Ocular hazards from lasers and other optical sources

References

• Walker , C.B. 1916 . Systematic review of the literature relating to the effects of radiant energy upon the eye . Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. , 51 : 760
   Google Scholar
• Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 9, Verses 3–8
   Google Scholar
• Verhoeff , F.H. and Bell , L. 1916 . Pathological effects of radiant energy on the eye . Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. , 51 : 630
   Google Scholar
• Eccles , J.C. and Flynn , A.J. 1944 . Experimental photoretinitis . Med. J. Aust. , 4 : 339
   Google Scholar
• Flynn , A.J. 1942 . Photo‐retinitis in anti‐aircraft lookouts . Med. J. Aust. , 2 : 400
   Google Scholar
• Cogan , D.G. , Martin , S.F. , Kimura , S.J. and Ikui , H. 1950 . Ophthalmologic survey of atomic bomb survivors in Japan, 1949 . Trans. Amer. Ophthal Soc. , 48 : 62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buettner , K. and Rose , H.W. 1953 . Eye hazards from an atomic bomb . Sight‐Saving Review , 23 : 194
   Google Scholar
• Byrnes , V.A. , Brown , D.V.L. , Rose , H.W. and Cibis , P.A. 1955 . Chorioretinal burns produced by atomic flash . Arch. Ophthal. , 53 : 351
   Google Scholar
• Rose , H.W. , Brown , D.V.L. , Byrnes , V.A. and Cibis , P.A. 1956 . Human chorioretinal burns from atomic fireballs . Arch. Ophthal. , 55 : 205
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , H.L. and Richey , F. 1964 . Eyeburn damage calculation for an exoatmospheric nuclear event . J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 54 : 678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer‐Schwickerath , G. 1954 . Light coagulation . Graefe Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthal. , 156 : 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littmann , H. 1957 . The Zeiss light coagulator after Meyer‐Schwickerath with the xenon high pressure lamp, Bericht uber die 61 , 311 Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gessellschaft in Heidelberg .
   Google Scholar
• Guerry , D. , Wiesinger , H. and Ham , W.T. 1958 . Photocoagulation of the retina . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 46 : 463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt , F.H. , Williams , R.C. , Ham , W.T. and Evans , E.I. 1954 . Experimental production of flash burns . Surgery , 36 : 1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javin , A. , Bennett , W.R. and Herriott , D.R. 1961 . Population inversion and continuous optical maser oscillation in a gas discharge containing a He‐Ne mixture . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 6 : 106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schawlow , A.L. and Townes , C.H. 1958 . Infrared and optical masers . Phys. Rev. , 112 : 1940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , E.I. , Labuda , E.F. and Bridges , W.B. 1964 . Continuous visible laser action in a singly ionized argon, krypton, and xenon . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 4 : 128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Division of Labor Standards . U.S. Department of Labor, Control of Welding Hazards in Defense Industries , Special Bulletin No. 5 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Behrman , R.E. and Hsia , D.Y.Y. 1969 . Summary of a symposium on phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia . J. Pediat. , 75 : 718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan , D.G. 1968 . Lighting and health hazards . Arch. Ophthal. , 79 : 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davson , H. , ed. 1962 . The Eye , Vol. 1 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duke‐Elder , S. 1954 . Textbook of Ophthalmology , Vol. 6 , St. Louis : C.V. Mosby Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Schawlow , A.L. 1961 . Optical masers . Scientific American , 204 : 52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengel , B.A. 1966 . Introduction to Laser Physics , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum , G. 1964 . Optical Masers , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Makous , W.L. and Gould , J.D. 1968 . Effects of lasers on the human eye . IBM J. Res. Develop. , 12 : 257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , W. 1969 . Biological aspects of laser radiation , Rockville, Md. : U.S. Dept. of H.E.W. . [PB 184 003, Clearinghouse, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]
   Google Scholar
