2,118
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Impacts of Environmental Pollutants on Microalgae and Cyanobacteria

, , , &
Pages 699-821 | Published online: 27 Jul 2010

REFERENCES

  • Abdel-Hamid , M. I. 1996 . Development and application of a simple procedure for toxicity testing using immobilized algae . Water Sci. Technol. , 33 : 129 – 138 .
  • Abou-Waly , H. , Abou-Setta , M. M. , Nigg , H. N. and Mallory , L. L. 1991 . Dose-response relationship of Anabaena flos-aquae and Selenastrum capricornutum to atrazine and hexazinone using chlorophyll (a) content and 14C uptake . Aquat. Toxicol. , 20 : 195 – 204 .
  • Alam , M. Z.B. , Otaki , M. , Furumai , H. and Ohgaki , S. 2001 . Direct and indirect inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by UV radiation . Water Res. , 35 : 1008 – 1014 .
  • Al-Qunaibit , M. , Khalil , M. and Al-Wassil , A. 2005 . The effect of solvents on metal ion adsorption by the alga Chlorella vulgaris . Chemosphere , 60 : 412 – 418 .
  • Anagnostidis , K. and Komarek , J. 1985 . Modern approach to the classification system of cyanophytes. 1. Introduction . Arch. Hydrol. Suppl. , 71 : 291 – 302 .
  • Andreozzi , R. , Somma , I. D. , Pollio , A. , Pinto , G. and Sanchirico , R. 2008 . Toxicity of unwanted intermediates and products formed during accidental thermal decomposition of chemicals . J. Hazard. Mater. , 150 : 433 – 437 .
  • Aranibar , J. N. , Anderson , I. C. , Ringrose , S. and Macko , S. A. 2003 . Importance of nitrogen fixation in soil crusts of southern African arid ecosystems: Acetylene reduction and stable isotope studies . J. Arid Environ. , 54 : 345 – 358 .
  • Babu , G. S. , Hans , R. K. , Singh , J. , Viswanathan , P. N. and Joshi , P. C. 2001 . Effect of lindane on the growth and metabolic activities of cyanobacteria . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 48 : 219 – 221 .
  • Badour , S. and Yan , K. 1987 . Activities of carbonic anhydrase and carboxylating enzymes in Chlamydomonas segnis adapted and adapting to air levels of carbon dioxide . Plant Cell Physiol. , 28 : 1485 – 1492 .
  • Baeza-Squiban , A. , Marano , F. , Ronot , X. , Adolphe , M. and Puiseux-Dao , S. 1987 . Effects of deltamethrin and its commercial formulation DECIS on different cell types in vitro: Cytotoxicity, cellular binding, and intracellular localization . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 28 : 103 – 113 .
  • Baeza-Squiban , A. , Meinard , C. and Marano , F. 1988 . Metabolism of deltamethrin in two cell types in vitro . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 32 : 253 – 261 .
  • Bahn , Y-S. , Cox , G. M. , Perfect , J. R. and Heitman , J. 2005 . Carbonic anhydrase and CO2 sensing Cryptococcus neoformans growth, differentiation, and virulence . Curr. Biol. , 15 : 2013 – 2020 .
  • Bajguz , A. 2000 . Blockade of heavy metals accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris cells by 24-epibrassinolide . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 38 : 797 – 801 .
  • Barry , M. J. , Logan , D. C. , Ahokas , J. T. and Holdway , D. A. 1995 . Effect of algal food concentration on toxicity of two agricultural pesticides to Daphnia carinata . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 32 : 273 – 279 .
  • Bartlett , L. , Rabe , F. W. and Funk , W. H. 1974 . Effects of copper, zinc and cadmium on Selenastrum capricornutum . Water Res. , 8 : 179 – 185 .
  • Beceiro-González , E. , Taboada-de la Calzada , A. , Alonso-Rodríguez , E. , López-Mahía , P. , Muniategui-Lorenzo , S. and Prada-Rodríguez , D. 2000 . Interaction between metallic species and biological substrates: Approximation to possible interaction mechanisms between the alga Chlorella vulgaris and arsenic(III) . Trends Anal. Chem. , 19 : 475 – 480 .
  • Becker , E. W. 1983 . Limitations of heavy metal removal from waste water by means of algae . Water Res. , 17 : 459 – 466 .
  • Bennet-Chambers , M. , Davies , P. and Knott , B. 1999 . Cadmium in aquatic ecosystems in Western Australia: A legacy of nutrient-deficient soils . J. Environ. Manag. , 57 : 283 – 295 . 1999
  • Besford , R. T. and Hand , D. W. 1989 . The effects of CO2 enrichment and nitrogen oxides on some calvin cycle enzymes and nitrite reductase in glasshouse lettuce . J. Exp. Bot. , 40 : 329 – 336 .
  • Bhaskar , M. , Sreenivasulu , C. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1992 . Interactions of monocrotophos and quinalphos with Anabaena torulosa isolated from rice soil . Biochem. Int. , 28 : 767 – 773 .
  • Bhaskar , M. , Sreenivasulu , C. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1994 . Nontarget effects of monocrotophos and quinalphos towards Anabaena torulosa isolated from soil . Microbiol. Res. , 4 : 395 – 400 .
  • Bierkens , J. , de Perre , W. V. and Maes , J. 1998a . Effect of different environmental variables on the synthesis of Hsp70 in Raphidocelis subcapitata . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 120 : 29 – 34 .
  • Bierkens , J. , Klein , G. , Corbisier , P. , Van Den Heuvel , R. , Verschaeve , L. , Weltens , R. and Schoeters , G. 1998b . Comparative sensitivity of 20 bioassays for soil quality . Chemosphere , 37 : 2935 – 2947 .
  • Bierkens , J. , Maes , J. and Plaetse , F. V. 1998c . Dose-dependent induction of heat shock protein 70 synthesis in Raphidocelis subcapitata following exposure to different classes of environmental pollutants . Environ. Pollut. , 101 : 91 – 97 .
  • Binaghi , L. , Del Borghi , A. , Lodi , A. , Converti , A. and Del Borghi , M. 2003 . Batch and fed-batch uptake of carbon dioxide by Spirulina platensis . Proc. Biochem. , 38 : 1341 – 1346 .
  • Bittencourt-Oliveira, M.D. 2003 . Detection of potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in Brazilian reservoirs with a mcyB molecular marker . Harmful Algae , 2 : 51 – 60 .
  • Bjorn , L. O. 2007 . Stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and cryptogams . Biol. Conservat. , 135 : 326 – 333 .
  • Boeckaert , C. , Mestdagh , J. , Vlaeminck , B. , Clayton , D. and Fievez , V. 2006 . Micro-algae as potent rumen methane inhibitors and modifiers of rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid . Int. Congr. , 1293 : 184 – 188 .
  • Bohuss , I. , Rékasi , T. , Szikora , S. , Barkács , K. , Záray , G. and Ács , E. 2005 . Interaction of acetochlor and atrazine with natural freshwater biofilms grown on polycarbonate substrate in lake Velence (Hungary) . Microchem. J. , 79 : 201 – 205 .
  • Bossuyt , B. T.A. and Janssen , C. R. 2004 . Long-term acclimation of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak to different copper concentrations: Changes in tolerance and physiology . Aquat. Toxicol. , 68 : 61 – 74 .
  • Bossuyt , B. T.A. and Janssen , C. R. 2005 . Copper regulation and homeostasis of Daphnia magna and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: Influence of acclimation . Environ. Pollut. , 136 : 135 – 144 .
  • Bouwman , A. F. 1990 . “ Exchange of greenhouse gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere ” . In Soils and the greenhouse effect , Edited by: Bowman , A. F. 61 – 127 . Chichester, , England : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. .
  • Boyle , J. S. and Lew , A. M. 1995 . An inexpensive alternative to glassmilk for DNA purification . Trends Genet. , 11 : 8
  • Bozeman , J. , Koopman , B. and Bitton , G. 1989 . Toxicity testing using immobilized algae . Aquat. Toxicol. , 14 : 345 – 352 .
  • Brezonik , P. L. , Browne , F. X. and Fox , J. L. 1975 . Application of ATP to plankton biomass and bioassay studies . Water Res. , 9 : 155 – 162 .
  • Bridges , C. M. and Boone , M. D. 2003 . The interactive effects of UV-B and insecticide exposure on tadpole survival, growth and development . Biol. Conservat. , 113 : 49 – 54 .
  • Broadgate , W. J. , Malin , G. , Kupper , F. C. , Thompson , A. and Liss , P. S. 2004 . Isoprene and other non-methane hydrocarbons from seaweeds: A source of reactive hydrocarbons to the atmosphere . Mar. Chem. , 88 : 61 – 73 .
  • Burja , A. M. , Tamagnini , P. , Bustard , M. T. and Wright , P. C. 2001 . Identification of the green alga, Chlorella vulgaris (SDC1) using cyanobacteria-derived 16S rDNA primers: Targeting the chloroplast . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 202 : 195 – 203 .
  • Burton , G. A. , Pitt , R. and Clark , S. 2000 . The role of traditional and novel toxicity test methods in assessing stormwater and sediment contamination . Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Tech. , 30 : 413 – 447 .
  • Caceres , T. , Megharaj , M. and Naidu , R. 2008a . Degradation of fenamiphos in soils collected from different geographical regions: The influence of soil properties and climatic conditions . J. Environ. Sci. Health , B43 : 314 – 322 .
  • Caceres , T. , Megharaj , M. and Naidu , R. 2008b . Toxicity and transformation of fenamiphos and its metabolites by two microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorococcum sp . Sci. Total Environ. , 398 : 53 – 59 .
  • Cain , A. , Vannela , R. and Woo , L. K. 2008 . Cyanobacteria as a biosorbent for mercuric ion . Bioresource Technol. , 99 : 6578 – 6586 .
  • Camusso , M. , Balestrini , R. , Martinotti , W. and Arpini , M. 1999 . Spatial variations in trace metal and stable isotope content of autochthonous organisms and sediments in the river Po system (Italy) . Aquat. Ecosys. Health Manag. , 2 : 39 – 53 .
  • Capelo , S. , Vilhena , M. F. , Simões Gonçalves , M. L.S. and Sampayo , M. A. 1993 . Effect of lead on the uptake of nutrients by unicellular algae . Water Res. , 27 : 1563 – 1568 .
  • Castenholz , R. W. 1973 . “ Ecology of blue-green algae in hot springs ” . In The biology of blue-green algae , Edited by: Carr , N. G. and Whitton , B. A. 379 – 414 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
  • Castenholz , R. W. and Waterbury , J. B. 1989 . “ Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, group I. Cyanobacteria ” . In Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology , Edited by: Staley , J. T. , Bryant , M. P. , Pfennig , N. and Holt , J. G. 1710 – 1727 . Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins Co. .
  • Cavet , J. S. , Borrelly , G. P.M. and Robinson , N. J. 2003 . Zn, Cu and Co in cyanobacteria: Selective control of metal availability . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 27 : 165 – 181 .
  • Cedergreen , N. , Kamper , A. and Streibig , J. C. 2006 . Is prochloraz a potent synergist across aquatic species? A study on bacteria, daphnia, algae and higher plants . Aquat. Toxicol. , 78 : 243 – 252 .
  • Cerniglia , C. E. 1992 . Biodegradation of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons . Biodegradation , 3 : 351 – 368 .
  • Cerniglia , C. E. , Gibson , D. T. and van Baalen , C. 1980a . Oxidation of naphthalene by cyanobacteria and microalgae . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 116 : 495 – 500 .
  • Cerniglia , C. E. , Gibson , D. T. and van Baalen , C. 1982 . Naphthalene metabolism by diatoms from the Kachemak Bay region of Alaska . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 128 : 987 – 990 .
