautiu , R. 2006 . Diffuse sources of heavy metals entering an urban wastewater catchment . Chemosphere , 63 : 64 – 72 .
  • Sarradin , P-M. , Lapaquellerie , Y. , Astruc , A. , Latouche , C. and Astruc , M. 1995 . Long term behaviour and degradation kinetics of tributyltin in a marina sediment . Sci. Total Environ. , 170 : 59 – 70 .
  • Scancar , J. , Milacic , R. , Strazar , M. and Burica , O. 2000 . Total metal concentrations and partitioning of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge . Sci. Total Environ. , 250 : 9 – 19 .
  • Schmieman , E. A. , Yonge , D. R. , Rege , M. A. , Petersen , J. N. , Turick , C. E. , Johnstone , D. L. and Apel , W. A. 1998 . Comparative kinetics of bacterial reduction of chromium . J. Environ. Eng. , 124 : 449 – 455 .
  • Segura , M. , Munoz , J. , Madrid , Y. and Camara , C. 2002 . Stability study of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA by anion exchange chromatography and HG-AFS in wastewater samples . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 374 : 513 – 519 .
  • Shade , C. W. and Hudson , R. J. M. 2005 . Determination of MeHg in environmental sample matrices using Hg-thiourea complex ion chromatography with on-line cold vapor generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 4974 – 4982 .
  • Shafer , M. M. , Overdier , J. T. and Armstong , D. E. 1998 . Removal, partitioning, and fate of silver and other metals in wastewater treatment plants and effluent receiving streams . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 17 : 630 – 641 .
  • Shen , H. and Wang , Y. T. 1993 . Characterization of enzymatic reduction of hexavalent chromium by Escherichia coli ATCC 33456 . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 59 : 3771 – 3777 .
  • Shen , H. and Wang , Y. T. 1994 . Biological reduction of chromium by E. coli . J. Environ. Eng. , 120 : 560 – 572 .
  • Shen , H. and Wang , Y. T. 1995 . Hexavalent chromium removal in two-stage bioreactor system . J. Environ. Eng. , 121 : 798 – 804 .
  • Shizhong , T. , Chau , Y. K. and Liu , D. 1989 . Biodegradation of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide . Appl. Organomet. Chem. , 3 : 249 – 255 .
  • Shuttleworth , K. L. and Unz , R. F. 1991 . Influence of metals and metal speciation on the growth of filamentous bacteria . Water Res. , 25 : 1177 – 1186 .
  • Sierra-Alvarez , R. , Cortinas , I. , Yenal , U. and Field , J. A. 2004 . Methanogenic inhibition by arsenic compounds . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 70 : 5688 – 5691 .
  • Sierra-Alvarez , R. , Field , J. A. , Cortinas , I. , Feijoo , G. , Moreira , M. T. , Kopplin , M. and Gandolfi , A. J. 2005 . Anaerobic microbial mobilization and biotransformation of arsenate adsorbed onto activated alumina . Water Res. , 39 : 199 – 205 .
  • Silver , S. and Misra , T. K. 1988 . Plasmid-mediated heavy metal resistances . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 42 : 717 – 743 .
  • Simon , S. , Tran , H. , Pannier , F. and Potin-Gautier , M. 2004 . Simultaneous determination of twelve inorganic and organic arsenic compounds by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet irradiation-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1024 : 105 – 113 .
  • Sorme , L. and Lagerkvist , R. 2002 . Sources of heavy metals in urban wastewater in Stockholm . Sci. Total Environ. , 298 : 131 – 145 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. and Lekkas , T. D. 2001 . Toxicity of organotin compounds to activated sludge . Ecotox. Environ. Safe. , 49 : 275 – 280 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Mamais , D. , Thomaidis , N. S. and Lekkas , T. D. 2002 . Effect of chromium (VI) on bacterial kinetics of heterotrophic biomass of activated sludge . Water Res. , 36 : 3342 – 3350 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. , Mamais , D. , Karivali , M. and Lekkas , T. D. 2003a . Chromium species behavior in the activated sludge . Chemosphere , 52 : 1059 – 1067 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. and Lekkas , T. D. 2003b . Speciation of chromium in wastewater and sewage sludge by extraction with liquid anion exchanger Amberlite LA-2 and ETAAS . Anal. Chim. Acta , 478 : 119 – 127 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. , Giannes , A. S. and Lekkas , T. D. 2003c . Effect of arsenic and mercury speciation on inhibition of respiration rate in activated sludge systems . Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. , 10 : 177 – 182 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. , Mamais , D. , Papanikolaou , E. C. , Tsakon , A. and Lekkas , T. D. 2003d . Effects of chromium (VI) addition on the activated sludge process . Water Res. , 37 : 2140 – 2148 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. , Mamais , D. and Lekkas , T. D. 2004 . Investigation of Cr(VI) reduction in continuous-flow activated sludge plants . Chemosphere , 57 : 1069 – 1077 .
