Biological activity of inorganic particles in the lung

References

• Parkes , W. R. 1974 . Occupational Lung Disorders , London : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Kilburn , K. H. 1968 . A hypothesis for pulmonary clearance and its implications . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 98 : 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert , R. E. , Lippman , M. and Briscoe , W. 1969 . The characteristics of bronchial clearance in humans and the effects of cigarette smoking . Arch. Environ. Health , 18 : 738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilburn , K. H. 1974 . Functional morphology of the distal lung . Int. Rev. Cytol. , 37 : 153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir , D. C. and Davies , C. N. 1967 . The deposition of 0.5 /x diameter arerosols in the lungs of man . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 3 : 161
   Google Scholar
• Lippman , M. and Albert , R. E. 1969 . The effect of particle size on the regional distribution of inhaled aerosols in the human respiratory tract . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 30 : 257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green , G. M. , Jakab , G. J. , Low , R. B. and Davis , G. S. 1977 . Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 115 : 479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden , D. H. and Adamson , I. Y. R. 1972 . The pulmonary interstitial cell as immediate precursor of the alveolar macrophage . Am. J. Pathol. , 68 : 521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain , J. D. , Godleski , J. J. and Sorokin , S. P. 1977 . “ Quantification, origin, and fate of pulmonary macrophages ” . In Respiratory Defense Mechanisms , Edited by: Brain , J. D. , Proctor , D. F. and Reid , L. M. 849 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , G. S. , Brody , A. R. and Craighead , J. E. 1978 . Analysis of airspace and interstitial mononuclear cell populations in human diffuse interstitial lung disease . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 118 : 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferin , J. and Feldstein , M. L. 1978 . Pulmonary clearance and hilar lymph node content in rats after particle exposure . Environ. Res. , 16 : 342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , P. E. 1972 . Lymphatic drainage of the lung in dust clearance . Ann. N. Y.Acad Sci. , 200 : 46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagelschmidt , G. 1960 . The relationship between lung dust and lung pathology in pneumoconiosis . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 17 : 247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allison , A. C. , Harington , J. S. and Birbeck , M. 1966 . An examination of the cytotoxic effects of silica on macrophages . J. Exp. Med. , 124 : 141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , A. C. 1977 . “ Mechanisms of macrophage toxicity in relation to the pathogenesis of some lung diseases ” . In Respiratory Defense Mechanisms , Edited by: Brain , J. D. , Proctor , D. F. and Reid , L. M. Vol. 2 , 1075 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Lauweryns , J. M. and Baert , J. H. 1977 . Alveolar clearance and the role of the pulmonary lymphatics . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 115 : 625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham , J. L. 1978 . “ Recent advances in pneumoconiosis: the pathologists role in etiologic diagnosis ” . In The Lung, Structure, Function and Disease , Edited by: Thurlbeck , W. M. and Abell , M. R. 96 Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi , S. H. 1969 . Experimental Pneumoconiosis , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Siegesmund , K. A. , Funahashi , A. and Pintar , K. 1974 . Identification of metals in lung from a patient with interstitial pneumonia . Arch. Environ. Health , 28 : 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funahashi , A. , Pintar , K. and Siegesmund , K. A. 1975 . Identification of foreign material in lung by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis . Arch. Environ. Health , 30 : 285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeNee , P. B. , Abraham , J. L. and Gelderman , A. H. 1973 . “ Methods for a SEM study of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 411 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• DeNee , P. B. 1976 . “ Identification and analysis of particles in biological tissue using SEM and related techniques ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 461 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Brody , A. R. , Vallyathan , N. V. and Craighead , J. E. 1976 . “ Distribution and elemental analysis of inorganic particulates in pulmonary tissue ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 477 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Brody , A. R. , Dwyer , D. M. , Vallyathan , N. V. , Visco , G. P. and Craighead , J. E. 1977 . “ The elemental content of granulomata: studies of pulmonary sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. and Becker , R. P. 129 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , P. , Tuma , J. and deTreville , R. T. P. 1970 . Fibrous dust particles and ferruginous bodies . Arch. Environ. Health , 21 : 38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruttner , J. R. , Spycher , M. A. and Sticher , H. 1973 . The detection of etiologic agents in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis . Hum. Pathol. , 4 : 497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillie , R. D. 1965 . Histopathologic Techniques and Practical Histochemistry , 107 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• McCrone , W. C. and Delly , J. G. 1973 . Particle Atlas , 2nd ed. , Ann Arbor, Mich. : Ann Arbor Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , F. B. 1972 . “ Crystals in pathologic specimens ” . In Pathology Annual , Edited by: Sommers , S. C. Vol. 7 , 321 New York : Appleton‐Century‐Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Brody , A. R. and Craighead , J. E. 1975 . Cytoplasmic inclusions in pulmonary macrophages of cigarette smokers . Lab. Invest. , 32 : 125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson , I. Y. R. and Bowden , D. H. 1978 . Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic system to carbon. II. Morphologic studies . Lab. Invest. , 38 : 430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift , J. A. and Brown , A. C. 1970 . “ Transmission scanning electron microscopy of sectioned biological material ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 113 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• DeNee , P. B. and Abraham , J. L. 1976 . “ Backscattered electron imaging (application of atomic number contrast) ” . In Principles and Techniques of Scanning Electron Micrsocopy , Edited by: Hayat , M. A. Vol. 5 , 144 New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , R. P. and Sogard , M. 1979 . “ Visualization of subsurface structures in cells and tissues by backscattered electron imaging ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. and Becker , R. P. 835 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Abraham , J. L. and DeNee , P. B. 1973 . Scanning electron microscope histochemistry using backscatter electrons and metal stains . Lancet , 1 : 1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham , J. L. and DeNee , P. B. 1974 . “ Biomedical applications of backscattered electron imaging — one year's experience with SEM histochemistry ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 251 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• DeNee , P. B. , Abraham , J. L. and Willard , P. A. 1974 . “ Histochemical stains for the scanning electron microscope — qualitative and semi‐quantitative aspects of specific silver stains ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 259 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Eramus , D. A. 1978 . Electron Probe Microanalysis , London : Chapman and Hall . chaps 2–4
   Google Scholar
• Kruszynski , J. 1966 . “ The microincineration technique and its results (in English) ” . In Handbuch Der Histochemie Band ½ Allgemeine Methodik , 96 Stuttgart, , Germany : Gustav Fisher, Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• DeNee , P. B. , Walker , E. R. and Abraham , J. L. 1975 . SEM characterization of respirable dust in lung tissue using ashing and digestion techniques . Proc. Microbeam Anal. Soc. Abstr. 1975 , Las Vegas, Nev.. pp. 51
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , R. S. and Hollahan , J. R. 1974 . “ Use of chemically‐reactive gas plasmas in preparing specimens for scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 83 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Frisch , B. , Lewis , S. M. , Stuart , P. R. and Osborn , J. S. 1975 . A transmission electron microscope study of the effects of ion etching on cells . J. Microsc. (Oxford) , 104 : 219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet , D. V. , Crouse , W. E. , Crable , J. V. , Carlberg , J. R. and Lainhart , W. S. 1974 . The relationship of total dust, free silica, and trace metal concentrations to the occupational respiratory disease of bituminous coal miners . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 35 : 479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johari , O. and DeNee , P. B. 1972 . “ Handling, mounting and examination of particles for scanning electron microscopy ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 249 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Sorokin , S. P. 1977 . “ Phagocytes in the lungs ” . In Respiratory Defense Mechanisms , Edited by: Brain , J. D. , Proctor , D. F. and Reid , L. M. Vol. 2 , 711 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Ungar , J. and Wilson , G. R. 1935 . Monocytes as a source of alveolar phagocytes . Am. J. Pathol. , 11 : 681