  • Cerniglia , C. E. , van Baalen , C. and Gibson , D. T. 1980b . Metabolism of naphthalene by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. strain JCM . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 116 : 485 – 494 .
  • Cervantes , C. , Campos-García , J. , Devars , S. , Gutiérrez-Corona , F. , Loza-Tavera , H. , Torres-Guzmán , J. C. and Moreno-Sánchez , R. 2001 . Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 25 : 335 – 347 .
  • Cervantes , C. , Guangyong , J. , Ramirez , J. and Silver , S. 1994 . Resistance to arsenic compounds in microorganisms . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 15 : 355 – 367 .
  • Çetinkaya Dönmez , G. , Aksu , Z. , Öztürk , A. and Kutsal , T. 1999 . A comparative study on heavy metal biosorption characteristics of some algae . Proc. Biochem. , 34 : 885
  • Chae , S. R. , Hwang , E. J. and Shin , H. S. 2006 . Single cell protein production of Euglena gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor . Bioresource Technol. , 97 : 322 – 329 .
  • Chen , C-Y. and Lin , J-H. 2006 . Toxicity of chlorophenols to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata under air-tight test environment . Chemosphere , 62 : 503 – 509 .
  • Chen , P. H. and Oswald , W. J. 1998 . Thermochemical treatment for algal fermentation . Environ. Int. , 24 : 889 – 897 .
  • Chojnacka , K. , Chojnacki , A. and Górecka , H. 2004 . Trace element removal by Spirulina sp. from copper smelter and refinery effluents . Hydrometallurgy , 73 : 147 – 153 .
  • Chonudomkul , D. , Yongmanitchai , W. , Theeragool , G. , Kawachi , M. , Kasai , F. , Kaya , K. and Watanabe , M. M. 2004 . Morphology, genetic diversity, temperature tolerance and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) strains from Thailand and Japan . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 48 : 345 – 355 .
  • Chouteau , C. , Dzyadevych , S. , Chovelon , J-M. and Durrieu , C. 2004 . Development of novel conductometric biosensors based on immobilised whole cell Chlorella vulgaris microalga . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 19 : 1089 – 1096 .
  • Chouteau , C. , Dzyadevych , S. , Durrieu , C. and Chovelon , J-M. 2005 . A bi-enzymatic whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water samples . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 21 : 273 – 281 .
  • Clemens , S. 2006 . Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants . Biochimie , 88 : 1707 – 1719 .
  • Coelho , J. P. , Pereira , M. E. , Duarte , A. and Pardal , M. A. 2005 . Macroalgae response to a mercury contamination gradient in a temperate coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) . Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. , 65 : 492 – 500 .
  • Cooke , A. S. 1970 . Effects of field applications of the herbicides diquat and dichlobenil on amphibians . Environ. Pollut. , 12 : 43 – 50 .
  • Corradi , M. G. , Gorbi , G. , Morsi Abd-El-Monem , H. , Torelli , A. and Bassi , M. 1998 . Exudates from the wild type and a Cr-tolerant strain of Scenedesmus acutus influence differently Cr(VI) toxicity to algae . Chemosphere , 37 : 3019 – 3025 .
  • Corradi , M. G. , Gorbi , G. , Ricci , A. , Torelli , A. and Bassi , M. 1995 . Chromium-induced sexual reproduction gives rise to a Cr-tolerant progeny in Scenedesmus acutus . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 32 : 12 – 18 .
  • Costas , E. and Lopez-Rodas , V. 2006 . Copper sulphate and DCMU-herbicide treatments increase asymmetry between sister cells in the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa: Implications for detecting environmental stress . Water Res. , 40 : 2447 – 2451 .
  • Crossland , N. O. 1982 . Aquatic toxicology of cypermethrin. II. Fate and biological effects in pond experiments . Aquatic Toxicol. , 2 : 205 – 222 .
  • Crutzen , P. J. 1991 . Methane sinks and sources . Nature , 350 : 380 – 381 .
  • Dagley , S. 1967 . “ The microbial metabolism of phenolics ” . In Soil biochemistry , Edited by: McLaren , A. D. and Peterson , G. H. Vol. 1 , 287 – 317 . New York, , NY : Marcel Dekker .
  • Darwin , C. 1859 . On the origin of species , London, , U.K. : Watts & Co .
  • Day , K. and Kaushik , N. K. 1987 . The adsorption of fenvalerate to laboratory glassware and the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and its effect on uptake of the pesticide by Daphnia galeata mendotae . Aquat. Toxicol. , 10 : 131 – 142 .
  • Debus , R. and Hund , K. 1997 . Development of analytical methods for the assessment of ecotoxicological relevant soil contamination, part B: Ecotoxicological analysis in soil and soil extracts . Chemosphere , 35 : 239 – 261 .
  • Dembitsky , V. M. and Levitsky , D. O. 2004 . Arsenolipids . Progr. Lipid Res. , 43 : 403 – 448 .
  • Deng , L. , Wang , H. and Deng , N. 2006 . Photoreduction of chromium(VI) in the presence of alga, Chlorella vulgaris . J. Hazard. Mater. , 138 : 288 – 292 .
  • Deng , L. , Wu , F. , Deng , N. and Zuo , Y. 2008 . Photoreduction of mercury (II) in the presence of algae, Anabaena cylindrica . J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. , 91 : 117 – 124 .
  • Dietrich , D. and Hoeger , S. 2005 . Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): A reasonable or misguided approach? . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 203 : 273 – 289 .
  • Dohler , G. 1974 . Photosynthetische carboxylierungsreaktionen synchron kultivierter Chlorella vulgaris. Z . Pflanzenphysiol. , 73 : 283 – 295 . [in German]
  • Dönmez , G. and Aksu , Z. 2002 . Removal of chromium(VI) from saline wastewaters by Dunaliella species . Proc. Biochem. , 38 : 751 – 762 .
  • Doshi , H. , Seth , C. and Ray , A. 2008 . Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae . Current Microbiol. , 56 : 246 – 255 .
  • Edvantoro , B. B. 2000 . “ Bioavailability, toxicity and microbial volatilisation of arsenic in soils from cattle dip sites ” . Australia : M.Sc. thesis, University of Adelaide .
  • El-Bestawy , E. A. , Abd El-Salam , A. Z. and Mansy , A. E-R.H. 2007 . Potential use of environmental cyanobacterial species in bioremediation of lindane-contaminated effluents . Internat. Biodeter. Biodegrad. , 59 : 180 – 192 .
  • Elliot , M. 1989 . The pyrethroids: Early discovery, recent advances and the future . Pestic. Sci. , 27 : 337 – 351 .
  • Ellis , B. E. 1977 . Degradation of phenolic compoundsby freshwater algae . Plant Sci. Lett. , 8 : 213 – 216 .
  • El-Sheekh , M. M. , El-Shouny , W. A. , Osman , M. E.H. and El-Gammal , E. W.E. 2005 . Growth and heavy metals removal efficiency of Nostoc muscorum and Anabaena subcylindrica in sewage and industrial wastewater effluents . Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 19 : 357 – 365 .
  • Estevez , M. S. , Malanga , G. and Puntarulo , S. 2001 . UV-B effects on Antarctic Chlorella sp. cells . J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. , 62 : 19 – 25 .
  • Eullaffroy , P. and Vernet , G. 2003 . The F684/F735 chlorophyll fluorescence ratio: A potential tool for rapid detection and determination of herbicide phytotoxicity in algae . Water Res. , 37 : 1983 – 1990 .
  • Fay , P. 1965 . Heterotrophy and nitrogen fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 39 : 11 – 20 .
  • Fayed , S. E. , Abdel-Shafy , H. I. and Khalifa , N. M. 1983 . Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb by Scenedesmus obliquus under nongrowth conditions . Environ. Int. , 9 : 409 – 413 .
  • Fennikoh , K. B. , Hirshfield , H. I. and Kneip , T. J. 1978 . Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a freshwater food web . Environ. Res. , 15 : 357 – 367 .
  • Fenwick , G. R. 1986 . The natural toxicants of common foods for animals and man . Proc. Nut. Soc. Aust. , : 11 – 23 . 162
  • Ferard , J. F. , Jouany , J. M. , Truhaut , R. and Vasseur , P. 1983 . Accumulation of cadmium in a freshwater food chain experimental model . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 7 : 43 – 52 .
  • Ferrando , M. D. , Sancho , E. and Andreu-Moliner , E. 1996 . Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an alga (Nannochloris oculata), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna) . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 35 : 112 – 120 .
  • Ferretti , E. , Lucentini , L. , Veschetti , E. , Bonadonna , L. , Stammati , A. , Turco , L. and Ottaviani , M. 2007 . Screening and identification of unknown contaminants in water destined to human consumption: A case study . Microchem. J. , 85 : 57 – 64 .
  • Filip , D. S. , Peters , V. T. , Adams , D. E. and Middlebrooks , J. 1979 . Residual heavy metal removal by an algae-intermittent sand filtration system . Water Res. , 13 : 305 – 313 .
  • Fiore , M. F. , Moon , D. H. , Tsai , S. M. , Lee , H. and Trevors , J. T. 2000 . Miniprep DNA isolation from unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 39 : 159 – 169 .
  • Fogg , G. E. and Than-Tun . 1960 . Interrelations of photosynthesis and assimilation of elementary nitrogen in a blue-green alga . Proc. R. Soc. B , 153 : 111 – 127 .
  • Franklin , N. M. , Stauber , J. L. , Markich , S. J. and Lim , R. P. 2000 . pH-Dependent toxicity of copper and uranium to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.) . Aquat. Toxicol. , 48 : 275 – 289 .
  • Friberg-Jensen , U. , Wendt-Rasch , L. , Woin , P. and Christoffersen , K. 2003 . Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin, on a freshwater community studied under field conditions. I. Direct and indirect effects on abundance measures of organisms at different trophic levels . Aquat. Toxicol. , 63 : 357 – 371 .
  • Galgani , F. , Piel , N. and Vincent , F. 1999 . A simple procedure for polymerase chain reaction of the Psba gene in algae: Application to the screening of mutations conferring atrazine resistance and discrimination of natural populations of Porphyra linearis . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 124 : 363 – 369 .
  • García-Villada , L. , Rico , M. , Altamirano , M. , Sánchez-Martín , L. , López-Rodas , V. and Costas , E. 2004 . Occurrence of copper resistant mutants in the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: Characterisation and future implications in the use of copper sulphate as algaecide . Water Res. , 38 : 2207 – 2213 .
  • Garnham , G. W. , Codd , G. A. and Gadd , G. M. 1992 . Effect of nutritional regime on accumulation of cobalt, manganese and zinc by green microalgae . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 98 : 45 – 50 .
  • Gerard , C. and Poullain , V. 2005 . Variation in the response of the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith) to natural (cyanobacterial toxin) and anthropogenic (herbicide atrazine) stressors . Environ. Pollut. , 138 : 28 – 33 .
  • Gin , K. Y-H. , Tang , Y-Z. and Aziz , M. A. 2002 . Derivation and application of a new model for heavy metal biosorption by algae . Water Res. , 36 : 1313 – 1323 .
  • Giovannoni , S. J. 1991 . “ The polymerase chain reaction ” . In Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics , Edited by: Stackebrandt , E. and Goodfellow , M. 178 – 203 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Girling , A. E. , Pascoe , D. , Janssen , C. R. , Peither , A. , Wenzel , A. , Schäfer , H. , Neumeier , B. , Mitchell , G. C. , Taylor , E. J. , Maund , S. J. , Lay , J. P. , Juttner , I. , Crossland , N. O. , Stephenson , R. R. and Persoone , G. 2000 . Development of methods for evaluating toxicity to freshwater ecosystems . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 45 : 148 – 176 .
  • Golab , Z. and Smith , R. W. 1992 . Accumulation of lead in two fresh water algae . Miner. Eng. , 5 : 1003 – 1010 .