  • Stasinakis , A. S. , Thomaidis , N. S. , Nikolaou , A. and Kantifes , A. 2005 . Aerobic biodegradation of organotin compounds in activated sludge batch reactors . Environ. Pollut. , 134 : 431 – 438 .
  • Stein , T. and Kuester , K. 1977 . Investigation into the effects of tributyltinfluoride and tributyltinoxide on the biological treatment of effluent . Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. , 10 : 12 – 19 .
  • Steinberg , N. A. , Blum , J. S. , Hochestein , L. and Oremland , R. 1992 . Nitrate is the preferred electron acceptor for growth of freshwater selenate-respiring bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 58 : 426 – 428 .
  • Stoichev , T. , Amouroux , D. , Martin-Doimeadios , R. C. R. , Monperrus , M. , Donard , O. F. X. and Tsalev , D. L. 2006 . Speciation analysis of mercury in aquatic environment . Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. , 41 : 591 – 619 .
  • Stolz , J. F. and Oremland , R. S. 1999 . Bacterial respiration of arsenic and selenium . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 23 : 615 – 627 .
  • Stolz , J. F. , Basu , P. , Santini , J. M. and Oremland , R. S. 2006 . Arsenic and selenium in microbial metabolism . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 60 : 107 – 130 .
  • Su , M. G. , Cha , D. K. and Anderson , P. R. 1995 . Influence of selector technology on heavy metal removal by activated sludge: secondary effects of selector technology . Water Res. , 29 : 971 – 976 .
  • Tanizaki , Y. , Shimokawa , T. and Yamazaki , M. 1992 . Physico-chemical speciation of trace elements in urban streams by size fractionation . Water Res. , 26 : 55 – 63 .
  • Tchobanoglous , G. , Burton , F. L. and Stensel , H. D. 2004 . Wastewater engineering: Treatment and reuse, Metcalf and Eddy, , 4th ed. , New York : McGraw Hill .
  • Templeton , D. G. , Ariese , F. , Cornelis , R. , Danielsson , L. G. , Muntau , H. , Van Leeuwen , H. P. and Lobinski , R. 2000 . Guidelines for terms related to chemical speciation and fractionation of elements. Definitions, structural aspects, and methodological approaches . Pure Appl. Chem. , 72 : 1453 – 1470 .
  • Terlecka , E. 2005 . Arsenic speciation analysis in water samples: a review of the hyphenated techniques . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 107 : 259 – 284 .
  • Thomaidis , N. S. , Nikolaou , A. , Stasinakis , A. , Katifes , A. , Chandrinou , A. and Pappas , K . Speciation of organotin compounds in wastewater and sewage sludge using ethylation and GC-FPD . Proceedings of the Instrumental Methods of Analysis—Modern Trends and Applications (IMA1903) . pp. 673
  • Thomaidis , N. S. , Stasinakis , A. S. , Gatidou , G. , Morabito , R. , Massanisso , P. and Lekkas , T. D. 2007a . Occurrence of organotin compounds in the aquatic environment of Greece . Water Air Soil Poll. , 181 : 201 – 210 .
  • Thomaidis , N. S. , Stasinakis , A. S. and Lekkas , T. D. 2007b . A screening method for the determination of toluene extractable organotins in water samples by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry and rhenium as chemical modifier . Appl. Organometal. Chem. , 21 : 425 – 433 .
  • Tsang , C. K. , Lau , P. S. , Tam , N. F. Y. and Wong , Y. S. 1999 . Biodegradation capacity of tributyltin by two Chlorella species . Environ. Pollut. , 105 : 289 – 297 .
  • U. S. EPA . 1996a . Method 3060A, Alkaline Digestion for Hexavalent Chromium, SW-846
  • U. S. EPA . 1996b . Method 7199, Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water, Groundwater, and Industrial Wastewater Effluent by Ion Chromatography SW-846
  • Vankova , S. , Kupec , J. and Hoffmann , J. 1999 . Toxicity of chromium to activated sludge . Ecotox. Environ. Safe. , 42 : 16 – 21 .
  • Vassallo , R. and Vella , A. J. 2002 . Sorption of tributyltin in sewater by municipal solid waste compost . Appl. Organomet. Chem. , 16 : 21 – 26 .
  • Villaescusa , I. , Marti , S. , Matas , C. , Martinez , M. and Ribos , J. M. 1997 . Chromium (VI) toxicity to luminescent bacteria . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 16 : 871 – 874 .
  • Vitale , R. J. , Mussoline , G. R. , Rinehimer , K. A. , Petura , J. C. and James , B. R. 1997 . Extraction of sparingly soluble chromate from soils: Evaluation of methods and E(h)-pH effects . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 390 – 394 .