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Furth , R. and Cohn , Z. A. 1968 . The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes . J. Exp. Med. , 128 : 415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , G. F. , Brody , A. R. and Craighead , J. E. 1975 . Monocyte migration across pulmonary membranes in mice infected with cytomegalovirus . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 22 : 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn , Z. A. and Wiener , E. 1963 . The particulate hydrolases of macrophages. I. Comparative enzymology, isolation and properties . J. Exp. Med. , 118 : 991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn , Z. A. and Weiner , E. 1963 . The particulate hydrolases of macrophages. II. Biochemical and morphological response to particle ingestion . J. Exp. Med. , 118 : 1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. B. and Cline , M. J. 1971 . The human alveolar macrophage: isolation, cultivation in vitro, and studies of morphologic and functional characteristics . J. Clin. Invest. , 50 : 1390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , G. S. , Mortara , M. and Green , G. M. 1975 . Lysosomal enzyme release from human and guinea pig alveolar macrophages during phagocytosis . Clin. Res. , 23 : 346
   Google Scholar
• Nadler , V. and Goldflscher , S. 1970 . The intracellular release of lysosomal contents in macrophages that have ingested silica . J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 18 : 368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , P. , Allison , A. C. , Ackerman , J. , Butterfield , A. and Williams , S. 1974 . Asbestos induces selective release of lysosomal enzymes from mononuclear phagocytes . Nature (London). , 251 : 423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , M. and Brown , R. C. 1978 . The cytotoxic effects of asbestos and other mineral dust in tissue culture cell lines . Br. J. Exp. Pathol. , 59 : 183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , J. S. , Allison , A. C. and Badami , D. V. 1975 . Mineral fibers: chemical, physicochemical and biological properties . Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. , 12 : 291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burrell , R. and Anderson , M. 1973 . The introduction of fibrogenesis by silica‐treated alveolar macrophages . Environ. Res. , 6 : 389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppleston , A. G. and Styles , J. A. 1967 . Activity of a macrophage factor in collagen formation by silica . Nature (London). , 214 : 521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilroe‐Smith , T. A. , Webster , I. , Van Drimmelen , M. and Marasas , L. 1973 . An insoluble fibrogenic factor in macrophages from guinea pigs exposed to silica . Environ. Res. , 6 : 298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourse , L. D. , Nourse , P. N. , Botes , H. and Schwartz , H. M. 1975 . The effects of macrophages isolated from the lungs of guinea pigs dusted with silica on collagen biosynthesis by guinea pig fibroblasts in cell culture . Environ. Res. , : 115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovich , S. J. and Ross , R. 1976 . A macrophage‐dependent factor that stimulates the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro . Am. J. Pathol. , 84 : 501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , H. 1977 . Pathology of the Lung , 3rd ed. , 379 Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Suratt , P. M. , Winn , W. C. and Brody , A. R. 1977 . Acute silicosis in tombstone sandblasters . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.. , 115 : 521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikoff , I. J. and Lee , D. H. 1978 . Asbestos and Disease , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton , M. F. , Layard , M. , Tegeris , A. , Miller , E. , May , M. and Kent , E. 1977 . Carcinogenicity of fibrous glass . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 58 : 587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harington , J. S. , Miller , K. and Macnab , G. 1971 . Hemolysis by asbestos . Environ. Res. , 4 : 95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , K. 1978 . The effects of asbestos on macrophages . CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology , 5 : 319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , K. 1979 . Alterations in the surface‐related phenomena of alveolar macrophages following inhalation of crocidolite asbestos and quartz dusts: an overview . Environ. Res. , 20 : 162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaurand , M. C. , Magne , L. and Bignon , J. 1979 . Inhibition by phospholipids of haemolytic action of asbestos . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 36 : 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan , A. , Davies , P. , Wagner , J. C. , Berry , G. and Holmes , A. 1977 . The biological effects of magnesium leached chrysotile asbestos . Br. J. Exp. Pathol. , 58 : 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , J. C. , Berry , G. , Skidmore , J. W. and Timbrell , V. 1974 . The effects of the inhalation of asbestos in rats . Br. J. Cancer , 29 : 252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crapo , J. D. , Brody , A. R. , Barry , B. E. and O'Neil , J. 1980 . “ Morphologic, morphometric, and X‐ray microanalytical studies on lung tissue of rats exposed to chrysotile asbestos in inhalation chambers ” . In Biological Effects of Mineral Fibers , Edited by: Wagner , J. C. 273 Lyon, , France : I.A.R.C. .