  • Goldman , C. R. and Horne , A. J. 1983 . Limnology , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Goncharov , N. V. , Jenkins , R. O. and Radilov , A. S. 2005 . Toxicology of fluoroacetate: A review, with possible directions for therapy research . J. Applied Toxicol. , 26 : 148 – 161 .
  • Gorbi , G. and Corradi , M. G. 1993 . Chromium toxicity on two linked trophic levels I. Effects of contaminated algae on Daphnia magna . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 25 : 64 – 71 .
  • Gorbi , G. , Corradi , M. G. , Invidia , M. and Bassi , M. 2001 . Light intensity influences chromium bioaccumulation and toxicity in Scenedesmus acutus (Chlorophyceae) . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 48 : 36 – 42 .
  • Gorbi , G. , Corradi , M. G. , Invidia , M. , Rivara , L. and Bassi , M. 2002 . Is Cr(VI) toxicity to Daphnia magna modified by food availability or algal exudates? The hypothesis of a specific chromium/algae/exudates interaction . Water Res. , 36 : 1917 – 1926 .
  • Gorbi , G. , Torricelli , E. , Pawlik-Skowrońska , B. , Toppi , L. S. , Zanni , C. and Corradi , M. G. 2006 . Differential responses to Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress between Cr-tolerant and wild-type strains of Scenedesmus acutus (Chlorophyceae) . Aquat. Toxicol. , 79 : 132 – 139 .
  • Gorski , P. R. , Armstrong , D. E. , Hurley , J. P. and Krabbenhoft , D. P. 2008 . Influence of natural dissolved organic carbon on the bioavailability of mercury to a freshwater alga . Environ. Pollut. , 154 : 116 – 123 .
  • Goulding , K. H. and Ellis , S. 1981 . The interaction of DDT with two species of freshwater algae . Environ. Pollut. , A25 : 271 – 290 .
  • Grant , I. F. , Egan , E. A. and Alexander , M. 1983 . Pesticides to control ostracods grazing on blue-green algae . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 15 : 193 – 197 .
  • Graymore , M. , Stagnitti , F. and Allinson , G. 2001 . Impacts of atrazine in aquatic ecosystems . Environ. Int. , 26 : 483 – 495 .
  • Gressel , J. 2008 . Transgenics are imperative for biofuel crops . Plant Sci. , 174 : 246 – 263 .
  • Gupta , V. K. and Rastogi , A. 2008 . Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by green algae Spirogyra species: Kinetics and equilibrium studies . J. Hazard. Mater. , 152 : 407 – 414 .
  • Gupta , V. K. , Shrivastava , A. K. and Jain , N. 2001 . Biosorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by green algae Spirogyra species . Water Res. , 35 : 4079 – 4085 .
  • Gurney , S. E. and Robinson , G. G.C. 1989 . The influence of two triazine herbicides on the productivity, biomass and community composition of freshwater marsh periphyton . Aquatic Bot. , 36 : 1 – 22 .
  • Guy , R. D. and Kean , A. R. 1980 . Algae as a chemical speciation monitor—I. A comparison of algal growth and computer calculated speciation . Water Res. , 14 : 891 – 899 .
  • Hall , J. , Healey , F. P. and Robinson , G. G.C. 1989 . The interaction of chronic copper toxicity with nutrient limitation in two chlorophytes in batch culture . Aquat. Toxicol. , 14 : 1 – 13 .
  • Hall , J. C. , Hoagland , R. E. and Zablotowicz , R. M. 2001 . “ Pesticide biotransformation in plants and microorganisms: Similarities and divergences ” . ACS Symposium Series 777 432 Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Halling-Sorensen , B. , Nyholm , N. , Kusk , O. K. and Jacobsson , E. 2000 . Influence of nitrogen status on the bioconcentration of hydrophobic organic compounds to Selenastrum capricornutum . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 45 : 33 – 42 .
  • Hamilton , P. B. , Jackson , G. S. , Kaushik , N. K. and Solomon , K. R. 1987 . The impact of atrazine on lake periphyton communities, including carbon uptake dynamics using track autoradiography . Environ. Pollut. , 46 : 83 – 103 .
  • Hammouda , O. 1999 . Response of the paddy field cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum to carbofuran . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 44 : 215 – 219 .
  • Han , X. , Wong , Y. S. , Wong , M. H. and Tam , N. F.Y. 2008 . Effects of anion species and concentration on the removal of Cr(VI) by a microalgal isolate, Chlorella miniata . J. Hazard. Mater. , 58 : 615 – 620 .
  • Hanagata , N. , Takeuchi , T. , Fukuju , Y. , Barnes , D. J. and Karube , I. 1992 . Tolerance of microalgae to high CO2 and high temperature . Phytochemistry , 31 : 3345 – 3348 .
  • Hanazato , T. and Yasuno , M. 1987 . Effects of a carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, on the summer phyto- and zooplankton communities in ponds . Environ. Pollut. , 48 : 145 – 159 .
  • Hansen , H. K. , Ribeiro , A. and Mateus , E. 2006 . Biosorption of arsenic(V) with Lessonia nigrescens . Miner. Eng. , 19 : 486 – 490 .
  • Harding , J. P.C. and Whitton , B. A. 1981 . Accumulation of zinc, cadmium and lead by field populations of Lemanea . Water Res. , 15 : 301 – 319 .
  • Hardisson , A. , Frías , I. , Bonis , A. , Lozano , G. and Báez , A. 1998 . Mercury in algae of the Canary Islands littoral . Environ. Int. , 24 : 945 – 950 .
  • Hawxby , K. , Tubea , B. , Ownby , J. and Basler , E. 1977 . Effects of various classes of herbicides on four species of algae . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 7 : 203 – 209 .
  • He , Y-Y. and Hader , D-P. 2002 . UV-B induced formation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.: Protective effects of ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-cysteine . J. Photochem. Photobiol. , 66 : 115 – 124 .
  • Himberg , K. , Keijola , A-M. , Hiisvirta , L. , Pyysalo , H. and Sivonen , K. 1989 . The effect of water treatment processes on the removal of hepatotoxins from Microcystis and Oscillatoria cyanobacteria: A laboratory study . Water Res. , 23 : 979 – 984 .
  • Hirata , K. , Yoshitomi , S. , Dwi , S. , Iwabe , O. , Mahakhant , A. , Polchai , J. and Miyamoto , K. 2003 . Bioactivities of nostocine a produced by a freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc spongiaeforme TISTR 8169 . J. Biosci. Bioeng. , 95 : 512 – 517 .
  • Holst , R. W. and Yopp , J. H. 1979 . Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth and the nitrate-nitrite reductase system of the Azolla mexicana–Anabaena azollae symbiosis . Aquat. Bot. , 7 : 359 – 367 .
  • Holzinger , A. and Lutz , C. 2006 . Algae and UV irradiation: Effects on ultrastructure and related metabolic functions . Micron , 37 : 190 – 207 .
  • Hosetti , B. and Frost , S. 1998 . A review of the control of biological waste treatment in stabilization ponds . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 28 : 193 – 218 .
  • Houghton , J. T. , Ding , Y. , Griggs , D. J. , Noguer , M. , Van Der Linden , P. J. , Dai , X. , Maskell , K. and Johnson , C. A. 2001 . Climate change 2001: The scientific basis , IPCC 2001 Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hughes , M. N. and Poole , R. K. 1989 . Metals and micro-organisms , 412 London, , UK : Chapman and Hall .
  • Huisman , J. , Ten Hoopen , H. J.G. and Fuchs , A. 1980 . The effect of temperature upon the toxicity of mercuric chloride to Scenedesmus acutus . Environ. Pollut. , A22 : 133 – 148 .
  • Idso , S. B. , Allen , S. G. , Anderson , M. G. and Kimball , B. A. 1989 . Atmospheric CO2 enrichment enhances survival of Azolla at high temperatures . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 29 : 337 – 341 .
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) . 1994 . Climate change: Radiative forcing of climate change and an evaluation of the IPCC IS 92 emission scenarios , 1 – 364 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) . 1996 . Impacts, adaptations and mitigations of climate change: Scientific-technical analysis , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Inthorn , D. , Nagase , H. , Isaji , Y. , Hirata , K. and Miyamoto , K. 1996 . Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by the filamentous cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis . J. Ferment. Bioeng. , 82 : 580 – 584 .
  • Irmer , U. , Heuer , K. and Weber , A. 1985 . Effects of various organic chemicals on the regreening of red colored Chlorella zofingiensis . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 9 : 121 – 133 .
  • Irmer , U. , Wachholz , I. , Schäfer , H. and Lorch , D. W. 1986 . Influence of lead on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Danegard (volvocales, chlorophyta): Accumulation, toxicity and ultrastructural changes . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 26 : 97 – 105 .
  • Jensen , M. , Linke , K. , Dickhauser , A. and Feige , G. B. 1999 . The effect of agronomic photosystem II—herbicides on lichens . Lichenologist , 31 : 95
  • Jensen , T. E. , Rachlin , J. W. , Jani , V. and Warkentine , B. 1982 . An X-ray energy dispersive study of cellular compartmentalization of lead and zinc in Chlorella saccharophila (Chlorophyta), Navicula incerta and Nitzschia closterium (bacillariophyta) . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 22 : 319 – 328 .
  • Jones , J. G. 2001 . Freshwater ecosystems—structure and response . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 50 : 107 – 113 .
  • Jones , P. D. , New , M. , Parker , D. E. , Martin , S. and Rigor , I. G. 1999 . Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years . Rev. Geophys. , 37 : 173 – 199 .
  • Jonsson , C. M. and Aoyama , H. 2007 . In vitro effect of agriculture pollutants and their joint action on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata acid phosphatase . Chemosphere , 69 : 849 – 855 .
  • Jonsson , C. M. , Paraiba , L. C. , Mendoza , M. T. , Sabater , C. and Carrasco , J. M. 2001 . Bioconcentration of the insecticide pyridaphenthion by the green alga Chlorella saccharophila . Chemosphere , 43 : 321 – 325 .
  • Kadam , K. L. 2002 . Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring . Energy , 27 : 905 – 922 .
  • Kamaludeen , S. P.B. , Megharaj , M. , Juhasz , A. L. , Sethunathan , N. and Naidu , R. 2003 . Chromium-microorganism interactions in soils: Remediation implications . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 178 : 93 – 164 .
  • Kamaya , Y. , Tsuboi , S. , Takada , T. and Suzuki , K. 2006 . Growth stimulation and inhibition effects of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and some related compounds on the freshwater green alga, Psudokircheneriella subcapitata . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 51 : 537 – 541 .
  • Kaneko , H. 1996 . Evaluation of municipal waste incinerator fly ash toxicity and the role of cadmium by two aquatic toxicity tests . Waste Manag , 16 : 555 – 559 .
  • Kaplan , H. 1983 . Toxicities of natural foods in man: A survey . Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. , 76 : 181 – 194 .
  • Katırcıoğlu , H. , Ashm , B. , Türker , A. R. , Atici , T. and Beyath , Y. 2008 . Removal of cadmium (II) ion from aqueous system by dry biomass, immobilized live and heat-inactivated Oscillatoria sp. H1 isolated from freshwater (Mogan Lake) . Bioresource Technol. , 99 : 4185 – 4191 .
  • Keith , L. H. and Telliard , W. A. 1979 . Priority pollutants I—a perspective view . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 13 : 416 – 423 .
  • Kiran , B. and Kaushik , A. 2008 . Cyanobacterial biosorption of Cr(VI): Application of two parameter and Bohart Adams models for batch and column studies . Chem. Eng. J. , 144 : 391 – 399 .
  • Kiran , B. , Kaushik , A. and Kaushik , C. P. 2008 . Metal-salt co-tolerance and metal removal by indigenous cyanobacterial strains . Process Biochem. , 43 : 598 – 604 .