  • Von Canstein , H. , Li , Y. , Timmis , K. N. , Deckwer , W. D. and Wagner-Dobler , I. 1999 . Removal of mercury from chloralkali electrolysis wastewater by a mercury-resistant Pseudomonas putida strain . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 65 : 5279 – 5284 .
  • Von Canstein , H. , Li , Y. and Wagner-Dobler , I. 2001 . Long-term performance of bioreactors cleaning mercury-contaminated wastewater and their response to temperature and mercury stress and mechanical perturbation . Biotechnol Bioeng. , 74 : 212 – 219 .
  • Voulvoulis , N. , Scrimshaw , M. D. and Lester , J. N. 2004 . Removal of organotins during sewage treatment: A case study . Environ. Technol. , 25 : 733 – 740 .
  • Voulvoulis , N. and Lester , J. N. 2006 . Fate of organotins in sewage sludge during anaerobic digestion . Sci. Total Environ. , 371 : 373 – 382 .
  • Wakatsuki , T. 1995 . Metal oxidoreduction by microbial cells . J. Ind. Microbiol. , 41 : 169 – 177 .
  • Wagner-Dobler , I. , Von Canstein , H. , Li , Y. , Timmis , K. N. and Deckwer , W.-D. 2000 . Removal of mercury from chemical wastewater by microorganisms in technical scale . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 4628 – 4634 .
  • Wang , T . 2007 . Liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC–ICP–MS) . J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. , 30 : 807 – 831 .
  • Wang , Y. T. , Mori , T. , Komori , K. , Toda , K. and Ohtake , H. 1990 . Membrane-associated chromate reductase activity from Enterobacter clocae . J. Bacteriol. , 172 : 1670 – 1672 .
  • Wang , C. , Hu , X. , Chen , M. L. and Wu , Y. H. 2005 . Total concentrations and fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants . J. Hazard. Mater. , B119 : 245 – 249 .
  • Wang , J. , Huang , C. P. and Allen , H. E. 2003 . Modeling heavy metal uptake by sludge particulates in the presence of dissolved organic matter . Water Res. , 37 : 4835 – 4842 .
  • Wang , Y. S. , Pan , Z. Y. , Lang , J. M. , Xu , J. M. and Zheng , Y. G. 2007 . Bioleaching of chromium from tannery sludge by indigenous Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans . J. Hazard. Mater. , 147 : 319 – 324 .
  • Wei , F. S. , Zhu , Y. R. , Qu , P. H. , Yin , F. and Shen , N. K. 1982 . Spectrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of chromium(VI) and total chromium in wastewater . Mikrochim. Acta , 2 : 67 – 75 .
  • Wu , J. S. and Hilger , H. 1985 . Chemodynamic behavior of mercury in activated sludge process . Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. , 81 : 109
  • Wuilloud , R. G. and Altamirano , J. C. 2006 . Speciation analysis of non-metallic elements using plasma based atomic spectrometry for detection . Curr. Anal. Chem. , 2 : 353 – 377 .
  • Xiang , L. , Chan , L. C. and Wong , J. W. C. 2000 . Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria . Chemosphere , 41 : 283 – 287 .
  • Yamada , M. , Dazai , M. and Tonomura , K. 1959 . Change of mercurial compounds in activated sludge . J. Fermentation Technol. , 47 : 155 – 160 .
  • Yang , M. , Li , J.-X. and Wang , J.-H. 2007 . Field speciation of chromium with a sequential injection lab-on-valve incorporating a bismuthate immobilized micro-column . Talanta , 72 : 1710 – 1716 .
  • Ye , Z. H. , Lin , Z. Q. , Whiting , S. N. , de Souza , M. P. and Terry , N. 2003 . Possible use of constructed wetland to remove selenocyanate, arsenic, and boron from electric utility wastewater . Chemosphere , 52 : 1571 – 1579 .
  • Yetis , U. , Demirer , G. N. and Gokcay , C. F. 1999 . Effect of chromium (VI) on the biomass yield of activated sludge . Enzyme Microb. Tech. , 25 : 48 – 54 .
  • Yip , Y.-C. and Sham , W.-C. 2007 . Applications of collision/reactioncell technology in isotope dilution mass spectrometry . TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. , 26 : 727 – 743 .
  • Zheng , G. D. , Gao , D. , Chen , T. B. and Luo , W. 2007 . Stabilization of nickel and chromium in sewage sludge during aerobic composting . J. Hazard. Mater. , 142 : 216 – 221 .
  • Zuliani , T. , Lespes , G. , Milačiča , R. , Ščančara , J. and Potin-Gautier , M. 2008 . Comprehensive study of the parameters influencing the detection of organotin compounds by a pulsed flame photometric detector in sewage sludge . J. Chromatogr. A , 1188 : 281 – 285 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.