207
Views
74
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus density relationships in waste discharges and receiving waters

&
Pages 349-369 | Published online: 09 Jan 2009

References

  • Geldreich , E. E. , Clark , H. F. and Huff , C. B. 1964 . A study of pollution indicators in a waste stabilization pond . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 36 : 1372
  • Geldreich , E. E. , Best , L. C. , Kenner , B. A. and Van Donsel , D. J. 1968 . The bacteriological aspects of stormwater pollution . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 40 : 1861
  • Geldreich , E. E. and Kenner , B. A. 1969 . Concepts of fecal streptococci in stream pollution . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 41 : R336
  • Geldreich , E. E. 1972 . Buffalo Lake recreational water quality: A study in bacteriological data interpretation . Water Res. , 6 : 913
  • Rosebury , T. 1968 . Microorganisms Indigenous to Man , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Geldreich , E. E. “ Bacterial populations and indicator concepts in feces, sewage, stormwater and solid wastes ” . In Viral Indicators in Water, Sewage and Foods , Edited by: Berg , G. Interscience . in press
  • Geldreich , E. E. , Bordner , R. H. , Huff , C. B. , Clark , H. F. and Kabler , P. W. 1962 . Type distribution of coliform bacteria in the feces of warm‐blooded animals . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 34 : 295
  • Geldreich , E. E. 1966 . Sanitary Significance of Fecal Coliforms in the Environment , U.S. Department of the Interior, Publ. WP‐20–3 Cincinnati, Ohio : Federal Water Pollution Control Administration .
  • Thone , B. T. 1970 . Klebsiella in faeces . Lancet , 2 : 1033
  • Matsen , J. M. , Spindler , J. A. and Blosser , R. O. 1974 . Characterization of Klebsiella isolates from natural receiving waters and comparison with human isolates . Appl. Microbiol. , 28 : 672
  • Mishra , R. P. and Rao , N. U. 1965 . Enumeration of fecal streptococci dilution tube vs M.F. Technique . Environ. Health (India) , 7 : 116
  • Kenner , B. A. , Clark , H. F. and Kabler , P. W. 1960 . Fecal streptococci. II. Quantification of streptococci in feces . Am. J. Public Health , 50 : 1953
  • Haenel , H. and Muller‐Beuthow , W. 1956 . Comparative quantitative examination on germ counts in the feces of man and of some vertebrates . Zentratbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. I. , 167 : 123
  • Mundt , J. O. , Coggin , J. H. Jr. and Johnson , L. F. 1962 . Growth of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquifaciens on plants . Appl. Microbiol. , 10 : 552
  • Mundt , J. O. and Graham , W. F. 1968 . Streptococcus faecium var. casseliflavus nov. var. . J. Bacteriol. , 95 : 2005
  • Mundt , J. O. 1963 . Occurrence of enterococci in animals in a wild environment . Appl. Microbiol. , 11 : 136
  • Geldreich , E. E. , Kenner , B. A. and Kabler , P. W. 1964 . Occurrence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and streptococci on vegetation and insects . Appl. Microbiol. , 12 : 63
  • Mundt , J. O. 1963 . Occurrence of enterococci on plants in a wild environment . Appl. Microbiol. , 11 : 141
  • Van Donsel , D. J. , Geldreich , E. E. and Clarke , N. A. 1967 . Seasonal variations in survival of indicator bacteria in soil and their contribution to stormwater pollution . Appl Microbiol. , 15 : 1362
  • Geldreich , E. E. 1970 . Applying bacteriological parameters to recreational water quality . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 62 : 113
  • Langston , C. W. and Bauma , C. A. 1960 . A study of the microorganisms from grass silage. I. The cocci . Appl. Microbiol. , 8 : 212
  • Pavlova , M. T. , Brezenski , F. T. and Litsky , W. 1972 . Evaluation of various media for isolation, enumeration, and identification of fecal streptococci from natural sources . Health Lab. Sci. , 9 : 289
  • Geldreich , E. E. 1975 . Handbook for Evaluating Water Bacteriology Laboratories , Cincinnati : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐670/9–75
  • Deibel , R. H. , Lake , D. E. and Niven , C. F. Jr. 1963 . Physiology of the enterococci as related to their taxonomy . J. Bacteriol. , 86 : 1275