  • Knauer , K. , Behra , R. and Hemond , H. 1999 . Toxicity of inorganic and methylated arsenic to algal communities from lakes along an arsenic contamination gradient . Aquat. Toxicol. , 46 : 221 – 230 .
  • Knowles , F. C. and Benson , A. A. 1983 . The biochemistry of arsenic . Trends Biochem. Sci. , 8 : 178 – 180 .
  • Kobbia , I. A. , Battah , M. G. , Shabana , E. F. and Eladel , H. M. 2001 . Chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic activity as tools for the evaluation of simazine toxicity to Protosiphon botryoides and Anabaena variabilis . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 49 : 101 – 105 .
  • Koch , I. , Feldmann , J. , Wang , L. , Andrewes , P. , Reimer , K. J. and Cullen , W. R. 1999 . Arsenic in the Meager Creek hot springs environment, British Columbia, Canada . Sci. Total Environ. , 236 : 101 – 117 .
  • Kodama , M. , Ikemoto , H. and Miyachi , S. 1993 . A new species of highly CO2 tolerant fast growing marine microalga suitable for high-density culture . J. Mar. Biotech. , 1 : 21 – 25 .
  • Köhler , H-R. , Eckwert , H. , Triebskorn , R. and Bengtsson , G. 1999 . Interaction between tolerance and 70 kDa stress protein (Hsp70) induction in collembolan populations exposed to long-term metal pollution . Appl. Soil Ecol. , 11 : 43 – 52 .
  • Kosinski , R. J. 1984 . The effect of terrestrial herbicides on the community structure of stream periphyton . Environ. Pollut. , A36 : 165 – 189 .
  • Krishnamurti , G. S.R. , Megharaj , M. and Naidu , R. 2004 . Bioavailability of cadmium–organic complexes to soil alga—an exception to the free ion model . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 3894 – 3899 .
  • Kumar , S. , Habib , K. and Fatma , T. 2008 . Endosulfan induced biochemical changes in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria . Sci. Total Environ. , 403 : 130 – 138 .
  • Laamanen , M. 1996 . Cyanoprokaryotes in the Baltic Sea ice and winter plankton . Algol. Studies , 83 ( Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 117 ) : 423 – 433 .
  • Ladygina , N. , Dedyukhina , E. G. and Vainshtein , M. B. 2006 . A review on microbial synthesis of hydrocarbons . Process Biochem. , 41 : 1001 – 1014 .
  • Lal , S. 1984 . “ Effects of insecticides on algae ” . In Insecticide microbiology , Edited by: Lal , R. 203 – 236 . Berlin, , Germany : Springer-Verlag .
  • Lal , S. , Lal , R. and Saxena , D. M. 1987a . Bioconcentration and metabolism of DDT, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos by the blue-green algae Anabaena sp. and Aulosira fertilissima . Environ. Pollut. , 46 : 187 – 196 .
  • Lal , S. , Saxena , D. M. and Lal , R. 1987b . Effects of DDT, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in Anabaena (Arm 310) and Aulosira fertilissima . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 19 : 197 – 209 .
  • Lam , A. K.-Y. , Prepas , E. E. , Spink , D. and Hrudey , S. E. 1995 . Chemical control of hepatotoxic phytoplankton blooms: Implications for human health . Water Res. , 29 : 1845 – 1854 .
  • Lambreech , J. A. U. S. patent 2,903,478, Sept. 8 . 1959 .
  • Lauderdale , C. V. , Aldrich , H. C. and Lindner , A. S. 2004 . Isolation and characterization of a bacterium capable of removing taste- and odor-causing 2-methylisoborneol from water . Water Res. , 38 : 4135 – 4142 .
  • Lawson , F. , Khoshmanesh , A. and Prince , I. G. 1996 . Cadmium uptake by unicellular green microalgae . Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J. , 62 : 81 – 88 .
  • Leahy , J. G. and Colwell , R. R. 1990 . Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment . Microbiol. Rev. , 54 : 305 – 315 .
  • Lefebvre-Drouet , E. , Rousseau , R. and Calvet , M. F. 1988 . Observations sur la biodisponibilite de l'atrazine pour des algues vertes (chlorelles) en suspension . Chemosphere , 17 : 2113 – 2126 .
  • Lei , A. P. , Wong , Y. S. and Tam , N. F. 2003 . Pyrene induced changes of glutathione-s-transferase activities in different microalgal species . Chemosphere , 50 : 293 – 301 .
  • Liebig , M. , Schmidt , G. , Bontje , D. , Kooi , B. W. , Streck , G. S. , Traunspurger , W. and Knacker , T. 2008 . Direct and indirect effects of pollutants on algae and algivorous ciliates in an aquatic indoor microcosm . Aquatic Toxicol. , 88 : 102 – 110 .
  • Lewin , R. A. 1989 . “ Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, group II. Order Prochlorales ” . In Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology , Edited by: Staley , J. J. , Bryant , M. P. , Pfennig , N. and Holt , J. G. 1799 – 1806 . Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins Co. .
  • Li , W. , Wei , C. , Zhang , C. , Hulle , M. V. , Cornelis , R. and Zhang , X. 2003 . A survey of arsenic species in Chinese seafood . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 41 : 1103 – 1110 .
  • Lin , J-H. , Kao , W-C. , Tsai , K-P. and Chen , C-Y. 2005 . A novel algal toxicity testing technique for assessing the toxicity of both metallic and organic toxicants . Water Res. , 39 : 1869 – 1877 .
  • Lin , Y. H. , Leu , J. Y. , Lan , C. R. , Lin P-Hsiu , P. and Chang , F. L. 2003 . Kinetics of inorganic carbon utilization by microalgal biofilm in a flat plate photoreactor . Chemosphere , 53 : 779 – 787 .
  • Lindsay , W. L. 1979 . Chemical equilibria in soils , New York : John Wiley and Sons Inc .
  • Lindsey , A. S. , Rackley , F. A. , Barrett , M. F. and Harris , A. L. 1981 . Production and certification of the isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane as reference materials . NPL Report Chem. , : 611
  • Liu , K. J. , Jiang , J. J. , Shi , X. L. , Gabrys , H. , Walczak , T. and Swartz , H. M. 1995 . Low-frequency EPR study of chromium(V) formation from chromium(VI) in living plants . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. , 206 : 829 – 834 .
  • Lorenz , S. E. , Mcgrath , S. P. and Giller , K. E. 1992 . Assessment of free-living nitrogen fixation activity as a biological indicator of heavy metal toxicity in soil . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 24 : 601 – 606 .
  • Lowe , D. R. and Tice , M. M. 2007 . Tectonic controls on atmospheric, climatic, and biological evolution 3.5–2.4 Ga . Precambrian Res. , 158 : 177 – 197 .
  • Lu , C. M. , Chau , C. W. and Zhang , J. H. 2000 . Acute toxicity of excess mercury on the photosynthetic performance of cyanobacterium, S. platensis—assessment by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis . Chemosphere , 41 : 191 – 196 .
  • Lu , W. , Evans , E. H. , McColl , S. M. and Saunders , V. A. 1997 . Identification of cyanobacteria by polymorphisms of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA spacer region . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 153 : 141 – 149 .
  • Ludwig , H. F. , Oswald , W. J. , Gotaas , H. B. and Lynch , V. 1951 . Algae symbiosis in oxidation ponds. I. Growth characteristics of Euglena gracilis cultured in sewage . Sewage Ind. Wastes , 23 : 1337 – 1355 .
  • Ma , J. 2005 . Differential sensitivity of three cyanobacterial and five green algal species to organotins and pyrethroids pesticides . Sci. Total Environ. , 341 : 109 – 117 .
  • Ma , J. , Lu , N. , Qin , W. , Xu , R. , Wang , Y. and Chen , X. 2006 . Differential responses of eight cyanobacterial and green algal species to carbamate insecticides . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 63 : 268 – 274 .
  • Madhavi , D. R. , Umamaheswari , A. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1995 . Effective concentrations of nitrophenolics toward growth yield of selected microalgae and cyanobacteria isolated from soil . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 32 : 205 – 208 .
  • Maier , H. R. and Dandy , G. C. 1997 . Modelling cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the river Murray using artificial neural networks . Math. Comput. Simulat. , 43 : 377 – 386 .
  • Mangi , J. , Schmidt , K. , Pankow , J. , Gaines , L. and Turner , P. 1978 . Effects of chromium on some aquatic plants . Environ. Pollut. , 16 : 285 – 291 .
  • Marco , E. , Martinez , F. and Orús , M. I. 1990 . Physiological alterations induced by the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorfon in Anabaena PCC 7119 grown with nitrates . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 31 : 479 – 485 .
  • Markle , R. A. , Fentiman , A. F. , Steadman , J. R. and Mayer , R. A. 1980 . “ Potentially toxic and hazardous substances in the industrial organic chemicals and organic dyes and pigment industries ” . Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service . EPA 600/2-80-056
  • Massieux , B. , Boivin , M. E.Y. , Van Den Ende , F. P. , Langenskiold , J. , Marvan , P. , Barranguet , C. , Admiraal , W. , Laanbroek , H. J. and Zwart , G. 2004 . Analysis of structural and physiological profiles to assess the effects of Cu on biofilm microbial communities . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 4512 – 4521 .
  • Matsumura , F. 1989 . “ Biotic degradation of pollutants ” . In Ecotoxicology and climate , Edited by: Bourdeau , P. , Haines , J. A. , Klein , W. and Krishna Murti , C. R. New York, , NY : SCOPE, John Wiley & Sons Ltd .
  • Matsuto , S. , Kasuga , H. , Okumoto , H. and Takahashi , A. 1984 . Accumulation of arsenic in blue-green alga, Phormidium sp . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Comp. Pharmacol. , 78 : 377 – 382 .
  • Mayasich , J. M. , Karlander , E. P. and Terlizzi , D. E. Jr. 1986 . Growth responses of Nannochloris oculata Droop and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin to the herbicide atrazine as influenced by light intensity and temperature . Aquat. Toxicol. , 8 : 175 – 184 .
  • Mazor , G. , Kidron , G. J. , Vonshak , A. and Abeliovich , A. 1996 . The role of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides in structuring desert microbial crusts . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 21 : 121 – 130 .
  • McCann , A. E. and Cullimore , D. R. 1979 . Influence of pesticides on soil algal flora . Residue Rev. , 72 : 1 – 31 .
  • Mckenna , P. 2006 . From smokestack to gas tank . New Sci. , 192 : 28 – 29 .