• Fine , S. and Klein , E. 1965 . Biological effects of laser radiation . Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. , 10 : 149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zweng , H.C. , Little , H.L. and Peabody , R.R. 1969 . Laser Photocoagulation and Retinal Angiography , St. Louis : C.V. Mosby Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey , V.E. 1948 . Spectral transmission of the eye to ultraviolet radiation . Arch. Ophthal. , 39 : 508
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachem , A. 1956 . Ophthalmic ultraviolet action spectra . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 41 : 969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boettner , E.A. and Wolter , J.R. 1962 . Transmission of the ocular media . Invest. Ophthal. , 1 : 776
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigh , E. and McCarthy , E.F. 1938 . Absorption of visible light by the refractive media of the human eye . Arch. Ophthal. , 20 : 37
   Google Scholar
• Wiesinger , H. , Schmidt , F.H. , Williams , R.C. , Tiller , C.O. , Ruffin , R.S. and Guerry , D. 1956 . The transmission of light through the ocular media . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 42 : 6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geeraets , W.J. and Berry , E.R. 1968 . Ocular spectral characteristics as related to hazard from lasers and other light sources . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 66 : 15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts , D.G. 1969 . The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the eye, SAM‐TR‐69–10 Brooks AFB, Texas [AD 685 724, Clearinghouse, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]
   Google Scholar
• Pitts , D.G. and Kay , K.R. 1969 . The photo‐ophthalmic threshold for the rabbit . Amer. J. Optom. , 46 : 561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cogan , D.G. and Kinsey , V.E. 1946 . Action spectrum of keratitis produced by ultraviolet radiation . Arch. Ophthal. , 35 : 670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke‐Elder , W.S. 1926 . The pathological action of light upon the outer eye: photo‐ophthalmia . Lancet , 1 : 1137
   Google Scholar
• Friedenwald , J.S. , Buschke , W. , Crowell , J. and Hollaender , A. 1948 . Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the corneal epithelium . J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. , 32 : 161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinsey , V.E. , Cogan , D.G. and Drinker , P. 1943 . Measuring eye flash from arc welding . J.A.M.A. , 123 : 403
   Google Scholar
• Pitts , D.G. , Bruce , W.R. and Tredici , T.J. A comparative study of the effects of ultraviolet on the eye Brooks AFB, Texas SAM‐TR‐70–28, in press
   Google Scholar
• Patel , C.K.N. 1964 . Selective excitation through vibrational energy transfer and optical maser action in N2‐CO2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 13 : 617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany , W.B. , Targ , R. and Foster , J.D. 1969 . Kilowatt CO2 gas transport laser . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 15 : 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , P.B. 1969 . Closing the far‐infrared gap . Laser Focus , 5 : 37
   Google Scholar
• Fine , B. , Fine , S. , Feigen , L. and MacKeen , D. 1968 . Corneal injury threshold to carbon dioxide laser irradiation . Amer. J. Ophthal , 66 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , C.J. , Rittler , M.C. , Bredemeier , H. and Wallace , R.A. 1968 . Ocular effects produced by experimental lasers, II: Carbon dioxide lasers . Amer. J. Ophthal , 66 : 604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg , K. , Hartmann , B. , Koch , E. and Tengroth , B. 1967 . Carbon dioxide hazards to the eye . Nature , 215 : 857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock , G.R. 1967 . Surface temperature as a parameter in estimating laser injury thresholds , Report 733 Fort Knox, Ky. : U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Leibowitz , H.M. and Peacock , G.R. 1968 . Corneal injury produced by CO2 laser radiation , Report 787 U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory . [AD 680 915, Clearinghouse, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]
   Google Scholar
• Vassiliadis , A. , Zweng , H.C. , Peppers , N.A. , Peabody , R.R. and Honey , R.C. 1970 . Thresholds of laser eye hazards . Arch. Environ. Health , 20 : 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppers , N.A. , Vassiliadis , A. , Dedrick , K.G. , Chang , H. , Peabody , R.R. , Rose , H. and Zweng , H.C. 1969 . Corneal damage thresholds for CO2 laser radiation . Appl. Opt. , 8 : 377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peabody , R.R. , Zweng , B.C. , Rose , H.W. , Peppers , N.A. and Vassiliadis , A. 1969 . Threshold damage from CO2 lasers . Arch. Ophthal. , 82 : 105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thornton , G.R. 1969 . Safer wavelengths in the near infrared . Laser Focus , 5 : 38
