The role of fungi in waste treatment

References

• Weston , W. H. 1958 . “ Mycology during the past fifty years ” . In Fifty Years of Botany , Edited by: Steere , W. C. 570 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Dodge , B. O. 1939 . Some problems in the genetics of the fungi . Science , 90 : 379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gove , P. B. , ed. 1968 . Webster's Third New International Dictionary , Merriam : Springfield .
   Google Scholar
• Daubenmire , R. F. 1947 . Plants and Environment , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Amer. Public Health Ass. 1969 . Amer. Soc. of Civil Eng., Amer. Water Works Ass., and Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , Glossary : Water and Waste Water Control Engineering, Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Geldreich , E. E. , ed. 1966 . Sanitary Significance of Fecal Coliforms in the Environment , Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. Pub. WP‐20–3 Cincinnati
   Google Scholar
• Schlee , S. 1970 . All the fat and sullage fuddy murriners . Natur. Hist , 79 : 18
   Google Scholar
• Mackenthun , K. M. 1969 . The Practice of Water Pollution Biology , Washington : U.S.D.I., F.W.P.C.A., Div. of Technol. Support .
   Google Scholar
• 1961 . Waste Stabilization Lagoons , Public Health Service Pub. 872 .
   Google Scholar
• Horning , W. B. II , Porges , R. , Clark , H. F. and Cooke , W. B. 1964 . Waste Stabilization Pond Study , Lebanon, Ohio : P. H. S. Pub. No. 999‐WP‐16 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartsch , A. F. and Allum , M. O. 1957 . Biological factors in treatment of raw sewage in artificial ponds . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 2 : 77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1962 . Species of Fusarium isolated from a waste stabilization pond system . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 18 : 225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Matsuura , G. S. 1963 . A study of yeast populations in a waste stabilization pond system . Protoplasma , 57 : 163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Matsuura , G. S. 1969 . Distribution of fungi in a waste stabilization pond system . Ecology , 50 : 689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , H. G. and Oswald , W. J. 1952 . The role of algae in sewage oxidation ponds . Sci. Monthly , 74 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Pasveer , A. Investigation on the control of filamentous bulking . Fourth Int. Conf. on Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Prague. pp. 2
   Google Scholar
• Dostal , K. A. 1968 . Progress report on aerated lagoon treatment of food processing wastes , FWPCA Northwest Region Report No. PR‐5
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1959 . Trickling filter ecology . Ecology , 40 : 273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1970 . Our Mouldy Earth , FWPCA Res. Contract Ser. Publ. No. CWR .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , W. D. 1964 . Plants and the Ecosystem , Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth Pub. Co. .
   Google Scholar
• McKinney , R. E. 1953 . Biocatalysts and waste disposal. I. Fundamental biochemistry of waste disposal . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 25 : 1129
   Google Scholar
• McKinney , R. E. and Poliakof , L. 1953 . Biocatalysts and waste disposal. II. Effect on activated sludge . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 25 : 1268
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1956 . Colonization of artificial bare areas by microorganisms. . Botany Rev. , 22 : 613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sladeckova , A. 1962 . Limnological investigation methods for the periphyton ("Aufwuchs") community . Botany Rev. , 28 : 286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. in press . Fungi in the Lebanon sewage treatment plant and in Turtle Creek, Warren Co., Ohio . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. ,
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1957 . Check list of fungi isolated from sewage and polluted water . Sydowia, Beiheft , 1 : 146
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. Use and value of fungi as biological indicators of pollution . Transactions of a Seminar on Biological Problems in Water Pollution . Cincinnati : R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center .
   Google Scholar
• Fjerdingstad , E. 1964 . Pollution of streams estimated by benthal phytomicroorganisms. I. A saprobic system based on communities of organisms and ecological factors . Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. , 49 : 63
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1954 . Fungi in polluted water and sewage. I. Literature review . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 26 : 539
   Google Scholar
• Brock , T. D. Microbial growth under extreme conditions . Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology . Vol. XIX , pp. 15 Microbial Growth .
   Google Scholar
• Mackenthun , K. M. , ed. 1967 . Temperature and Aquatic Life , 6 Cincinnati : Technol. Advisory and Invest. Branch, FWPCA .
   Google Scholar
• Lilly , V. G. and Barnett , H. L. 1951 . Physiology of the Fungi , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane , V. W. 1958 . Physiology of Fungi , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Tabak , H. H. and Cooke , W. B. 1968 . Growth of fungi in an atmosphere of nitrogen . Mycologia , 60 : 115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stover , R. H. 1962 . “ Fusarial wilt (Panama disease) of bananas and other Musa species ” . In Phytopathol. Papers , 4 Kew, , England : Common. Mycol. Inst. .
   Google Scholar
• Emerson , R. and Held , A. A. 1969 . Aqualinderella fermentans gen. et sp. nov., a phycomycete adapted to stagnant waters. II. Isolation, cultural characteristics, and gas relations . Amer. J. Botany , 56 : 1103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson , R. and Weston , W. H. 1967 . Aqualinderella fermentans gen. et sp. nov., a phycomycete adapted to stagnant waters. I. Morphology and occurrence in nature . Amer. J. Botany , 54 : 702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney , C. D. and Emerson , R. 1964 . Thermophilic Fungi , San Francisco : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1965 . The growth of yeasts at 37°C . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 25 : 195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wieringa , K. T. 1956 . The micro‐organisms decomposing pectic substances in the dew retting process of flax . Neth. J. Agr. Sci. , 4 : 204
   Google Scholar
• Shell , G. L. and Boyd , H. L. 1936, 1969 . Composting Dewatered Sewage Sludge , P. H. S. Pub. .
   Google Scholar
• Kuehn , H. H. and Gunderson , M. T. 1962 . Psychrophilic and mesophilic fungi in fruit‐filled pastries . Appl. Microbiol. , 10 : 354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuehn , H. H. and Gunderson , M. T. 1963 . Psychrophilic and mesophilic fungi in frozen food products . Appl. Microbiol. , 11 : 352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1955 . Subalpine fungi and snowbanks . Ecology , 36 : 124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintikka , V. 1964 . Psychrophilic Basidiomycetes decomposing forest litter under winter conditions. . Commun. Inst. Forest. Fenn. , 59 ( 2 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Lawrence , D. B. 1959 . Soil mould fungi isolated from recently glaciated soils in South‐eastern Alaska . J. Ecology , 47 : 529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Fournelle , H. T. 1960 . Some soil fungi from an Alaskan tundra area . Arctic , 13 : 266
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Kabler , P. W. 1955 . Isolation of potentially pathogenic fungi from polluted water and sewage . Public Health Rep. , 70 : 689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schol‐Schwarz , M. B. 1968 . Rhinocladiella, its synonym Fonsecaea and its relation to Phialophora, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . J. Microbiol. Serol. , 34 : 119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. , Phaff , H. J. , Miller , M. W. , Shifrine , M. and Knapp , E. P. 1960 . Yeasts in polluted water and sewage . Mycologia , 52 : 210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher , R. W. 1932 . Contributions to our knowledge of the ecology of sewage fungus . Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans. , 17 : 112
   Google Scholar
• Carnahan , C. T. 1941 . Mechanical aids for stream surveys . Public Health Rep. , 56 : 815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butcher , R. W. 1946 . The biological detection of pollution . Inst. of Sewage Purification , 15 Oct. : 1
   Google Scholar
• Dobie , J. and Moyle , J. 1956 . Methods used for investigating productivity of fish‐rearing ponds in Minnesota , 1 Minn. Dept. of Conservation, Fisheries Res. Unit, Spec. Pub., 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Javornicky , F. 1958 . The revision of some quantitative methods for phytoplankton research . Sci. Papers, Inst. Chem. Technol., Prague , 2 : 283 (In Czech. with English Summary.)
   Google Scholar
• Bartsch , A. F. and Ingram , W. M. 1959 . Stream life and the pollution environment . Public Works , July
   Google Scholar
• Hornung , H. 1959 . Floristich‐ökotogische Untersuchungen an der Echaz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ver Verunreinigung durch Abwässer . Arch. f. Hydrobiol. , 55 : 52
   Google Scholar
• Bartsch , A. F. and Ingram , W. M. 1966 . Biological analysis of water pollution in North America . Verh. Intern. Verein. Limnol. , 16 : 786
   Google Scholar
• Cairns , J. Jr. , Sparks , R. E. and Waller , W. T. 1970 . Biological systems as pollution monitors . Research/Development , Sept. 22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , N. A. 1970 . Impoundment biology of Wilson Reservoir, Kansas . J. Amer. Water Works Ass. , 62 : 439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis , E. J. C. 1969 . Sewage fungus: its nature and effects . Water Res. , 3 : 289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield , C. T. and Wattie , E. 1941 . Studies of sewage purification. XV. Effective bacteria in purification by trickling filters . Public Health Rep. , 56 : 2445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isaac , P. C. C. and James , A. 1964 . The bacterial ecology of trickling filters . Verh. Intern. Verein. Limnol , 15 : 620
   Google Scholar
• James , A. 1964 . The bacteriology of trickling filters . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 27 : 197
   Google Scholar
• Butterfield , C. T. , Ruchhoft , C. C. and McNamee , P. D. 1937 . Studies of sewage purification. VI. Biochemical oxidation by sludges developed by pure colonies of bacteria isolated from activated sludge . Public Health Rep. , 52 : 387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipes , W. O. 1966 . The ecological approach to the study of activated sludge . Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , 8 : 77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipes , W. O. 1967 . Bulking of activated sludge . Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , 9 : 185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright , J. H. 1895 . Report on the results of an examination of the water supply of Philadelphia, in Billings, J. H., The bacteria of river waters . Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 7 ( 3 ) : 417
   Google Scholar
• Safferman , R. S. and Morris , M.‐E. 1962 . A method for the isolation and enumeration of Actinomycetes related to water supplies , Technol. Rep. Robert A Taft San. Engr. Center, PHS, W‐62–10 .
   Google Scholar
• Romano , A. H. and Safferman , R. S. 1963 . Studies on Actinomycetes and their odors . J. Amer. Water Works Ass. , 55 : 169
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , C. M. 1959 . Algae in Water Supplies , P. H. S. Pub. 657 .
   Google Scholar
• Mohr , J. L. 1952 . Protozoa as indicators of pollution . Sci. Monthly , 74 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Ingram , W. M. and Bartsch , A. F. 1960 . Operators’ identification guide to animals associated with potable water supplies . J. Amer. Water Works Ass. , 52 : 1521
   Google Scholar
• Smith , L. W. Jr. 1969 . The relationship of mosquitoes to oxidation lagoons in Columbia, Missouri . Mosquito News , 29 : 556
   Google Scholar
• Smith , L. W. Jr. and Enns , W. R. 1969 . Insects associated with oxidation lagoons in Missouri . J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. , 42 : 409
   Google Scholar
• Usinger , R. L. and Keller , W. R. 1955 . The role of insects in sewage disposal beds . Hilgardia , 23 : 263
   Google Scholar
• Sparrow , F. K. 1960 . Aquatic Phycomycetes, , 2nd ed. , Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barr , D. J. S. and Hickman , C. J. 1967 . Chytrids and algae. I. Hostsubstrate range, and morphological variation of species of Rhizophidium . Can. J. Botany , 45 : 423
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , J. V. 1952 . Relationship of aquatic fungi to water pollution . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 24 : 1159
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Bartsch , A. F. 1959 . Aquatic fungi in water with high waste loads . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 31 : 1316
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Bartsch , A. F. 1960 . Aquatic fungi in some Ohio streams . Ohio J. Sci. , 60 : 144
   Google Scholar
• Willoughby , L. G. 1962 . The occurrence and distribution of reproductive spores of Saprolegniales in fresh water . J. Ecology , 50 : 733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby , L. G. 1965 . Some observations on the location of site of fungal activity at Blelham Tarn . Hydrobiologia , 25 : 352
   Google Scholar
• Baxter , D. V. and Middleton , J. T. 1961 . Geofungi in forest successions following retreat of the Alaskan glaciers . Recent Adv. Botany , 2 : 1514
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1954 . Fungi in sewage and polluted water. III. Fungi in a small polluted stream . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 26 : 790
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1961 . Pollution effects on the fungus population of a stream . Ecology , 42 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingold , C. T. 1953 . Dispersal in Fungi , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burkholder , P. E. and Sinnott , E. W. 1945 . Morphogenesis of fungus colonies in submerged shaken culture . Amer. J. Botany , 32 : 424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1957 . Nutritional requirements of nine common sewage fungi . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 29 : 1243
   Google Scholar
• Millbank , J. W. 1969 . Nitrogen fixation in moulds and yeasts ‐ a reappraisal . Arch. Mikrobiol. , 68 : 32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Symons , J. M. and McKinney , R. E. 1958 . The biochemistry of nitrogen in the synthesis of activated sludge . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 30 : 874
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , S. D. 1970 . Pathogenic Root‐Infecting Fungi , Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1968 . Carbon/nitrogen relationships of fungus culture media . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 34 : 305
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1970 . Fungi associated with the activated‐sludge process of sewage treatment at the Lebanon, Ohio, sewage treatment plant . Ohio J. Sci. , 70 : 129
   Google Scholar
• McDermott , G. N. , Moore , W. A. , Post , M. A. and Ettinger , M. B. 1963 . Copper and anaerobic sludge digestion . J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , 35 : 655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. Fungi in streams carrying acid mine‐drainage . Proc. 21st. Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Vol. 50 , pp. 2 258
   Google Scholar
• Williams , L. G. and Mount , D. I. 1965 . Influence of zinc on periphytic communities . Amer. J. Botany , 52 : 25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , J. W. 1949 . Chemical Activities of Fungi , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , S. 1960 . “ Fungicidal chemistry ” . In Plant Pathology, An Advanced Treatise, Vol. II, The Pathogen , Edited by: Horsfall , J. G. and Dimond , A. E. 715 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Skou , J. P. 1960 . Microbiological studies in connection with irradiation of carrets . Rise Reports , 16 : 79
   Google Scholar
• Skou , J. P. 1963 . Aureobasidium pullulans (deBy.) Arnaud ‐ A common and very radio‐resistant fungus on fresh fruits and vegetables . Radiation Preservation of Foods , : 63 IVA Medd. No. 136
   Google Scholar
• Witcamp , M. 1966 . Biological concentrations of 137Csand 90Sr in Arctic food chains . Nuclear Safety , 8 : 58
   Google Scholar
• Witcamp , M. 1963 . Factors influencing microbial immobilization of certain radionuclides in leaf litter, Abstract . Tenn. Acad. Sci. , 38 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. , Moore , W. A. and Kabler , P. W. 1956 . B. O. D. satisfaction by fungi . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 28 : 1075
   Google Scholar
• James , N. 1959 . Plate counts of bacteria and fungi in a saline soil . Can. J. Microbiol. , 5 : 431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , C. B. and Durrell , L. W. 1966 . Distribution of fungi and algae, in Hunt, C. B., Plant ecology of Death Valley, California . Geological Survey Professional Paper , 509 : 55
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , T. W. Jr. and Meyers , S. P. 1957 . Literature on halophilous and halilimnic fungi . Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf Caribbean , 7 : 330
   Google Scholar
• Kishimoto , R. A. and Baker , G. E. 1969 . Pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi isolated from beach sands and selected soils of Oahu, Hawaii . Mycologia , 61 : 537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1954 . Fungi in sewage and polluted water. II. Isolation technique . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 26 : 661
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Matsuura , G. S. 1963 . Physiological studies in the black yeasts . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl , 21 : 225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson , H. A. , Hipke , H. L. and Rogers , T. O. Sewage decomposition in acid mine drainage water . Proc. 19th Industrial Waste Conf, Purdue Univ. Vol. 49 , pp. 1a 272
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson , W. J. and Edwards , G. A. 1949 . Studies on the physiological bases of morphogenesis in fungi. I. The respiratory metabolism of dimorphic pathogenic fungi,/ . Gen. Physiol. , 33 : 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos , C. 1962 . Introductory Mycology, , 2nd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , J. G. and Shaw , C. G. 1955 . Fungi in domestic sewage treatment plants . Appl. Microbiol. , 3 : 173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipes , W. O. 1968 . An atlas of activated sludge types , Project Report, FWPCA WO‐00588–04 Evanston : Northwestern University .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1963 . A Laboratory Guide to Fungi in Polluted Waters, Sewage, and Sewage Treatment Systems, Their Identification and Culture , Cincinnati : P. H. S. Pub. 999‐WP‐1 .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , T. D. 1966 . Microbial Ecology , Engelwood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1965 . The enumeration of yeast populations in a sewage treatment plant . Mycologia , 57 : 696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , J. F. T. , Gorin , P. A. J. and Gardner , N. R. 1970 . Yeasts isolated from the South Saskatchewan, a polluted river . Can. J. Microbiol. , 16 : 1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , W. L. 1970 . Effects of pollution on the seasonal population of yeasts in Lake Champlain . Spectrum , 1 : 107
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , S. P. , Ahearn , D. G. and Cook , W. L. 1970 . Mycological studies of Lake Champlain . Mycologia , 62 : 504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , B. V. , Dias , E. F. and Bhat , J. V. 1965 . A method for the preferential isolation of yeasts . Current Sci. , : 20
   Google Scholar
• Clark , H. F. , Geldreich , E. E. , Jeter , H. L. and Kabler , P. W. 1951 . The membrane filter in sanitary bacteriology . Public Health Rep. , 66 : 951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , M. 1961 . Introduction to Soil Microbiology , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1958 . Continuous sampling of trickling filter populations. I. Procedures . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 30 : 21
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Hirsch , A. 1958 . Continuous sampling of trickling filter populations. II. Populations . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 30 : 139
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Pipes , W. O. 1970 . The occurrence of fungi in activated sludge . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl , 40 : 249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnett , J. H. 1968 . Fundamentals of Mycology , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Schütte , K. H. 1956 . Translocation in the fungi . New Phytologist , 55 : 164
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Ludzack , F. J. 1958 . Predacious fungus behavior in activated sludge systems . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 30 : 1490
   Google Scholar
• Pipes , W. O. and Jenkins , D. 1965 . Zoophagus in activated sludge ‐ a second observation . Int. J. Air Water Pollut. , 9 : 495
   Google Scholar
• Pipes , W. O. Carnivorous plants in activated sludge . Proc. 20th. Industr. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. pp. 50
   Google Scholar
• Mason , H. L. and Langenheim , J. H. 1957 . Language analysis and the concept . Environment. Ecology , 38 : 325
   Google Scholar
• Siu , R. G. H. 1951 . Microbial Decomposition of Cellulose , New York : Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Domsch , K. E. and Gams , W. 1969 . Variability and potential of a soil fungus population to decompose pectin, xylan, and carboxylmethylcellulose . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 1 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1957 . Natural and induced fungal degradation of lignin . TAPPI , 40 : 301
   Google Scholar
• Tabak , H. H. , Chambers , C. W. and Kabler , P. W. 1959 . Bacterial utilization of lignans. I. Metabolism of α‐conidendrin . J. Bacterial , 78 : 469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabak , H. H. , Chambers , C. W. and Kabler , P. W. 1964 . Microbial metabolism of metabolic compounds. I. Decomposition of phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons by phenol‐adapted bacteria. . J. Bacteriol. , 87 : 910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , W. E. and Ahearn , D. G. 1970 . Ecology and physiology of yeasts in an asphalt refinery and its water shed . Spectrum , 1 : 113
   Google Scholar
• Hueck , H. J. 1960 . The biological deterioration of plastics . Plastics , Oct.
   Google Scholar
• Nette , I. T. , Pomortseva , N. V. and Loslova , E. I. 1959 . Destruction of rubber by microorganisms . Mikrobiologiya , 28 : 821 (Engl. trans. from Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , V. and Lucas , R. L. 1969 . Effects of herbicides on the growth of soil fungi . New Phytol. , 68 : 709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C. M. and Lynd , J. Q. 1970 . Soil microfloral interactions with aflatoxin synthesis and degradation . Mycologia , 62 : 978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludzack , F. J. and Ettinger , M. B. 1957 . Biological oxidation of hexadecanol under laboratory conditions . J. Amer. Water Works Ass. , 49 : 849
   Google Scholar
• Ludzack , F. J. and Ettinger , M. B. 1960 . Chemical structures resistant to aerobic biochemical stabilization . J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , 32 : 1173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett , S. D. 1956 . Biology of Root‐Infecting Fungi , Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. Fungi in sludge digesters . Proc. 20th. Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue Univ. Vol. 50 , pp. 6
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , C. W. 1951 . The Molds and Man , Minneapolis : Univ. of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. 1959 . The Relation of Fungi to Human Affairs , New York : Henry Holt .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. Process for the production of fungal protein . U. S. Patent 3, 151, 038 . 1964 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. and Abou‐El‐Seoud , M. 1965 . Fungi Imperfecti as sources of protein . Develop. Ind. Microbiol. , 7 : 221
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. 1964 . Protein and world population increase . Proc. 13th. Ann. Mtg., Agr. Res. Inst. 1964 , Washington. pp. 97
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. 1965 . Fungi as a potential source of edible protein . Activities Report , 17 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. , Och , F. F. and Abou‐El‐Seoud , M. 1964 . Fungi Imperfecti as a potential source of edible protein . Develop. Ind. Microbiol. , 5 : 384
   Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. and Abou‐El‐Seoud , M. 1966 . Fungal protein for food and feeds. II. Whole sweet potato as a substrate . Economic Botany , 20 : 119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. and Abou‐El‐Seoud , M. 1966 . Fungal protein for food and feeds. III. Manioc as a potential crude raw material for tropical areas . Econ. Bot. , 20 : 251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. and Abou‐El‐Seoud , M. 1966 . Fungal protein for food and feeds. IV. Whole sugar beets or beet pulp as a substrate . Econ. Bot. , 20 : 372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. and Karve , M. D. 1967 . Fungal protein for food and feeds. V. Rice as a source of carbohydrate for the production of fungal protein . Econ. Bot. , 21 : 110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , W. D. and Paugh , R. 1967 . Fungal protein for food and feeds. VI. Direct use of cane juice . Econ. Bot , 21 : 273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church , B. D. and Nash , H. A. Use of Fungi Imperfecti in waste control . Nat. Symp. on Food Processing Wastes Proc . Portland, Ore.. Apr. , D‐2305
   Google Scholar
• Romano , A. H. 1958 . Fumaric acid fermentation of spent sulphite liquor . TAPPI , 41 : 687
   Google Scholar
• Romano , A. H. Conversion of spent sulphite liquors to fumaric acid by Rhizopus species . Proc. 14th. Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Vol. 44 , pp. 711
   Google Scholar
• Litchfield , J. H. and Overbeck , R. C. Submerged culture growth of Morchella species in food processing waste substrates . Proc. 1st. Int. Cong. Food Sci. Technol. Vol. 2 , pp. 511
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , A. 1969 . Mushrooms, microbes and malnutrition . New Sci. , 27 Nov. : 450
   Google Scholar
• Woodbine , M. , Gregory , M. E. and Walker , T. K. 1951 . Microbiological synthesis of fat. Preliminary survey of the fat‐producing moulds . J. Exp. Bot. , 11 : 204
   Google Scholar
• Murray , S. , Woodbine , M. and Walker , T. K. 1953 . Microbiological synthesis of fat. The formation of fat from sucrose . J. Exp. Bot. , 4 : 251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , A. J. , Dubey , J. A. , Luech , B. F. and Hughes , L. P. 1950 . Torula yeast grown on spent sulphite liquor . Industr. Eng. Chem. , 42 : 1830
   Google Scholar
• Wiley , A. J. , Holderby , J. M. and Fries , K. W. Food and feed yeast in the U. S. A. Proc. 5th. Meeting, Panel on Food Chemistry . pp. 89 Stockholm : Food and Agr. Org. of the U. N. .
   Google Scholar
• Ritzman , E. G. 1948 . Wood yeast as a protein supplement . Guernsey Breeders’ J. , Nov. 15
   Google Scholar
• Ritzman , E. G. 1948 . Wood yeast protein as a feed for livestock , Vol. 7 , 1 Univ. of N. Hampshire, Eng. Exp. Sta., Eng. Pub. .
   Google Scholar
• Ringrose , R. C. 1949 . Nutritive properties of Torula yeast for poultry . Poultry Sci. , 28 : 75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milbury , W. F. , Reidel , G. W. and Jones , P. H. Yeast production using conventional activated sludge methods for treatment of corn processing industrial wastes . Third Can. Symp. on Water Pollut. Res. Univ. of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Lindegren , C. C. 1965 . Food yeast . Develop. Ind. Microbiol. , 7 : 226
   Google Scholar
• Lindegren , C. C. 1946 . Breeding yeasts for their new role in nutrition . Mo. Botany Gard. Bull. , 34 : 37
   Google Scholar
• Dotson , G. K. , Dean , R. B. , Kenner , B. A. and Cooke , W. B. 1970 . Land spreading, a conserving and non‐polluting method of disposing of oily wastes . 5th. Int. Water Pollut. Contr. Conf. 1970 .
   Google Scholar
• Ludzack , F. J. and Kinkead , D. 1956 . Persistence of oily wastes in polluted water under aerobic conditions . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 48 : 263
   Google Scholar
• Ludzack , F. J. 1960 . Laboratory model activated sludge unit . J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , 32 : 605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1969 . Fungi in soils over which digested sewage sludge has been spread . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 39 : 209
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1971 . The effect of sludge additives on soil fungus populations . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl , in press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unger , P. W. and Parker , J. J. Jr. 1968 . Residue placement effects on decomposition, evaporation, and soil moisture distribution . Agron. J. , 60 : 469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. Fungi in polluted water and sewage. IV. The occurrence of fungi in a trickling filter‐type sewage treatment plant . Proc. 13th. Industr. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Vol. 43 , pp. 3 26
   Google Scholar
• Ruchhoft , C. C. and Setter , L. R. 1953 . Application of biological methods in the treatment of radioactive wastes . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 25 : 48
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Matsuura , G. S. 1963 . Removal of ABS from solutions by a common fungus of sewage . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 19 : 287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Standard , P. G. and Ahearn , D. G. 1970 . Effects of alkylbenzene sulfonates on yensts . Appl. Microbiol. , 20 : 646
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. Some effects of spray disposal of spent sulphite liquor on soil mold populations . Proc. 15th. Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Vol. 45 , pp. 35
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1963 . Fungi associated with spent sulphite liquor disposal in a natural sand bed . TAPPI , 46 : 573
   Google Scholar
• Zehnpfennig , R. and Nichols , M. S. 1953 . Inoculation studies in B. O. D. determination on sewage and pulp mill waste . Sewage and Industr. Waste , 25 : 61
   Google Scholar
• Maki , L. R. 1954 . Experiments on the microbiology of cellulose decomposition in a municipal sewage plant, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . J. Microbiol. Serol. , 20 : 185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen, C. M., Verbal communications.
   Google Scholar
• Tabak , H. H. and Bunch , R. L. 1970 . Stereoid hormones as water pollutants . Develop. Ind. Microbiol , 11 : 367
   Google Scholar
• Schatz , A. , Savard , K. and Pintner , I. J. 1949 . The ability of soil microorganisms to decompose stereoids . J. Bacteriol. , 58 : 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talalay , P. 1965 . Degradation of the stereoid skeleton by microorganisms . Ann. Rev. Biochem. , 34 : 347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Uden , N. and Lodder , J. 1971 . The Yeasts , Vol. 2 , Amsterdam : North Holland Pub. Co. . in press
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , C. W. , Binford , C. H. and Lutz , J. P. 1963 . Medical Mycology , Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , M. A. , Ajello , L. , Georg , L. K. and Zeidberg , L. D. 1952 . Microsporum gypseum and Histoplasma capsulatum spores in soil and water . Science , 116 : 208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajello , L. and Runyon , L. C. 1953 . Infection of mice with single spore of Histoplasma capsulatum . Public Health Monogr. , 39 : 93
   Google Scholar
• Metzler , D. F. , Culp , R. L. , Stoltenberg , H. A. , Woodward , R. L. , Walton , G. , Chang , S. L. , Clarke , N. A. , Palmer , C. M. and Middleton , F. M. 1958 . Emergency reuse of reclaimed water for potable supply at Chanute, Kansas . J. Amer. Water Works Ass. , 50 : 1021
   Google Scholar
• Winner , H. I. and Hurley , R. 1964 . Candida albicans , Boston : Little, Brown and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , E. E. 1960 . Pathogenicity and taxonomy of Geotrichum candidum . Phytopathology , 50 : 665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , E. E. , Webster , R. K. and Eckert , J. W. 1965 . Taxonomy, pathogenicity, and physiological properties of the fungus causing sour rot of citrus . Phytopathology , 55 : 1262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. 1956 . Potential plant pathogenic fungi in sewage and polluted water . Plant Dis. Rep. , 40 : 681
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , W. B. and Kabler , P. W. 1957 . Plant disease fungi in sewage polluted water . Public Health Rep. , 72 : 651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries , G. A. and Cormans , R. H. 1969 . A study on the possible relationships between morphological and physiological properties of Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. and its presence in, or on, human and animal (pulmonary) tissue . Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. , 39 : 241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams , A. P. and Spendlove , J. C. 1970 . Coliform aerosols emitted from sewage treatment plants . Science , 169 : 1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrell , J. C. Jr. , Jopling , W. F. , Bott , R. F. , Katko , A. and Pintler , H. E. 1967 . The Santee Recreation Project, Santee, California , Final Report USDA .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. S. and Purdy , W. C. 1936 . Studies of sewage purification. IV. The use of chlorine for the correction of sludge bulking in the activated sludge process . Public Health Rep. , 1746 : 617
   Google Scholar
• Doudoroff , P. and Katz , M. 1950 . Critical review of literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes and their components to fish. I. Alkalies, acids and inorganic acids . Sewage and Industr. Wastes , 22 : 1432 (Esp. 1448, Chlorine and cyanogen chloride.)
   Google Scholar
• Weibel , S. R. , Straub , C. P. and Thoman , J. R. 1949 . Studies on Household Sewage Disposal Systems , Washington : Part Federal Security Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Bendixen , T. W. , Berk , M. , Sheehy , J. P. and Weibel , S. R. 1950 . Studies on Household Sewage Disposal Systems, Part II , Washington : Federal Security Admin. .
   Google Scholar
• Bendixen , T. W. and Weibel , S. R. 1951 . Study on septic tanks and septic tank disposal systems . Agr. Eng. , 32 : 499 500 502 504
   Google Scholar
• Weibel , S. R. , Bendixen , T. W. and Coulter , J. J. 1954 . Studies on Household Sewage Disposal Systems, Part III , P. H. S. Pub. 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Bendixen , T. W. , Hill , R. D. , Schwartz , W. A. and Robeck , G. G. Ridge and furrow liquid waste disposal in a northern latitude . J. San. Eng. Div., ASCE , 94 ( SA, 1 ) 147 Proc. Paper 5819, 1968
   Google Scholar
• Metropolitan Water Board . 42nd Report of the Director of Water Examination of the years 1965 and 1966, Section 3 1 London
   Google Scholar
• Bunker , H. J. 1963 . “ Microbial food ” . In Biochemistry of Industrial Microorganisms , Edited by: Rainbow , C. and Rose , A. H. 34 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gotaas , H. B. Reclamation of Municipal Refuse by Composting , Tech. Bull. 9, Series 37 Berkeley, Calif. : Univ. of California, Sanitary Engineering Research Project .
   Google Scholar