  • Medlin , L. , Elwood , H. J. , Stickel , S. and Sogin , M. L. 1988 . The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions . Gene , 71 : 491 – 499 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Boul , H. L. and Thiele , J. H. 1999a . Effects of DDT and its metabolites on soil algae and enzymatic activity . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 29 : 130 – 134 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Kantachote , D. , Singleton , I. and Naidu , R. 2000a . Effects of long-term contamination of DDT on soil microflora with special reference to soil algae and algal transformation of DDT . Environ. Pollut. , A109 : 35 – 42 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Madhavi , D. R. , Sreenivasulu , C. , Umamaheswari , A. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1994 . Biodegradation of methyl parathion by soil isolates of microalgae and cyanobacteria . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 53 : 292 – 297 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Prabhakara Rao , A. , Rao , A. S. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1990 . Interaction effects of carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, towards three isolates of microalgae from rice soil . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 31 : 293 – 300 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Pearson , H. W. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1991a . Toxicity of p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol to Chlorella vulgaris and two species of Nostoc isolated from soil . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 40 : 266 – 273 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Pearson , H. W. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1991b . Toxicity of phenol and nitrophenols towards growth and metabolic activities of Nostoc linckia, isolated from soil . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 21 : 578 – 584 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Pearson , H. W. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1992 . Effects of phenolic compounds on growth and metabolic activities of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijugatus isolated from soil . Plant Soil , 140 : 25 – 34 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Pearson , H. W. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1993a . Toxicity of carbofuran to soil isolates of Chlorella vulgaris, Nostoc linckia and N. muscorum . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 39 : 644 – 648 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Pearson , H. W. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1993b . Physiological and morphological alterations induced by combinations of carbaryl and 1-naphthol in Nostoc linckia isolated from soil . Curr. Microbiol. , 27 : 41 – 45 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Rao , A. S. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1993c . Influence of rice straw amendment on persistence and algal toxicity of p-nitrophenol in soil . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 25 : 1185 – 1188 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Singh , N. , Kookana , R. , Naidu , R. and Sethunathan , N. 2003 . Hydrolysis of fenamiphos and its oxidation products by a soil bacterium in pure culture, soil and water . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 61 : 252 – 256 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Singleton , I. , Kookana , R. and Naidu , R. 1999b . Persistence and effects of fenamiphos to native algal populations and enzyme activities in soil . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 31 : 1549 – 1553 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Singleton , I. and McClure , N. C. 1998 . Effect of pentachlorophenol pollution towards microalgae and microbial activities in soil from a former timber processing facility . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 61 : 108 – 115 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Singleton , I. , McClure , N. C. and Naidu , R. 2000b . Influence of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on microalgae and microbial activities in a long-term contaminated soil . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 38 : 439 – 445 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1986a . Effect of monocrotophos and quinalphos on soil algae . Environ. Pollut. , A40 : 121 – 126 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1986b . Growth response of four species of soil algae to monocrotophos and quinalphos . Environ. Pollut. , A42 : 15 – 22 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1986c . Influence of cypermethrin and fenvalerate on natural soil algal populations . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 12 : 141 – 145 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1986d . The toxicity of phenolic compounds to soil algal population and Chlorella vulgaris and Nostoc linckia . Plant Soil , 96 : 197 – 203 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1987a . Influence of cypermethrin and fenvalerate on a green alga and three cyanobacteria isolated from soil . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 14 : 142 – 147 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1987b . Metabolism of monocrotophos and quinalphos by algae isolated from soil . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 39 : 251 – 256 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1988a . Tolerance of algal population in rice soil to carbofuran application . Curr. Sci. , 57 : 100 – 102 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1988b . Microbial degradation and algal toxicity of monocrotophos and quinalphos in flooded soil . Chemosphere , 17 : 1033 – 1039 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1988c . Effect of insecticides and phenolics on nitrogen fixation by Nostoc linckia . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 41 : 277 – 281 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1988d . Influence of glucose amendment on the toxicity of two nitrophenols to Chlorella vulgaris . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 15 : 320 – 323 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1989a . The use of unicellular soil green algae for insecticide bioassay . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 10 : 119 – 122 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1989b . Effects of carbofuran and carbaryl on growth of a green alga and two cyanobacteria isolated from a rice soil . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 25 : 329 – 336 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1989c . Effect of glucose addition on the toxicity of two nitrophenols to Synechococcus elongatus and Nostoc linckia . Phykos , 28 : 146 – 150 .
  • Megharaj , M. , Venkateswarlu , K. and Rao , A. S. 1989d . Interaction effects of insecticide combinations towards the growth of Scenedesmus bijugatus and Synechococcus elongatus . Plant Soil , 114 : 159 – 163 .
  • Meiβner , K. , Dittmann , E. and Börner , T. 1996 . Toxic and non-toxic strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa contain sequences homologous to peptide synthetase genes . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 135 : 295 – 303 .
  • Metting , B. 1981 . The systematics and ecology of soil algae . Bot. Rev. , 47 : 195 – 312 .
  • Miller , R. M. 1995 . “ Surfactant-enhanced bioavailability of slightly soluble organic compounds ” . In Bioremediation science and applications , Edited by: Skipper , H. and Turco , R. 33 – 45 . Madison, Wis. : Soil Science Society of America, special publication 43 .
  • Miller , R. M. and Herman , D. H. 1997 . “ Biotransformation of organic compounds—remediation and ecotoxicological implications ” . In Soil ecotoxicology , Edited by: Tarradellas , J. , Bitton , G. and Rossel , D. 53 – 84 . Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers .
  • Millie , D. F. and Hersh , C. M. 1987 . Statistical characterizations of the atrazine induced photosynthetic inhibition of Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyta) . Aquat. Toxicol. , 10 : 239 – 249 .
  • Mishra , A. K. and Pandey , A. B. 1989 . Toxicity of three herbicides to some nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 17 : 236 – 246 .
  • Mishra , B. B. , Nanda , D. R. and Misra , B. N. 1985 . Reclamation with blue-green algae: Changes in nucleic acids, protein and nitrogen content of algae exposed to solid waste of a chlor-alkali factory . Environ. Pollut. , A37 : 97 – 104 .
  • Moffitt , M. C. and Neilan , B. A. 2001 . On the presence of peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase genes in the cyanobacterial genus Nodularia . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 196 : 207 – 214 .
  • Moffitt , M. C. and Neilan , B. A. 2004 . Characterization of the nodularin synthetase gene cluster and proposed theory of the evolution of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 6353 – 6362 .
  • Mohamed , Z. A. 2001 . Removal of cadmium and manganese by a non-toxic strain of the freshwater cyanobacterium Gloeothece magna . Water Res. , 35 : 4405 – 4409 .
  • Morris , O. P. and Russell , G. 1973 . Effect of chelation on toxicity of copper . Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 4 : 159 – 160 .
  • Mount , M. E. and Oehme , F. W. 1980 . Carbaryl: A literature review . Residue Rev. , 80 : 1 – 64 .
  • Muir , D. C.G. , Wagemann , R. , Hargrave , B. T. , Thomas , D. J. , Peakall , D. B. and Norstrom , R. J. 1992 . Arctic marine ecosystem contamination . Sci. Total Environ. , 122 : 75 – 134 .
  • Munnecke , D. M. 1976 . Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphatic insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 32 : 7 – 13 .
  • Muñoz , I. , Real , M. , Guasch , H. , Navarro , E. and Sabater , S. 2001 . Effects of atrazine on periphyton under grazing pressure . Aquat. Toxicol. , 55 : 239 – 249 .
  • Muñoz , R. and Guieysse , B. 2006 . Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: A review . Water Res. , 40 : 2799 – 2815 .
  • Muralikrishna , P. V.G. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1984 . Effect of insecticides on soil algal population . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 33 : 241 – 245 .
  • Murthy , S. D.S. , Bukhov , N. G. and Mohanty , P. 1990 . Mercury-induced alterations of chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics in cyanobacteria: Multiple effects of mercury on electron transport . J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. , 6 : 373 – 380 .
  • Naessens , M. , Leclerc , J. C. and Tran-Minh , C. 2000 . Fiber optic biosensor using Chlorella vulgaris for determination of toxic compounds . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 46 : 181 – 185 .
  • Nagase , H. , Inthorn , D. , Isaji , Y. , Oda , A. , Hirata , K. and Miyamoto , K. 1997 . Selective cadmium removal from hard water using NaOH-treated cells of the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis . J. Ferment. Bioeng. , 84 : 151 – 154 .
  • Nagase , H. , Inthorn , D. , Oda , A. , Nishimura , J. , Kajiwara , Y. , Park , M-O. , Hirata , K. and Miyamoto , K. 2005 . Improvement of selective removal of heavy metals in cyanobacteria by NaOH treatment . J. Biosci. Bioeng. , 99 : 372 – 377 .
  • Nagy , M. L. , Johansen , J. R. , St. Clair , L. L. and Webb , B. L. 2005 . Recovery patterns of microbiotic soil crusts 70 years after arsenic contamination . J. Arid Environ. , 63 : 304 – 323 .
  • Nalewajko , C. , Colman , B. and Olaveson , M. 1997 . Effects of pH on growth, photosynthesis, respiration, and copper tolerance of three Scenedesmus strains . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 37 : 153 – 160 .
  • Narcoda , J. O. , Martinez-Goss , M. R. , Torreta , N. K. and Merca , F. E. 2007 . Metal resistance and removal by two strains of the green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck, isolated from Laguna de Bay, Philippines . J. Applied Phycol. , 19 : 701 – 710 .
  • Narro , M. L. , Cerniglia , C. E. , van Baalen , C. and Gibson , D. T. 1992 . Metabolism of phenanthrene by the marine cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 58 : 1351 – 1359 .
  • Nash , S. M.B. , Quayle , P. A. , Schreiber , U. and Müller , J. F. 2005 . The selection of a model microalgal species as biomaterial for a novel aquatic phytotoxicity assay . Aquat. Toxicol. , 72 : 315 – 326 .
  • Nendza , M. 1991 . Predictive QSAR models estimating ecotoxic hazard of phenylureas: Aquatic toxicity . Chemosphere , 23 : 497 – 506 .
  • Nendza , M. , Dittrich , B. , Wenzel , A. and Klein , W. 1991 . Predictive QSAR models for estimating ecotoxic hazard of plant-protecting agents: Target and non-target toxicity . Sci. Total Environ. , 109–110 : 527 – 535 .
  • Neue , H. U. 1993 . Methane emission from rice fields . BioScience , 43 : 466 – 474 .
  • Nguyen-Ngoc , H. , Durrieu , C. and Tran-Minh , C. 2008 . Synchronous-scan fluorescence of algal cells for toxicity assessment of heavy metals and herbicides . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 72 : 316 – 320 .
  • Nor , Y. M. 1987 . Ecotoxicity of copper to aquatic biota: A review . Environ. Res. , 43 : 274 – 282 .
  • Nyholm , N. , Sorensen , P. K. , Kusk , K. O. and Christensen , E. R. 1992 . Statistical treatment of data from microbial toxicity tests . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 11 : 157 – 167 .
  • Obulakondaiah , M. , Sreenivasulu , C. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1993 . Nontarget effects of carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, towards Anabaena torulosa . Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. , 29 : 703 – 710 .
  • Ochiai , E-I. 1983 . Copper and the biological evolution . Biosystems , 16 : 81 – 86 .
  • Okay , O. S. and Gaines , A. 1996 . Toxicity of 2,4-D acid to phytoplankton . Water Res. , 30 : 688 – 696 .
  • Olafson , R. W. , Abel , K. and Sim , R. G. 1979 . Prokaryotic metallothionein: Preliminary characterization of a blue-green alga heavy metal-binding protein . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. , 89 : 36 – 43 .
  • Oliveira-Filho , E. C. , Lopes , R. M. and Paumgartten , F. J.R. 2004 . Comparative study on the susceptibility of freshwater species to copper-based pesticides . Chemosphere , 56 : 369 – 374 .
  • Omar , H. H. 2002 . Bioremoval of zinc ions by Scenedesmus obliquus and Scenedesmus quadricauda and its effect on growth and metabolism . Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. , 50 : 95 – 100 .
  • Osa-Afiana , L. O. and Alexander , M. 1981 . Factors affecting predation by a microcrustacean (Cypris sp.) on nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 13 : 27 – 32 .
  • Ou , L. T. 1985 . Methyl parathion degradation and metabolism in soil: Influence of high soil water contents . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 17 : 241 – 243 .
  • Ou , L. T. , Thomas , J. E. and Dickson , D. W. 1994 . Degradation of fenamiphos in soil with a history of continuous fenamiphos applications . Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 58 : 1139 – 1147 .
  • Padhy , R. N. 1985 . Cyanobacteria and pesticides . Residue Rev. , 95 : 1 – 44 .
  • Paixao , S. , Silva , L. , Fernandes , A. , O’Rourke , K. , Mendonca , E. and Picado , A. 2008 . Performance of a miniature algal bioassay in phytotoxicity screening . Ecotoxicology , 17 : 165 – 171 .