   Google Scholar
• Lund , D.J. , Landers , M.B. , Bresnick , G.H. , Powell , J.O. , Chester , J.E. and Carver , C. 1970 . Ocular hazards of the Q‐switched erbium laser . Invest. Ophthal. , 9 : 463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parr , W.H. and Fisher , R.S. 1967 . Aberrant corneal epithelial cells produced by ruby laser exposure . Invest. Ophthal. , 6 : 356
   Google Scholar
• Vogt , A. 1930 . Augen schadingungen durch die strahlende energie . Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. , 85 : 321
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , H. , Konig , H. and Mader , F. 1950 . Die Durchlassigkeit die Augenlinse für Infrarot . Ophthalmologica , 120 : 198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langley , R.K. , Mortimer , C.B. and McCulloch , C. 1960 . The experimental production of cataracts by exposure to heat and light . Arch. Ophthal. , 63 : 473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duke‐Elder , S. 1954 . Textbook of Ophthalmology , Vol. 6 , 6482 St. Louis : C.V. Mosby Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Lederman , I.R. , Berry , E.R. and Geeraets , W.J. 1970 . The effect of ruby laser, xenon‐light coagulator and diathermy on vitreous proteins . MCV/Q , 6 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Geeraets , W.J. , Ham , W.T. , Williams , R.C. , Mueller , H.A. , Burkhart , J. , Guerry , D. and Vos , J.J. 1965 . Laser versus light coagulation: A fundoscopic and histologic study of chorioretinal injury as a function of exposure time . Fed. Proc., Suppl. , 14 : S‐48
   Google Scholar
• Okun , E. and Collins , E.M. 1962 . Histopathology of experimental photocoagulation in the dog eye, I. Graded lesions, vitreous effect and complications . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 54 : 3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plato's Phaedo . 1956 . Great Dialogues of Plato , Edited by: Rouse , W.M.D. 503 New York : The American Library of World Literature, Mentor Book .
   Google Scholar
• Duke‐Elder , S. 1954 . Textbook of Ophthalmology , Vol. 6 , 6484 St. Louis : C.V. Mosby Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Ham , W.T. , Wiesinger , H. , Schmidt , F.H. , Williams , R.C. , Ruffin , R.S. , Shaffer , M.C. and Guerry , D. 1958 . Flash burns in the rabbit retina . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 46 : 700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , J.J. 1962 . A theory of retinal burns . Bull. Math. Biophys. , 24 : 115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer‐Schwickerath , G. 1969 . Light Coagulation , St. Louis : C.V. Mosby Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , F.H. , Williams , R.C. , Ham , W.T. , Brooks , J.W. and Evans , E.I. 1954 . Experimental production of flash burns . Surgery , 36 : 1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerry , D. , Wiesinger , H. and Ham , W.T. 1958 . Photocoagulation of the retina . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 46 : 463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ham , W.T. , Williams , R.C. , Schmidt , F.H. , Geeraets , W.J. , Mueller , H.A. , Ruffin , R.S. and Guerry , D. 1963 . Electronically pulsed light source for the production of retinal burns . Amer. J. Med. Electron. , 2 : 308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ham , W.T. , Williams , R.C. , Geeraets , W.J. , Ruffin , R.S. and Mueller , H.A. 1963 . Optical masers (lasers) . Acta Ophthal. Suppl. , 76 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Ham , W.T. , Williams , R.C. , Mueller , H.A. , Ruffin , R.S. , Schmidt , F.H. , Clarke , A.M. , Vos , I.I. and Geeraets , W.J. 1965 . Ocular effects of laser radiation . Acta Ophthal , 43 : 390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham , W.T. , Williams , R.C. , Mueller , H.A. , Guerry , D. , Clarke , A.M. and Geeraets , W.J. 1965 . Effects of laser radiation on the mammalian eye . Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 28 (2) : 517
   Google Scholar
• Allen , R.G. , Bruce , W.R. , Kay , K.R. , Morrison , L.K. , Neish , R.A. , Polaski , C.A. and Richards , R.A. 1967 . Research on ocular effects produced by thermal radiation , Final Rep. AF41 (609)—3099 Brooks AFB, Texas [AD 659 146, Clearinghouse, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]
   Google Scholar
• Departments of the Army and the Navy . Feb. 24 1969 . TB MED 279/NAVMED P‐5052–35 , Feb. 24 , Washington, D.C. : Control of Hazards to Health from Laser Radiation .
   Google Scholar
• Department of the Air Force . April 1 1969 . AFM 161–8 , April 1 , Washington, D.C. : Laser Health Hazards Control .
   Google Scholar
• American National Standards Institute . Z‐136 Standards Committee, Safe Use of Lasers and Masers New York in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , C.J. , Rittler , M.C. , Noyori , K.S. , Swope , C.H. and Koester , C.J. 1966 . The threshold of the retina to damage by laser energy . Arch. Ophthal. , 76 : 437
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geeraets , W.J. 1967 . Retinal injury by ruby and neodymium laser . Acta Ophthal. , 45 : 846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappin, P.W., private communication, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Nooney , T.W. 1970 . Observations following high intensity white light exposures to the human retina , Richmond, Va. : Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University . Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Lappin , P.W. 1970 . Ocular damage thresholds for the helium‐neon laser . Arch. Environ. Health , 20 : 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham , W.T. , Geeraets , W.J. , Mueller , H.A. , Williams , R.C. , Clarke , A.M. and Cleary , S.F. in press . Retinal burn thresholds for the He‐Ne laser in the rhesus monkey . Arch. Ophthal. ,
   Google Scholar
• Davis , T.P. and Mautner , W.J. 1969 . Helium‐Neon laser effects on the eye , Annual Report Contr. No. DADA 17–69‐C‐9013 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Army Med. Research and Development Com. .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , C.J. , Rittler , M.C. and Swope , C.H. 1969 . The ocular effects produced by experimental lasers, IV. The argon laser . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 67 : 671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L'Esperance , F.A. 1968 . An ophthalmic argon laser photocoagulation system: design, construction, and laboratory investigations . Trans. Amer. Ophthal. Soc. , 66 : 827
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lappin , P.W. and Coogan , P.S. 1970 . Histologic evaluation of ophthalmoscopically subvisible retinal laser exposures . Invest. Ophthal. , 9 : 537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein , M.N. and Elgin , S.S. 1970 . Measurement of retinal image for laser radiation in rhesus monkey , Final Report Contr. No. F41609–68‐C‐0038–6301 Brooks AFB, Texas : USAFSAM . [AD 702 865, Clearinghouse, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]
   Google Scholar
• Westheimer , G. and Campbell , C.J. 1962 . Light distribution in the image formed by the living human eye . J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 52 : 1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubisch , R.W. 1967 . Optical performance of the human eye . J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 57 : 407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , A.E. , Fairchild , D.D. and Spyropoulos , P. 1968 . Laser radiation effects on the morphology and function of ocular tissue , Second Annual Report, Contr. No. DADA‐17–67‐C‐0019 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Comd. .
   Google Scholar
• L'Esperance , F.A. and Kelley , G.R. 1969 . The threshold of the retina to damage by argon laser radiation . Arch. Ophthal. , 81 : 583
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotiaho , A. , Resnick , I. , Newton , J. and Schwell , H. 1966 . Temperature rise and photocoagulation of rabbit retinas exposed to the CW laser . Amer. J. Ophthal. , 62 : 644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noell , W.K. , Walker , V.S. , Kang , B.S. and Berman , S. 1966 . Retinal damage by light in rats . Invest. Ophthal , 5 : 450
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorn , R.A. and Kuwabara , T. 1967 . Retinal damage by visible light . Arch. Opthal , 77 : 115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara , T. and Gorn , R.A. 1968 . Retinal damage by visible light . Arch. Ophthal , 79 : 69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman , E. and Kuwabara , T. 1968 . The retinal pigment epithelium. IV. The damaging effects of radiant energy . Arch. Ophthal. , 80 : 265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ts'o , M.O.M. , Fine , B.S. and Zimmerman , L.E. 1970 . Experimental photic damage to macular . presented at the Spring Meeting Assn. Resch. Ophthal . 1970 , Sarasota, Fla.. Invest. Ophthal., in press
   Google Scholar
• Mainster , M.A. , White , T.J. and Tips , J.H. 1970 . Corneal thermal response to the CO2 laser . Appl. Opt. , : 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeer , K.W. , Ghosh , M. , Geeraets , W.J. and Guerry , D. 1963 . ERG after light coagulation . Acta Ophthal. Suppl. , 76 : 94
   Google Scholar
• Mautner , W.J. 1969 . Effect of subthreshold laser irradiation on the evoked cortical response in rabbits . Second International Laser Safety Conference and Workshops . 1969 , Cincinnati.
   Google Scholar
• Sperling , G.H. , Harwerth , R.S. , Mabry , J.H. and Landis , D.J. 1969 . The effects of laser radiation on receptor function in human and primate eyes , U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Com., Contr. No. DADA‐17–67‐C‐7154 [AD 688 626, Clearinghouse, Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]
   Google Scholar
• Farrar , D.N. , Graham , E.S. , Ham , W.T. , Geeraets , W.J. , Williams , R.C. , Mueller , H.A. , Cleary , S.F. and Clarke , A.M. 1970 . The effect of threshold macular lesions and subthreshold macular doses on visual acuity in the rhesus monkey . Amer. Indus. Hyg. Ass. J. , 31 : 198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henriques , F.C. 1947 . Studies of thermal injury, V. . Arch. Path. , 43 : 489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuggit , G.H. 1955 . A rate process theory of thermal injury , AFSWP 606 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Army Special Weapons Project .
   Google Scholar
• Mixter , G. 1954 . The empirical relation of time and intensity of thermal energy in production of 2+ burns in pigs , Rep. UR‐316 Rochester, N.Y. : Univ. of Rochester AEC Project .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , T.P. 1959 . A theoretical and experimental investigation of the temperature response of pig skin exposed to thermal radiation, Chap. IV, Analysis of a Diathermanous Solid , Rep. UR‐553 Rochester, N.Y. : Univ. of Rochester AEC Project .
   Google Scholar
• Geeraets , W.J. , Williams , R.C. , Ham , W.T. and Guerry , D. 1962 . Rate of blood flow and its effect on chorioretinal burns . Arch. Ophthal. , 68 : 88
   Google Scholar
• Vos , J.J. 1963 . Digital computations of temperature in retinal burn problems , Rep. IZF 1965016 Soesterberg, , The Netherlands : Institute for Perception, RVO‐TNO .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , A.M. , Geeraets , W.J. and Ham , W.T. 1969 . An equilibrium thermal model for retinal injury from optical sources . Appl. Opt. , 8 : 1951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geeraets , W.J. , Williams , R.C. , Chan , G. , Ham , W.T. and Schmidt , F.H. 1960 . The loss of light energy in the retina and choroid . Arch. Ophthal. , 64 : 606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainster , M.A. , White , T.J. and Allen , R.G. 1970 . Spectral dependence of retinal damage produced by intense light sources . J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 60 : 848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainster , M.A. , White , T.J. , Tips , J.H. and Wilson , P.W. 1970 . Retinal‐temperature increases produced by intense light sources . J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 60 : 264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , A.M. , Ham , W.T. , Geeraets , W.J. , Williams , R.C. and Mueller , H.A. 1969 . Laser effects on the eye . Arch. Environ. Health , 18 : 424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway , D. 1968 . Three dimensional steady‐state temperature distribution about cylinders and discs . Bull. Math. Biophys. , 30 : 701
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes , J.R. and Wolbarsht , M.L. 1968 . A thermal model for retinal damage induced by pulsed lasers . Aerospace Med. , 39 : 474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , W.P. and Fine , S. 1968 . Melanin granule models for pulsed laser induced retinal injury . Appl. Opt. , 7 : 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , W.P. , Feigen , L. and Fine , S. 1967 . A worst case analysis of continuous wave He‐Ne laser hazards to the eye . Appl. Opt. , 6 : 1973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najac , H. , Cooper , B. , Jacobson , J.H. , Shamos , M. and Breitfeller , M. 1963 . Direct thermocouple measurements of temperature rise and heat conduction in the rabbit . Invest. Ophthal. , 2 : 32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derksen , W.L. , Monahan , T.I. and Delhery , G.P. 1963 . “ The temperatures associated with radiant energy skin burns ” . In Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Sciences and Industry , Edited by: Hardy , J.D. Vol. 3 , 171 New York : Reinhold Pub. Corp. . Pt. 3
   Google Scholar
• Mainster , M.A. 1970 . Destructive light adaptation . Ann. Ophthal. , 2 : 44
   Google Scholar
• 1948 . Permissible limit for continuous ultraviolet exposure , Chicago : Council on Physical Therapy, American Medical Association .
   Google Scholar
• 1968 . Threshold limit values for physical agents , Cincinnati : American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists . Suppl. 7
   Google Scholar
• 1968 . Laser Focus , 4 : 50
   Google Scholar
• Bell , H.E. and Townsend , A.R. 1969 . The philosophy of a regulation . Arch. Environ. Health , 18 : 416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1965 . Laser systems—code of practice , London : British Ministry of Aviation, Shel Mex House .
   Google Scholar
• 1966 . Defense Standards , Admin. Memo. No. 29 Department of Supply, Commonwealth of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Sliney , D.H. 1969 . Evaluating hazards—and controlling them . Laser Focus , 5 : 39
   Google Scholar