  • Hartman , P. A. , Reinbold , G. W. and Saraswat , D. S. 1966 . Indicator organisms ‐ a review. I. Taxonomy of the fecal streptococci . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. , 16 : 197
  • Tilton , R. C. and Litsky , W. 1967 . The characterization of fecal streptococcL An attempt to differentiate between animal and human sources of contamination . J. Milk Food Technol. , 30 : 1
  • Pavlova , M. T. , Litsky , W. and Francis , F. J. 1971 . A comparative study of starch hydrolysis by fecal streptococci employing plate and tube techniques . Health Lab. Sci. , 8 : 67
  • Facklam , R. R. 1972 . Recognition of Group D streptococcal species of human origin by biochemical and physiological tests . Appl. Microbiol. , 23 : 1131
  • Ramadan , F. M. and Sabir , M. S. 1963 . Differentiation studies of fecal streptococci from farm animals . Can. J. Microbiol. , 9 : 443
  • Sharpe , M. E. and Shattock , P. M. F. 1952 . The serological typing of Group D streptococci associated with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 6 : 150
  • Sharpe , M. E. and Fewins , B. F. 1960 . Serological typing of strains of Streptococcus faecium and unclassified Group D streptococci isolated from canned hams and pig intestines . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 23 : 621
  • Medrek , T. F. and Barnes , E. M. 1962 . The physiological and serological properties of Streptococcus bovis and related organisms isolated from cattle and sheep . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 25 : 169
  • Deibel , R. H. 1964 . The Group D streptococci . Bacteriol Rev. , 28 : 330
  • Pavlova , M. , Beauvais , E. , Brezenski , F. T. and Litsky , W. 1972 . Fluorescent antibody techniques for the identification of Group D streptococci: Direct staining method . Appl. Microbiol. , 23 : 571
  • Pugsley , A. P. and Evison , L. M. 1974 . Immunofluorescence identification of faecal streptococci using commercially available antisera . Water Res. , 8 : 725
  • Goodrich , T. D. , Stuart , D. G. and Walter , W. G. 1973 . Enteric bacteria found in elk droppings in a municipal watershed in Montana . J. Environ. Health , 35 : 374
  • Rogers , C. G. and Saries , W. B. 1964 . Isolation and identification of enterococci from the intestinal tract of the rat . J. Bacteriol. , 88 : 965
  • Johnstone , D. L. and Drake , C. H. 1968 . Incidence of enterococci in the feces of common wild birds . J. Environ. Health , 30 : 539
  • Houston , A. C. 1900 . “ On the Value of Examination of Water for Streptococci and Staphylococci with a View to Detection of its Recent Contamination with Animal Organic Matter ” . In Supplement 29th Annual Report Local Government Board Containing Report of Medical Officer 1899 to 1900 , 458 England : London County Council .
  • Winslow , C. E. and Hunnewell , M. P. 1902 . Streptococci characteristics of sewage and sewage‐polluted waters . Science , 15 : 827
  • Winter , C. E. and Sandholzer , L. A. 1946 . Studies of Fecal Streptococci, Fishery Leaflet 201 , Washington, D. C. : U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service .
  • Mallmann , W. L. and Seligmann , E. B. 1950 . A comparative study of media for the detection of streptococci in water and sewage . Am. J. Public Health , 40 : 286
  • Slanetz , L. W. and Bartley , C. H. 1957 . Numbers of enterococci in water, sewage, and feces determined by the membrane filter technique with an improved medium . J. Bacteriol. , 74 : 591
  • Kenner , B. A. , Clark , H. F. and Kabler , P. W. 1961 . Fecal streptococci. Cultivation and enumeration of streptococci in surface waters . Appl. Microbiol. , 9 : 15
  • Isenberg , H. D. , Goldberg , D. and Sampson , J. 1970 . Laboratory studies with a selective enterococcus medium . Appl. Microbiol. , 20 : 433
  • Croft , C. C. 1959 . A comparative study of media for detection of enterococci in water . Am. J. Public Health , 49 : 1379
  • Bordner , R. H. 1972 . Analytical quality control laboratory , Cincinnati : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Kunkle , S. H. Sources and transport of bacterial indicators in rural streams . Symp. Interdisciplinary Aspects of Watershed Management . Bozeman : Montana State University .
  • Sabbaj , J. , Sutton , V. L. and Finegold , S. M. 1971 . Comparison of selective media for isolation of presumptive Group D streptococci from human feces . Appl. Microbiol. , 22 : 1008
  • Facklam , R. R. 1973 . Comparison of several laboratory media for presumptive identification of enterococci and Group D streptococci . Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 138
  • Mundt , J. O. , Larsen , S. A. and McCarty , I. E. 1973 . Growth of lactic acid bacteria in waste waters of vegetable‐processing plants . Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 138
  • Lelliott , R. A. 1966 . The plant pathogenic coryneform bacteria . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 29 : 114
  • Mundt , J. O. , Beattie , W. G. and Wieland , F. R. 1969 . Pediococci residing on plants . J. Bacteriol. , 98 : 938
  • Stark , J. and Sherman , J. M. 1935 . Concerning the habitat of Streptococcus lactis . J. Bacteriol. , 30 : 639
  • Mossel , D. A. A. 1964 . Essentials of the assessment of the hygienic condition of food factories and their products . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 15 : 349
  • Raibaud , P. , Caulet , M. , Galpin , J. V. and Mocquot , G. 1961 . Studies on the bacterial flora of the alimentary tract of pigs. II. Streptococci: selective enumeration and differentiation of the dominant group . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 24 : 285
  • Hartman , P. A. , Reinbold , G. W. and Saraswat , D. S. 1966 . “ Media and Methods for isolation and enumeration of the enterococci ” . In Advances in Applied Microbiology , Edited by: Umbreit , W. W. Vol. 8 , 253 New York : Academic Press .
  • Speck , M. L. and Cowman , R. A. 1971 . Symposium on the restoration of sublethally impaired bacterial cells in foods. II. Injury and recovery of frozen microorganisms . J. Milk Food Technol. , 34 : 548
  • Lin , S. L. 1974 . Evaluation of fecal streptococci tests for chlorinated secondary sewage effluents . J. Environ. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. , 100 : 253
  • Lin , S. L. 1973 . Evaluations of coliform tests for chlorinated secondary effluents . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 45 : 498
  • Sladek , K. J. , Suslavich , R. V. , Sohn , B. I. and Dawson , F. W. 1975 . Optimum membrane structures for growth of fecal coliform organisms . Appl. Microbiol. , 30 : 685
  • Geldreich , E. E. 1975 . Performance variability of membrane filter procedures . EPA‐American Society for Testing and Materials Symp. on Membrane Filters . January 20–21 1975 , Fort Lauderdale, Fla..
  • Presswood , W. C. and Brown , L. R. 1973 . Comparison of German and Millipore membrane filters for enumerating fecal coliform bacteria . Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 336
  • Dutka , B. J. , Jackson , M. J. and Bell , J. B. 1974 . Comparison of autoclave and ethylene‐oxide‐sterilized membrane filters used in water quality studies . Appl. Microbiol. , 28 : 474
  • Mead , G. C. 1966 . Faecal streptococci in water supplies and the problem of selective isolation . Proc. Soc. Water Treat. Exam. , 15 : 207
  • Rose , R. E. , Geldreich , E. E. and Litsky , W. 1975 . Improved membrane filter method for fecal coliform analyses . Appl. Microbiol. , 29 : 532
  • Clark , J. A. 1973 . Relationships among pollution indicator bacteria isolated from raw water and distribution systems by the presence‐absence (P‐A) test . Health Lab. Sci. , 10 : 163
  • Fry , K. 17, July 1966 . Land Run‐off — A Factor in Potomac Basin Pollution , 17, July , Bethesda, Md. : Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin .
  • Geldreich , E. E. and Bordner , R. H. 1971 . Fecal contamination of fruits and vegetables during cultivation and processing for market ‐ A review . J. Milk Food Technol. , 34 : 184
  • Van Donsel , D. J. and Geldreich , E. E. 1971 . Relationships of salmonellae to fecal coliforms in bottom sediments . Water Res. , 5 : 1079
  • Feachem , R. 1973 . Recommendations for the testing of bacteriological water quality in rural Papua, New Guinea . Papua New Guinea Med. J. , 16 : 213
  • Dutka , B. J. , Chau , A. S. Y. and Coburn , J. 1974 . Relationship between bacterial indicators of water pollution and fecal sterols . Water Res. , 8 : 1047
  • McFeters , G. A. , Bissonnette , G. K. , Jezeski , J. J. , Thomson , C. A. and Stuart , D. G. 1974 . Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water . Appl. Microbiol. , 27 : 823
  • Feachem , R. G. A. 1974 . Faecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in streams in the New Guinea Highlands . Water Res. , 8 : 367
  • Silvey , J. K. G. , Abshire , R. L. and Nunez , W. J. III . 1974 . Bacteriology of chlorinated and unchlorinated wastewater effluents . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 46 : 2153
  • Lin , S. , Evans , R. L. and Beuscher , D. B. 1974 . Bacteriological assessment of Spoon River Water Quality . Appl. Microbiol. , 28 : 288
  • Feachem , R. G. A. 1975 . An improved role for faecal coliforms to faecal streptococci ratios in the differentiation between human and non‐human polluting sources . Water Res. , 9 : 689
  • Everyone Can't Live Upstream . April 1971 . A Contemporary History of the Water Quality Problems on the Missouri River , April , Kansas City, Mo. : Office of Water Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA 2.2:Up 7
  • Merrell , J. and Stoyer , R. 1964 . Reclaimed sewage becomes a community asset . Am. City , 4 : 14
  • Keller , P. 1959 . Bacteriological aspects of sewage purification on river pollution . J. Hyg. , 57 : 410
  • Counts , C. A. , Shuckrow , A. J. and Smith , J. E. Jr. 1974 . Stabilization of Municipal Sewage Sludge by High Lime Dose, Pretreatment and Ultimate Disposal of Wastewater Solids , 73 New York : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐902/9–74–002
  • Parker , C. L. D. 1962 . Microbiological aspects of lagoon treatment . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 34 : 149
  • Feldman , B. M. 1974 . The problem of urban dogs . Science , 185 : 903
  • Hummer , R. L. 1975 . Pets in today's society . Am. J. Public Health , 65 : 1095
  • Burm , R. J. and Vaughn , R. D. 1966 . Bacteriological comparison between combined and separate sewer discharges in southeastern Michigan . J. Water Pollut. Control. Fed. , 38 : 400
  • Fair , J. F. and Morrison , J. F. 1967 . Recovery of bacterial pathogens from high quality surface water . Water Resour. Res. , 3 : 799
  • Glantz , P. J. 1973 . Escherichia coli serogroups isolated from streams in Pennsylvania, 1965 to 1972 . Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 741
  • Goodrich , T. D. , Stuart , D. G. and Walter , W. G. 1973 . Enteric bacteria found in elk droppings in a municipal watershed in Montana . J. Environ. Health , 35 : 374
  • Stuart , D. G. , Bissonnette , G. K. , Goodrich , T. D. and Walter , W. G. 1971 . Effects of multiple use on water quality of high mountain watersheds: Bacteriological investigation of mountain streams . Appl. Microbiol. , 22 : 1048
  • Weidner , R. B. , Christianson , A. G. , Weibel , S. R. and Robeck , G. G. 1969 . Rural runoff as a factor in stream pollution . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 41 : 377
  • Smith , R. J. and Twedt , R. M. 1971 . Natural relationships of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in stream waters . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 43 : 2200
  • Miner , J. R. , Lipper , R. I. , Fina , L. R. and Funk , J. W. 1966 . Cattle feedlot runoff ‐ Its nature and variation . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 38 : 1582
  • Brown , T. J. 1969 . The significance of agricultural pollution in New Zealand . Public. Health , 84 : 21
  • How , R. H. 1969 . Research and practice in animal waste treatment . Water Wastes Eng. , 6 A,
  • Wittmer , S. H. 1966 . Animal Waste Management , St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers . Publ. No. SP‐0366,
  • Loehr , R. C. July 1968 . Pollution Implications of Animal Wastes ‐ A forward Oriented Review, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration , July , Ada, Oklahoma : Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, U.S. Department of Interior .
  • Evans , M. R. and Owens , J. D. 1972 . Factors affecting the concentration of faecal bacteria in land drainage water . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 71 : 477
  • Public Health Service . 1963 . Survey of Interstate Pollution of the Bear River and Tributaries, Idaho‐Utah 1962 , Cincinnati : R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare .
  • Public Health Service . 1962 . Report on North Platte River Survey, Wyoming‐Nebraska, September and November 1961 , Cincinnati : R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare .
  • Martin , J. D. and Mundt , J. O. 1972 . Enterococci in insects . Appl. Microbiol. , 24 : 575
  • Mundt , J. O. , Anandam , E. J. and McCarty , I. E. 1966 . Streptococceae in the atmosphere of plants processing vegetables for freezing . Health Lab. Sci. , 3 : 207
  • Public Health Service . 1966 . Report on Bacteriological Pollution from Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges on the Red River of the North , Cincinnati : Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare .
  • 1967 . The Beet Sugar Industry ‐ The Water Pollution Problem and Status of Waste Abatement and Treatment , Denver : South Platte River Basin Project, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.