  • Pappas , C. P. , Randall , S. T. and Sneddon , J. 1990 . An atomic-emission study of the removal and recovery of chromium from solution by an algal biomass (Chlorella vulgaris) . Talanta , 37 : 707 – 710 .
  • Pascoe , D. , Wenzel , A. , Janssen , C. , Girling Jüttner , I. , Fliedner , A. , Blockwell , S. J. , Maund , S. J. , Taylor , E. J. , Diedrich , M. , Persoone , G. , Verhelst , P. , Stephenson , R. R. , Crossland , N. O. , Mitchell , G. C. , Pearson , N. , Tattersfield , L. , Lay , J-P. , Peither , A. , Neumeier , B. and Velletti , A. R. 2000 . The development of toxicity tests for freshwater pollutants and their validation in stream and pond mesocosms . Water Res. , 34 : 2323 – 2329 .
  • Patel , N. , Cardoza , V. , Christensen , E. , Rekapalli , B. , Ayalew , M. and Stewart , C. N. Jr. 2004 . Differential gene expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using microarray analysis . Plant Sci. , 167 : 1109 – 1122 .
  • Paumann , M. , Regelsberger , G. , Obinger , C. and Peschek , G. A. 2005 . The bioenergetic role of dioxygen and the terminal oxidase(s) in cyanobacteria . Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. , 1707 : 231 – 253 .
  • Pawlik , B. and Skowronska , T. 1994 . Transport and toxicity of cadmium: Its regulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 34 : 225 – 233 .
  • Pawlik-Skowronska , B. 2000 . Relationships between acid-soluble thiol peptides and accumulated Pb in the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris . Aquat. Toxicol. , 50 : 221
  • Pawlik-Skowronska , B. 2001 . Phytochelatin production in freshwater algae Stigeoclonium in response to heavy metals contained in mining water: Effects of some environmental factors . Aquat. Toxicol. , 52 : 241 – 249 .
  • Pehkonen , S. O. and Zhang , Q. 2002 . The degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in natural waters: A critical review . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 17 – 72 .
  • Pelekis , M. L. , Mangat , B. S. and Krishnan , K. 1987 . Influence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the growth and stored polyglucan content of three species of heterotrophic algae . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 28 : 349 – 353 .
  • Peña-Castro , J. M. , Martínez-Jerónimo , F. , Esparza-García , F. and Cañizares-Villanueva , R. O. 2004 . Heavy metals removal by the microalga Scenedesmus incrassatulus in continuous cultures . Bioresource Technol. , 94 : 219 – 222 .
  • Pérez-Ruzafa , A. , Navarro , S. , Barba , A. , Marcos , C. , Cámara , M. A. , Salas , F. and Gutiérrez , J. M. 2000 . Presence of pesticides throughout trophic compartments of the food web in the Mar Menor Lagoon (SE Spain) . Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 40 : 140 – 151 .
  • Perona , E. , Marco , E. and Orús , M. I. 1991 . Alteration of dinitrogen fixation and metabolism in cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7119 by phosphamidon . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 31 : 479 – 485 .
  • Petersen , D. G. and Dahllof , I. 2007 . Combined effects of pyrene and UV-light on algae and bacteria in an arctic sediment . Ecotoxicology , 16 : 371 – 377 .
  • Peterson , H. G. , Boutin , C. , Freemark , K. E. and Martin , P. A. 1997 . Toxicity of hexazinone and diquat to green algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria and duckweed . Aquat. Toxicol. , 39 : 111 – 134 .
  • Peterson , H. G. , Boutin , C. , Martin , P. A. , Freemark , K. E. , Ruecker , N. J. and Moody , M. J. 1994 . Aquatic phyto-toxicity of 23 pesticides applied at expected environmental concentrations . Aquat. Toxicol. , 28 : 275 – 292 .
  • Phillips , D. J.H. and Depledge , M. H. 1985 . Metabolic pathways involving arsenic in marine organisms: A unifying hypothesis . Mar. Environ. Res. , 17 : 1 – 12 .
  • Piletska , E. V. , Turner , N. W. , Turner , A. P.F. and Piletsky , S. A. 2005 . Controlled release of the herbicide simazine from computationally designed molecularly imprinted polymers . J. Contr. Release , 108 : 132 – 139 .
  • Pinto , G. , Pollio , A. , Previtera , L. and Temussi , F. 2002 . Biodegradation of phenols by microalgae . Biotechnol. Lett. , 24 : 2047 – 2051 .
  • Plekhanov , S. E. and Chemeris , Y. K. 2008 . Early effect of sodium pentachlorophenate on photosynthetic activity of the alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. S-39 . Biol. Bull. , 35 : 248 – 254 .
  • Pollehne , F. , Jost , G. , Kerstan , E. , Meyer-Harms , B. , Reckermann , M. , Nausch , M. and Wodarg , D. 1999 . Triazine herbicides and primary pelagic interactions in an estuarine summer situation . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 238 : 243 – 257 .
  • Prasanna , R. , Kumar , V. , Kumar , S. , Yadav , A. K. , Tripathi , U. , Singh , A. K. , Jain , M. C. , Gupta , P. K. , Singh , P. K. and Sethunathan , N. 2002 . Methane production in rice soil is inhibited by cyanobacteria . Microbiol. Res. , 157 : 1 – 6 .
  • Rachlin , J. W. and Farran , M. 1974 . Growth response of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris to selective concentrations of zinc . Water Res. , 8 : 575 – 577 .
  • Raghukumar , C. , Vipparty , V. and David , J. J. 2001 . Degradation of crude oil by marine cyanobacteria . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 57 : 433 – 436 .
  • Rajendran , U. M. , Kathirvel , E. and Narayanaswamy , A. 2007 . Effects of a fungicide, an insecticide, and a biopesticide on Tolypothrix scytonemoides . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 87 : 164 – 171 .
  • Ramanathan , V. , Cicerone , R. J. , Singh , H. B. and Kiehl , J. T. 1985 . Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change . J. Geophys. Res. , 90 : 5547 – 5566 .
  • Ramelow , U. S. , Guidry , C. N. and Fisk , S. D. 1996 . A kinetic study of metal ion binding by biomass immobilized in polymers . J. Hazard. Mater. , 46 : 37 – 55 .
  • Raml , R. , Goessler , W. and Francesconi , K. A. 2006 . Improved chromatographic separation of thio-arsenic compounds by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . J. Chrom. , 1128 : 164 – 170 .
  • Rangsayatorn , N. , Upatham , E. S. , Kruatrachue , M. , Pokethitiyook , P. and Lanza , G. R. 2002 . Phytoremediation potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis: Biosorption and toxicity studies of cadmium . Environ. Pollut. , 119 : 45 – 53 .
  • Raungsomboon , S. , Chidthaisong , A. , Bunnag , B. , Inthorn , D. and Harvey , N. W. 2006 . Production, composition and Pb2+ adsorption characteristics of capsular polysaccharides extracted from a cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa gelatinosa . Water Res. , 40 : 3759 – 3766 .
  • Raungsomboon , S. , Chidthaisong , A. , Bunnag , B. , Inthorn , D. and Harvey , N. W. 2008 . Removal of lead (Pb2+) by the Cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp . Bioresource Technol. , 99 : 5650 – 5658 .
  • Repavich , W. M. , Sonzogni , W. C. , Standridge , J. H. , Wedepohl , R. E. and Meisner , L. F. 1990 . Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Wisconsin waters: Acute and chronic toxicity . Water Res. , 24 : 225 – 231 .
  • Reuther , R. 1992 . Arsenic introduced into a littoral freshwater model ecosystem . Sci. Total Environ. , 115 : 219 – 237 .
  • Rezanka , T. and Sigler , K. 2008 . Biologically active compounds of semi-metals . Phytochemistry , 69 : 585 – 606 .
  • Ritschard , R. L. 1992 . Marine algae as a CO2 sink . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 64 : 289 – 303 .
  • Roberts , S. , Vasseur , P. and Dive , D. 1990 . Combined effects between atrazine, copper and pH, on target and non-target species . Water Res. , 24 : 485 – 491 .
  • Rocchetta , I. , Mazzuca , M. , Conforti , V. , Ruiz , L. , Balzaretti , V. and de Molina , M. C.R. 2006 . Effect of chromium on the fatty acid composition of two strains of Euglena gracilis . Environ. Pollut. , 141 : 353 – 358 .
  • Röderer , G. 1983 . On the toxic effects of tetraethyl lead and its derivatives on the chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis. IV. Influence of lead antidotes and related agents . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 46 : 247 – 254 .
  • Röderer , G. 1986 . On the toxic effects of tetraethyl lead and its derivatives on the chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis. VII. Protective action of thiol compounds, vitamins, trace elements, and other agents . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 11 : 277 – 294 .
  • Rodriguez , M. , Sanders , C. A. and Greenbaum , E. 2002 . Biosensors for rapid monitoring of primary-source drinking water using naturally occurring photosynthesis . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 17 : 843 – 849 .
  • Roger , P. A. and Kulasooriya , S. A. 1980 . “ Blue-green algae and rice ” . In Int. Rice Res. Inst. Manila, , Philippines
  • Roger , P. A. and Reynaud , P. A. 1982 . “ Free-living blue-green algae in tropical soils ” . In Microbiology of tropical soils and plant productivity , Edited by: Dommergues , Y. R. and Diem , H. G. 147 – 168 . Dordrecht : Marinus Nijhoff .
  • Rojíková , R. and Marálek , B. 1999 . Selection and sensitivity comparisons of algal species for toxicity testing . Chemosphere , 38 : 3329 – 3338 .
  • Rose , M. T. , Sanchez-Bavo , F. , Crossan , A. N. and Kennedy , I. R. 2006 . Pesticide removal from cotton farm tailwater by a pilot-scale ponded wetland . Chemosphere , 63 : 1849 – 1858 .
  • Rositano , J. , Newcombe , G. , Nicholson , B. and Sztajnbok , P. 2001 . Ozonation of nom and algal toxins in four treated waters . Water Res. , 35 : 23 – 32 .
  • Ross , C. , Kupper , F. C. and Jacobs , R. S. 2006 . Involvement of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in the wound response of Dasycladus vermicularis . Chem. Biol. , 13 : 353 – 364 .
  • Rowland-Bamford , A. J. , Baker , J. T. , Allen , L. H. Jr. and Bowes , G. 1991 . Acclimation of rice to changing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration . Plant Cell Environ. , 14 : 577 – 583 .
  • Rudi , K. , Skulberg , O. M. , Larsen , F. and Jakobsen , K. S. 1998 . Quantification of toxic cyanobacteria in water by use of competitive PCR followed by sequence-specific labeling of oligonucleotide probes . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 64 : 2639 – 2643 .
  • Runnegar , B. 1991 . Precambrian oxygen levels estimated from the biochemistry and physiology of early eukaryotes . Global Planet Change , 5 : 97 – 111 .
  • Safanova , E. , Kvitko , K. , Kuschk , P. , Moder , M. and Reisser , W. 2005 . Biodegradation of phenanthrene by the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus ES-55 . Eng. Life Sci. , 5 : 234 – 239 .
  • Sahgai-Maroof , M. A. , Soliman , K. M. , Jorgensen , R. A. and Allard , R. W. 1984 . Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location and population dynamics . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 81 : 8014 – 8018 .
  • Salgado , S. G. , Nieto , M. A.Q. and Simón , M. M.B. 2006 . Determination of soluble toxic arsenic species in alga samples by microwave-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography–hydride generation–inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . J. Chrom. , 1129 : 54 – 60 .
  • Samson , G. and Popovic , R. 1988 . Use of algal fluorescence for determination of phytotoxicity of heavy metals and pesticides as environmental pollutants . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 16 : 272 – 278 .
  • Sanchez-Fortun , S. , Marva , F. , D'ors , A. and Costas , E. 2008 . Inhibition of growth and photosynthesis of selected green microalgae as tools to evaluate toxicity of dodecylethyl-ammonium bromide . Ecotoxicology , 17 : 229 – 234 .
  • Schaeffer , R. , Francesconi , K. A. , Kienzl , N. , Soeroes , C. , Fodor , P. , Varadi , L. , Raml , R. , Goessler , W. and Kuehnelt , D. 2006 . Arsenic speciation in freshwater organisms from the river Danube in Hungary . Talanta , 69 : 856 – 865 .
  • Schafer , H. , Hettler , H. , Fritsche , U. , Pitzen , G. , Roderer , G. and Wenzel , A. 1994 . Biotests using unicellular algae and ciliates for predicting long-term effects of toxicants . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 27 : 64 – 81 .
  • Schlichting , C. D. and Pigliucci , M. 1998 . Phenotypic evolution: A reaction norm perspective , 387 Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates .
  • Schmitt , D. , Müller , A. , Csögör , Z. , Frimmel , F. H. and Posten , C. 2001 . The adsorption kinetics of metal ions onto different microalgae and siliceous earth . Water Res. , 35 : 779 – 785 .
  • Schrader , K. K. , Dayan , F. E. and Nanayakkara , N. P.D. 2005 . Generation of reactive oxygen species by a novel anthraquinone derivative in the cyanobacterium Planktothrix perornata (Skuja) . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 81 : 198 – 207 .
  • Schrader , K. K. , de Regt , M. Q. , Tidwell , P. D. , Tucker , C. S. and Duke , S. O. 1998 . Compounds with selective toxicity towards the off-flavor metabolite-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria cf. chalybea . Aquaculture , 163 : 85 – 99 .
  • Semple , K. T. and Cain , R. B. 1996 . Biodegradation of phenols by the alga Ochromonas danica . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 62 : 1265 – 1273 .
  • Semple , K. T. and Cain , R. B. 1997 . Degradation of phenol and its methylated homologues by Ochromonas danica . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 152 : 133 – 139 .
  • Sethunathan , N. and Yoshida , T. 1972 . Conversion of para-nitrophenol by diazinon-degrading bacterium Flavobacterium sp . Inst. Environ. Technol. Meet. Proc. , 18 : 255 – 257 .
  • Sethunathan , N. , Megharaj , M. , Chen , Z. L. , Williams , W. D. , Lewis , G. and Naidu , R. 2004 . Algal degradation of a known endocrine disrupting insecticide, α-endosulfan, and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, in liquid medium and soil . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 3030 – 3035 .
  • Severn , S. R.T. , Mayfield , C. I. and Inniss , W. E. 1986 . Evaluation of a computer-assisted video data acquisition system for toxicological testing . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 5 : 23 – 31 .
  • Sevrin-Reyssac , J. and Pletikosic , M. 1990 . Cyanobacteria in fish ponds . Aquaculture , 88 : 1 – 20 .
  • Shaw , S. L. , Chisholm , S. W. and Prinn , R. G. 2003 . Isoprene production by Prochlorococcus, a marine cyanobacterium, and other phytoplankton . Mar. Chem. , 80 : 227 – 245 .
  • Shephard , G. S. , Stockenström , S. , De Villiers , D. , Engelbrecht , W. J. , Sydenham , E. W. and Wessels , G. F.S. 1998 . Photocatalytic degradation of cyanobacterial microcystin toxins in water . Toxicon , 36 : 1895 – 1901 .
  • Shi , Q. , Cui , J. , Zhang , J. , Kong , F. X. , Hua , Z. C. and Shen , P. P. 2004a . Expression modulation of multiple cytokines in vivo by cyanobacteria blooms extract from Taihu lake, China . Toxicon , 44 : 871 – 879 .
  • Shi , S-B. , Zhu , W-Y. , Li , H-M. , Zhou , D-W. , Han , F. , Zhao , X-Q. and Tang , Y-H. 2004b . Photosynthesis of Saussurea superba and Gentiana straminea is not reduced after long-term enhancement of UV-B radiation . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 51 : 75 – 83 .
  • Shimizu , K. 1991 . Algae to the rescue . Nature , 350 : 267
  • Shitanda , I. , Takada , K. , Sakai , Y. and Tasuma , T. 2005 . Compact amperometric algal biosensors for the evaluation of water toxicity . Anal. Chim. Acta , 530 : 191 – 197 .
  • Shivaramaiah , H. M. 2000 . “ Organochlorine pesticides in agroecosystems: Monitoring residues with suitable strategies for their management and remediation ” . Sydney, , Australia : Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney .
  • Siddaramappa , R. , Tirol , A. , Seiber , J. N. , Heinrichs , E. A. and Watanabe , I. 1978 . The degradation of carbofuran in paddy water and flooded soil of untreated and retreated rice fields . J. Environ. Sci. Health B , 13 : 369 – 380 .
  • Sims , I. R. and Reynolds , P. J. 1999 . Effects of atmospheric pollution on a Lichenophagous lepidopteran . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 42 : 30 – 34 .
  • Singh , A. , Kumar , D. and Gaur , J. P. 2008 . Removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) by Pithophora oedogonia: Sorption, desorption and repeated use of the biomass . J. Hazard. Mater. , 152 : 1011 – 1019 .
  • Singh , P. K. 1981 . “ Use of Azolla and blue-green algae in rice cultivation in India ” . In Associative nitrogen fixation , Edited by: Vose , P. B. and Paschel , A. P. 183 – 195 . Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press .
  • Sinha , R. P. and Hader , D. P. 2008 . UV-protectants in cyanobacteria . Plant Sci. , 174 : 278 – 289 .
  • Sinha , R. P. , Richter , P. , Faddoul , J. , Braun , M. and Hader , D. P. 2002 . Effects of UV and visible light on cyanobacteria at the cellular level . Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 1 : 553 – 559 .
  • Skjanes , K. , Lindblad , P. and Muller , J. 2007 . BioCO2—a multidisciplinary, biological approach using solar energy to capture CO2 while producing H2 and high value products . Biomol. Eng. , 24 : 405 – 413 .
  • Skulberg , O. M. 1996 . “ Terrestrial and limnic algae and cyanobacteria ” . In A catalogue of Svalbard plants, fungi, algae and cyanobacteria , Edited by: Elvebakk , A. and Prestrud , P. 383 – 395 . Part 9. Oslo, Norway: Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter .
  • Slack , R. J. , Gronow , J. R. and Voulvoulis , N. 2004 . Hazardous components of household waste . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 419 – 445 .
  • Slejkovec , Z. , Kapolna , E. , Ipolyi , I. and van Elteren , J. T. 2006 . Arsenosugars and other arsenic compounds in littoral zone algae from the Adriatic Sea . Chemosphere , 63 : 1098 – 1105 .
  • Smith , K. S. and Ferry , J. G. 2000 . Prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 24 : 335 – 366 .
  • Soldo , D. , Hari , R. , Sigg , L. and Behra , R. 2005 . Tolerance of Oocystis nephrocytioides to copper: Intracellular distribution and extracellular complexation of copper . Aquat. Toxicol. , 71 : 307 – 317 .
  • Staal , M. , Meysman , F. J. and Stal , L. J. 2003 . Temperature excludes N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria in the tropical oceans . Nature , 425 : 504 – 507 .
  • Stanhill , G. 2001 . The growth of climate change science: A scientometric study . Climatic Change , 48 : 515 – 524 .
  • Stewart , W. D.P. 1973 . Nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic microorganisms . Ann. Rev. Microbiol. , 27 : 283 – 316 .
  • Stokes , P. M. , Dreier , S. I. , Farkas , M. O. and McLean , R. A.N. 1983 . Mercury accumulation by filamentous algae: A promising biological monitoring system for methyl mercury in acid-stressed lakes . Environ. Pollut. Chem. Phys. , 5 : 255 – 271 .
  • Strandberg , M. T. and Scott-Fordsmand , J. J. 2002 . Field effects of simazine at lower trophic levels—a review . Sci. Total Environ. , 296 : 117 – 137 .
  • Stratton , G. W. 1987 . Toxic effects of organic solvents on the growth of blue-green algae . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 38 : 1012 – 1019 .
  • Stratton , G. W. and Corke , C. T. 1982 . Toxicity of the insecticide permethrin and some degradation products towards algae and cyanobacteria . Environ. Pollut. , A29 : 71 – 80 .
  • Strother , P. K. 2008 . A speculative review of factors controlling the evolution of phytoplankton during Paleozoic time . Revue de Micropaleontologie , 51 : 9 – 21 .
  • Subramanian , G. , Sekar , S. and Sampoornam , S. 1994 . Biodegradation and utilization of organophosphorus pesticides by cyanobacteria . Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. , 33 : 129 – 143 .
  • Swartzman , G. L. , Taub , F. B. , Meador , J. , Huang , C. and Kindig , A. 1990 . Modeling the effect of algal biomass on multispecies aquatic microcosms response to copper toxicity . Aquat. Toxicol. , 17 : 93 – 117 .
  • Tandon , R. S. , Lal , R. and Narayana Rao , V. V.S. 1988 . Interaction of endosulfan and malathion with blue-green algae Anabaena and Aulosira fertilissima . Environ. Pollut. , 52 : 1 – 19 .
  • Tang , J. , Siegfried , B. D. and Hoagland , K. D. 1998 . Glutathione-S-transferase and in vitro metabolism of atrazine in freshwater algae . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 59 : 155 – 161 .
  • Thomas , A. D. , Hoon , S. R. and Linton , P. E. 2008 . Carbon dioxide fluxes from cyanobacteria crusted soils in the Kalahari . Appl. Soil Ecol. , 39 : 254 – 263 .
  • Tien , C-J. 2002 . Biosorption of metal ions by freshwater algae with different surface characteristics . Proc. Biochem. , 38 : 605 – 613 .
  • Tikoo , V. , Scragg , A. H. and Shales , S. W. 1997 . Degradation of pentachlorophenol by microalgae . J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. , 68 : 425 – 431 .
  • Trebst , A. , Hilp , U. and Draber , W. 1993 . Response in the inhibitor efficiency of substituted phenols on PS II activity in six mutants of the D1 protein subunit in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Phytochemistry , 33 : 969 – 977 .
  • Tremolada , P. , Finizio , A. , Villa , S. , Gaggi , C. and Vighi , M. 2004 . Quantitative inter-specific chemical activity relationships of pesticides in the aquatic environment . Aquat. Toxicol. , 67 : 87 – 103 .
  • Trollope , D. R. and Evans , B. 1970 . Concentrations of copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc in freshwater algal blooms . Environ. Pollut. , 11 : 109 – 116 .
  • Tuan , Q. L. , Huong , T. T.T. , Hong , P. T.A. , Kawakami , T. , Shimanouchi , T. , Umakoshi , H. and Kuboi , R. 2008 . Arsenic (V) induces a fluidization of algal cell and liposome membranes . Toxicol. Vitro. , 22 : 1632 – 1638 .
  • Tukaj , Z. and Aksmann , A. 2007 . Toxic effects of anthraquinone and phenanthrenequinone upon Scenedesmus strains (green algae) at low and elevated concentration of CO2 . Chemosphere , 66 : 480 – 487 .
  • Tukaj , Z. , Bascik-Remisiewicz , A. , Skowronski , T. and Tukaj , C. 2007 . Cadmium effect on the growth, photosynthesis, ultrastructure and phytochelatin content of green microalga Scenedesmus armatus: A study at low and elevated CO2 concentration . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 60 : 291 – 299 .
  • Turbak , S. C. , Olson , S. B. and McFeters , G. A. 1986 . Comparison of algal assay systems for detecting waterborne herbicides and metals . Water Res. , 20 : 91 – 96 .
  • Umamaheswari , A. , Madhavi , D. R. and Venkateswarlu , K. 1997 . Siderophore production in two species of Nostoc as influenced by the toxicity of nitrophenols . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 59 : 306 – 312 .
  • Umamaheswari , A. and Venkateswarlu , K. 2003a . Changes in the carbon metabolism in nitrophenol-grown cultures of Nostoc linckia and Scenedesmus bijugatus, isolated from rice soil . Algol. Studies , 103 ( = Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 146 ) : 55 – 61 .
  • Umamaheswari , A. and Venkateswarlu , K. 2003b . Effect of three nitrophenols on carbon metabolism in Nostoc muscorum and Chlorella vulgaris . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 55 : 184 – 186 .
  • Umamaheswari , A. and Venkateswarlu , K. 2004a . Impact of nitrophenols towards photosynthetic electron transport chain and ATP content in Nostoc muscorum and Chlorella vulgaris . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 58 : 256 – 259 .
  • Umamaheswari , A. and Venkateswarlu , K. 2004b . Alterations in respiration in nitrophenol-grown soil isolates of Nostoc spp . Algol. Studies , 113 ( = Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 153 ) : 183 – 187 .
  • Ungerfeld , E. M. , Rust , S. R. , Burnett , R. J. , Yokoyama , M. T. and Wang , J. K. 2005 . Effects of two lipids on in vitro ruminal methane production . Animal Feed Sci. Technol. , 119 : 179
  • Vaishampayan , A. and Prasad , A. B. 1982 . Blitox-resistant mutants of the N2-fixing blue-green algae Nostoc linckia and Nostoc muscorum . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 22 : 427 – 435 .
  • Van Donk , E. , Abdel-Hamid , M. I.F. and Källqvist , T. 1992 . Effects of Dursban® 4E and its carrier on three algal species during exponential and P-limited growth . Aquat. Toxicol. , 23 : 181 – 191 .
  • van Netten , C. , Hoption Cann , S. A. , Morley , D. R. and van Netten , J. P. 2000 . Elemental and radioactive analysis of commercially available seaweed . Sci. Total Environ. , 255 : 169 – 175 .
  • Védrine , C. , Leclerc , J-C. , Durrieu , C. and Tran-Minh , C. 2003 . Optical whole-cell biosensor using Chlorella vulgaris designed for monitoring herbicides . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 18 : 457 – 463 .
  • Venkataraman , G. S. 1979 . “ Algal inoculation of rice fields ” . In Nitrogen and rice , Edited by: Brady , N. C. 311 – 321 . Manila, , Philippines : International Rice Research Institute .
  • Venkateswarlu , K. 1993 . “ Pesticide interactions with cyanobacteria in soil and culture ” . In Soil biochemistry , Edited by: Bollag , J.-M. and Stotzky , G. Vol. 8 , 137 – 179 . New York, NY : Marcel Dekker Inc. .
  • Via-Ordorika , L. , Fastner , J. , Kurmayer , R. , Hisbergues , M. , Dittmann , E. , Komarek , J. , Erhard , M. and Chorus , I. 2004 . Distribution of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis sp. in European freshwater bodies: Detection of microcystins and microcystin genes in individual colonies . Syst. Appl. Microbiol. , 27 : 592 – 602 .
  • Viitak , A. and Volynsky , B. 2006 . Simple procedure for the determination of Cd, Pb, As and Se in biological samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using colloidal Pd modifier . Talanta , 70 : 890 – 895 .
  • Volesky , B. 1994 . Advances in biosorption of metals: Selection of biomass types . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 14 : 291 – 302 .
  • Walker , J. C.G. 1984 . How life affects the atmosphere . BioScience , 34 : 486 – 491 .
  • Wallack , R. N. and Hope , B. K. 2002 . Quantitative consideration of ecosystem characteristics in an ecological risk assessment: A case study . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , 8 : 1805 – 1814 .
  • Walsh , G. E. , Deans , C. H. and McLaughlin , L. L. 1987 . Comparison of four methods for calculating the EC50 from algal population growth . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 6 : 767 – 770 .
  • Wang , C. , Lu , G. , Tang , Z. and Guo , X. 2008a . Quantitative structure-activity relationships for joint toxicity of substituted phenols and anilines to Scenedesmus obliquus . J. Envion. Sci. , 20 : 115 – 119 .
  • Wang , D. , Luo , Y. , Sun , J. , Du , D. , Wang , C. , Zhou , X. and Xue , C. 2005 . The use of complexes of algae polysaccharides and Ce4+ to degrade compounds containing peptides or phosphate ester bonds . Carbohydr. Polymer. , 62 : 1 – 5 .
  • Wang , G. , Chen , K. , Chen , L. , Hu , C. , Zhang , D. and Liu , Y. 2008b . The involvement of the antioxidant system in protection of desert cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. against UV-B radiation and the effects of exogenous antioxidants . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 69 : 150 – 157 .
  • Wang , J. and Xie , P. 2007 . Antioxidant enzyme activities of Microcystis aeruginosa in response to nonylphenols and degradation of nonylphenols by M. aeruginosa . Environ. Geochem. Health , 29 : 375 – 383 .
  • Wang , J. , Xie , P. and Guo , N. 2007 . Effects of nonylphenol on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis strains . Environ. Res. , 103 : 70 – 78 .
  • Wang , Q. , Liu , Y. , Shen , Y. , Jin , C. , Lu , J. , Zhu , J. and Li , S. 1991 . Studies on mixed mass cultivation of Anabaena spp. (nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae, cyanobacteria) on a large scale . Bioresource Technol. , 38 : 221 – 228 .
  • Wang , X. , Anderson , O. R. and Griffin , K. L. 2004 . Chloroplast numbers, mitochondrion numbers and carbon assimilation physiology of Nicotiana sylvestris as affected by CO2 concentration . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 51 : 21 – 31 .
  • Wang , Y. and Hsieh , Y-P. 2002 . Uncertainties and novel prospects in the study of the soil carbon dynamics . Chemosphere , 49 : 791 – 804 .
  • Warhurst , A. M. , Raggett , S. L. , McConnachie , G. L. , Pollard , S. J.T. , Chipofya , V. and Codd , G. A. 1997 . Adsorption of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by a low-cost activated carbon from the seed husks of the pan-tropical tree, Moringa oleifera . Sci. Total Environ. , 207 : 207 – 211 .
  • Warshawsky , D. , Cody , T. , Radike , M. , Reilman , R. , Schumann , B. , LaDow , K. and Schneider , J. 1995 . Biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic analogs by several green algae and other algal species under gold and white light . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 97 : 131 – 148 .
  • Warshawsky , D. , Radike , M. , Jayasimhulu , K. and Cody , T. 1988 . Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by a dioxygenase enzyme system of the freshwater alga Selenastrum capricornutum . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 152 : 540 – 544 .
  • Weiner , J. A. , DeLorenzo , M. E. and Fulton , M. H. 2004 . Relationship between uptake capacity and differential toxicity of the herbicide atrazine in selected microalgal species . Aquat. Toxicol. , 68 : 121 – 128 .
  • Wendt-Rasch , L. , Friberg-Jensen , U. , Woin , P. and Christoffersen , K. 2003 . Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on a freshwater community studied under field conditions. II. Direct and indirect effects on the species composition . Aquat. Toxicol. , 63 : 373 – 389 .
  • Whitton , B. A. 1992 . “ Diversity, ecology and taxonomy of the cyanobacteria ” . In Photosynthetic prokaryotes , Edited by: Mann , N. H. and Carr , N. G. 1 – 51 . New York, NY : Plenum Press .
  • Whitton , B. A. and Shehata , F. H.A. 1982 . Influence of cobalt, nickel, copper and cadmium on the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans . Environ. Pollut. , 27 : 275 – 281 .
  • Willis , G. H. and McDowell , L. L. 1987 . Pesticide persistence on foliage . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 100 : 3 – 73 .
  • Wilson , S. C. and Jones , K. C. 1993 . Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review . Environ. Pollut. , 88 : 229 – 249 .
  • Wilson , K. M. , Schembri , M. A. , Baker , P. D. and Saint , C. P. 2000 . Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and design of a species-specific PCR . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 : 332 – 338 .
  • Wolterbeek , H. Th. , Viragh , A. , Sloof , J. E. , Bolier , G. , Van Der Veer , B. and de Kok , J. 1995 . On the uptake and release of zinc (65Zn) in the growing alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz . Environ. Pollut. , 88 : 85 – 90 .
  • Worthing , C. R. 1987 . The pesticide manual: A world compendium , 8th ed. , Thornton Heath, , U.K. : The British Crop Production Council .
  • Wright , A. D. , Papendorf , O. , Konig , G. M. and Oberemm , A. 2006 . Effects of cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua isolates and cell free culture media on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development . Chemosphere , 65 : 604 – 608 .
  • Wright , S. J.L. 1978 . “ Interactions of pesticides with microalgae ” . In Pesticide microbiology , Edited by: Hill , I. R. and Wright , S. J.L. 535 – 602 . London, , UK : Academic Press .
  • Xia , H. and Rayson , G. D. 2002 . 113Cd-NMR spectrometry of Cd2+ binding sites on algae and higher plant tissues . Adv. Environ. Res. , 7 : 157
  • Xia , J. and Cao , K. 2003 . Effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration on the photosynthesis and growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultured at varied levels of light . Fisheries Sci. , 69 : 767 – 771 .
  • Yan , X. 1999 . Assessment of calcareous alga Corallina pilulifera as elemental provider . Biomass Bioenergy , 16 : 357 – 360 .
  • Yanni , Y. G. 1992 . Fertilizer responses of rice to nitrogen and cyanobacteria in the presence of insecticides . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 24 : 1085 – 1088 .
  • Yao , H. and Ramelow , G. J. 1998 . Biomass-modified carbon paste electrodes for monitoring dissolved metal ions . Talanta , 45 : 1139 – 1146 .
  • Yeh , H. J. and Chen , C. Y. 2006 . Toxicity assessment of pesticides to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata under air-tight test environment . J. Hazard. Mater. , 131 : 6 – 12 .
  • Ying , G-G. and Kookana , R. S. 2007 . Triclosan in wastewaters and biosolids from Australian wastewater treatment plants . Environ. Int. , 33 : 199 – 205 .
  • Yoshida , N. , Ikeda , R. and Okuno , T. 2006 . Identification and characterization of heavy metal-resistant unicellular alga isolated from soil and its potential for phytoremediation . Bioresource Technol. , 97 : 1843 – 1849 .
  • Yu , R. Q. and Wang , W-X. 2004 . Biokinetics of cadmium, selenium, and zinc in freshwater alga Scenedesmus obliquus under different phosphorus and nitrogen conditions and metal transfer to Daphnia magna . Environ. Pollut. , 129 : 443 – 456 .
  • Zagorc-Koncan , J. 1996 . Effects of atrazine and alachlor on self-purification processes in receiving streams . Water Sci. Technol. , 33 : 181 – 187 .
  • Zeyer , J. and Kearney , P. C. 1984 . Degradation of o-nitrophenol and m-nitrophenol by Pseudomonas putida . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 32 : 238 – 242 .
  • Zhang , M. and Florence , T. M. 1987 . A novel adsorbent for the determination of the toxic fraction of copper in natural waters . Anal. Chim. Acta , 197 : 137 – 148 .
  • Zimba , P. V. , Camus , A. L. , Allen , E. H. and Burkholder , J. M. 2006 . Co-occurrence of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, mortalities and microcystin toxin in a southeastern USA shrimp facility . Aquaculture , 261 : 1048 – 1055 .
  • Zurita , J. L. , Jos , A. , Camean , A. M. , Salguero , M. , Lopez-Artiguez , M. and Repetto , G. 2007 . Ecotoxicological evaluation of sodoim fluoroacetate on aquatic organisms and investigation of the effects on two fish cell lines . Chemosphere , 67 : 1 – 12 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.