   Google Scholar
• Mossman , B. T. , Kessler , J. B. , Ley , B. W. and Craighead , J. E. 1977 . Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with hamster respiratory mucosa in organ culture . Lab. Invest. , 36 : 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman , B. T. , Adler , K. B. and Craighead , J. E. 1978 . Interaction of carbon particles with tracheal epithelium in organ culture . Environ. Res. , 16 : 110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastien , P. , Janson , X. , Gaudichet , A. , Hirsch , A. and Bignon , J. 1980 . “ Asbestos retention in human respiratory tissues: comparative measurement in lung parenchyma and in parietal pleura ” . In Biological Effects of Mineral Fibers , Edited by: Wagner , J. C. 237 Lyon, , France : I.A.R.C .
   Google Scholar
• Selikoff , I. J. , Hammond , E. C. and Churg , J. 1968 . Asbestos exposure, smoking and neoplasia . JAMA , 203 : 105
   Google Scholar
• Lundin , F. E. , Loyd , J. W. , Smith , E. M. , Archer , V. E. and Holaday , D. A. 1969 . Mortality of uranium miners in relation to radiation, hard‐rock mining, and cigarette smoking . Health Phys. , 16 : 571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , A. M. , Mackler , A. D. , Rubin , I. , Hammond , E. C. and Selikoff , I. J. 1971 . Inorganic particles in cigars and cigar smoke . Science , 174 : 585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelburne , J. D. , Ingram , P. , Hawkins , H. K. and Waters , M. D. 1976 . “ X‐ray mapping of lysosomal inclusions ” . In Scanning Electron Microscopy , Edited by: Johari , O. 485 Chicago : IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Frasca , J. M. , Auerbach , O. , Parks , V. R. and Jamieson , J. D. 1971 . Electron microscopic observations on pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in smoking dogs . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 15 : 108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matulionis , D. H. and Traurig , H. H. 1977 . In situ response of lung macrophages and hydrolase activities to cigarette smoke . Lab. Invest. , 37 : 314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewoehner , D. E. , Kleinerman , J. and Rice , D. B. 1974 . Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers . N. Engl. J. Med. , 291 : 755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , W. 1969 . Cigarette smoking and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 99 : 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach , O. and Hammond , E. C. 1974 . Relation of smoking and age to findings in lung parenchyma . Chest , 65 : 29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , W. E. , Smith , M. and Marsh , S. P. 1947 . A study of the health hazards of the tobacco stemming and redrying industry . J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. , 30 : 43
   Google Scholar
• DeNee , P. B. , Abraham , J. L. , Gelderman , A. H. and Shaw , G. B. 1974 . SEM identification of biogenic silica in jute; silica in human lung following exposure to burning jute . Proc. Microbeam Anal. Soc. Abstr. 1974 , Ottawa, Canada. pp. 10
   Google Scholar
• Fleischer , R. L. and Parungo , R. P. 1974 . Aerosol particles on tobacco trichomes . Nature (London) , 250 : 158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , S. A. , Finley , T. N. , Morris , H. S. and Ladman , J. 1969 . A comparison of alveolar macrophages and pulmonary surfactant obtained from the lungs of human smokers and non‐smokers by endobronchial lavage . Anat. Rec. , 163 : 497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris , J. O. , Swenson , E. W. and Johnson , J. E. 1970 . Human alveolar macrophages: comparison of phagocytic ability, glucose utilization, and ultrastructure in smokers and nonsmokers . J. Clin. Invest. , 49 : 2086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallyathan, N. U., Brody, A. R., and Craignead, J. E., Cigarette smoking and inorganic dust accumulation in the lung, submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar