Critical review of energy recovery from solid wastes

References

• Anon. 1914 . Reports on Incinerator . Berkeley Daily Gazette, (Berkeley) Calif. , : 1
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. 1979 . Materials Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes: Investigation of Air Classification, Upgrading RDF, Aluminum and Glass Recovery , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . under Grant No. R0803901,
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. and Arnold , J. July 1978 . Screening of MSW as a Means of Upgrading RDF , July , Washington, D.C. : NCRR . Tr‐78–5,
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. and Campbell , J. A. 1980 . “ The Preparation and Properties of Densified Refuse‐Derived Fuel ” . In Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass , 127 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. and Crawford , B. 1976 . Materials Processing Research: A Summary of Investigations , Report on Contract 67–01–2944 to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. : Office of Solid Waste Management .
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. and Dunn , J. J. 1980 . Solid Waste Conversion to Energy: Current European and U.S. Practice , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. , Gavis , J. and Renard , M. L. 1980 . Design Model of Trommels for Resource Recovery Processing, American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Resource Recovery Today and Tomorrow, Proc. 8th Biennial Waste Processing Conf. 1980 , Washington, D.C. . pp. 361
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. , Natof , S. L. , Woodruff , K. L. and Hagen , R. D. November 1977 . The Recovery of Magnetic Metals from Municipal Solid Waste , November , Washington, D.C. : National Center for Resource Recovery . (RM‐77–1)
   Google Scholar
• Alter , H. and Woodruff , K. L. March 1977 . Magnetic Separation: Recovery of Salable Iron and Steel Iron from Municipal Solid Waste , March , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . under Contract No. 68–01–2625 (SW‐559),
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez , R. J. 1982 . Recycling International: Recovery of Energy and Material from Residue and Waste . Proc. 1982 Int. Recycling Cong . 1982 , Berlin . Conversion of Solid Waste to Energy in the U.S.A. , pp. 103
   Google Scholar
• American Public Works Association . 1970 . Municipal Refuse Disposal , 538 Chicago , Ill. : A.P.W.A., Public Administration Service .
   Google Scholar
• Ashore , E. , Augenstein , D. C. , Young , J. C. , Hossan , R. J. and Duret , G. L. 1978 . Evaluation of Systems for Purification of Fuel Gas from Anaerobic Digestion , Dynatech Report No. 1628 U.S. Department of Energy . (224)
   Google Scholar
• A.V.E.N.I.R. 1980 . Valorisation Industrielle et Energetique des SousProduits Agricoles et Forestiers . Proc. Symp. June 17, 18 1980 , Paris . pp. 291 Association pour la dan l'Enterprise de L'Innovation et de la Recherche (A.V.EN.I.R.), Institute Superieur de Gestion, 16, Rue Spontini, 75116 Paris . June 1980,
   Google Scholar
• Babbitt , H. E. 1934 . Disposal of garbage with sewage sludge . Sewage Works J. , 6 : 1103
   Google Scholar
• Babbitt , H. E. 1936 . The dosing of sewage tanks with ground garbage . Sewage Works J. , 7 : 16
   Google Scholar
• Babbitt , H. E. , Leland , B. J. and Whitley , F. H. Jr. 1936 . The Biologic Digestion of Garbage with Sewage Sludge , 112 Urbana : Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois . Bull. 287,
   Google Scholar
• Bailie , R. C. and Dover , D. M. 1975 . Evaluation of the Efficiency of Energy Resource Recovery Systems . Resource Recovery and Conservation , 1 : 177
   Google Scholar
• Bailly , H. C. European and American experiences — a point of view . Proc. Int. Conf. European Waste‐to‐Energy Technology . Argonnne National Laboratory for U.S. Department of Energy . Contract W‐31–109‐Eng. 38, October 29, 1980, (268.)
   Google Scholar
• Bernheisel , J. F. , Bagalman , P. M. and Parker , W. S. Trommel processing of municipal solid waste prior to shredding . Proc. 6th Mineral Waste Utilization Symp. pp. 254 Illinois : U.S. Bureau of Mines and IIT Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Bertucci , J. , Lue‐Hing , C. , Zenz , D. and Sedita , S. J. 1977 . Inactivation of viruses during anaerobic sludge digestion . J. Water Pol. Control Fed. , 49 (7) : 1642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchet , J. M. 1976 . Production, Treatment and Utilization of Landfill Gas , 116 San Francisco , Calif. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Shoreline Regional Park Gas Recovery Program, by the Pacific Gas and Electric Co. . Report prepared for the
   Google Scholar
• Bloodgood , D. 1936 . Digestion of Garbage with Sewage Sludge . Sewage Works J. , 8 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Bowerman , F. R. , Rohatgi , N. K. , Chen , K. Y. and Lockwood , R. A. 1977 . A Case Study of the Los Angeles County Palos Verde Landfill Gas Development Project , Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati . EPA‐600/3–77–047,
   Google Scholar
• Bridgwater , A. V. and Munford , C. J. 1979 . Waste Recycling and Pollution Control Handbook , 706 New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Brink , D. L. 1972 . “ Pyrolysis — Combustion ” . In Comprehensive Studies of Solid Wastes Management , Final Report, SERL Rep. No. 72–3 Berkeley : Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Buivid , M. G. , Wise , D. L. , Blanchet , M. J. , Remedios , E. C. , Jenkins , B. M. , Boyd , W. F. and Pacey , J. G. 1982 . Fuel Gas Enhancement by Controlled Landfilling of Municipal Solid Waste . Resources and Conservation , 6 (1) : 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buswell , A. M. 1930 . Production of Fuel Gas by Anaerobic Fermentations . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 22 : 1168
   Google Scholar
• Cal Recovery Systems, Inc. 1980 . Camp Pendleton Solid Waste Fired Energy Recovery System , 101 San Bruno , California : U.S. Department of the Navy . prepared for the
   Google Scholar
• Calame , R. 1979 . The functional use of the heat generated by a refuse incineration plant as exemplified by the RIP Hamburg Staplefield . Recycling Berlin ‘79, Proc. Int. Recycling Cong. 1979 , Berlin . Vol. 1 , pp. 425
   Google Scholar
• Callihan , C. D. and Dunlap , C. E. 1971 . Construction of a chemical‐microbial pilot plant for production of a single‐cell protein from cellulosic wastes , Cincinnati , Ohio : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Rep. SW‐24c,
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson , K. 1982 . Dry absorption system at the refuse incineration plant malmoe—experiences from six months operation . Recycling International: Recovery of Energy and Material from Residues and Waste, Proc. 1982 Int. Recycling Cong. 1982 , Berlin . pp. 668
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , P. L. 1978 . Microbiology, , 4th ed. , 512 Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , L. , Rogel , A. C. and Grabois , B. 1936 . The Disposal of Garbage . Sewage Works J. , 7 : 28
   Google Scholar
• Chan , D. B. and Pearson , E. A. 1970 . Hydrolysis Rate of Cellulose in Anaerobic Fermentation , SERL Rep. No. 70–3 Berkeley : Sanitation Engineering Research Laboratory, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Chemical Engineering News . 1972 . From Agricultural Wastes to Feed or Fuel . Chem. Eng. News , May 29 : 14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrismon , R. L. 1978 . Air Classification in Resource Recovery , Washington, D.C. : National Center for Resource Recovery . (RM—78—1),
   Google Scholar
• Cohn , Morris, M. 1946 . Effect of food wastes on sewers and sewage treatment . Sewage Works J. , 18 : 477
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colon , F. J. and Kruydenberg , H. The mechanical separation of municipal refuse into useful components and their application as raw materials in industry . Proc. 1st Recycling World Congr. Edited by: Henstock , M. Vol. 4 , Oxford, Surrey , , England : Exhibitions for Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Cooney , C. L. Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste . Proc. of Bioconversion Energy Research Conf., . June 25 . pp. 97 University of Massachusetts and National Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Crutcher , A. J. , McBean , E. A. and Bovers , F. A. 1981 . The Impact of Gas Extraction on Landfill‐Generated Methane Gas Levels . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 16 : 55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz , L. F. and Glaub , J. C. 1980 . “ Overview of selected biogasification installations in the U.S. ” . In Biogas and Alcohol Production , 15 Emmaus , PA : The J. G. Press . (Summer Proc.)
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , L. F. and Golueke , C. G. 1981 . “ Residues and Wastes ” . In Biomass Conversion Processes for Energy and Fuels , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , L. F. , Golueke , C. G. and Glaub , J. C. 1981 . Biogas Production from Animal Waste Ponds, Paper P.C.‐81–01 . presented at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Pacific Region Annual Meeting . February 1981 , Bakersfield , Calif. .
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , L. F. , Golueke , C. G. and Savage , G. M. 1982 . Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes , Volumes 1, 2 , Boca Raton , Fla. : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , L. F. , Savage , G. M. , Trezek , G. J. and Golueke , C. G. 1981 . Biogasification of municipal solid wastes . Transaction of the A.S.M.E.: J. Energy Resources Technology , 103 (2) : 180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diesch , S. L. and Erlinghausen , H. C. 1975 . “ Leptospiroses ” . In Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man , 436 Springfield , Ill. : Charles C Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Dirilgen , N. and Luthy , R. M. The wheelabrator‐Frye/Von Roll approach to refuse‐to‐energy systems . Proc. Int. Conf. European Waste‐to‐Energy Technology . Vol. 38 , pp. 103 Argonne National Laboratory for U.S. Department of Energy . Contract W‐31–109‐Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Dotson , G. K. 1973 . “ Some Constraints of Spreading Sewage Sludge on Croplands ” . In In Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and Sludge, March 12–13, 1972 , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA Publication EPA‐902/9–73–001,
   Google Scholar
• Drobny , N. L. , Hull , H. E. and Testin , R. F. 1971 . Recovery and Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste , U.S. Environmenal Protection Agency Report No. SW‐10c Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Dvirka , M. and Harrington , W. M. Jr. Update on Baltimore pyrolysis demonstration . Proc. 1980 National Waste Processing Conf. American Society of Mechanical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Eckenfelder , W. W. Jr. and Snathanam , C. J. 1981 . Sludge Treatment , 591 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Ecotope Group . June 15 1975 . Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Cow Manure at the State Reformatory Honor Farm, Monroe, Washington, process feasibility study , June 15 , Washington : Seattle, Washington, and Parametrix Inc. . prepared by the Ecotope Group, Summer
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds , P. 1978 . Microbiology — An Environments/ Perspective , 367 New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Engdahl , R. B. 1971 . Solid Waste Processing U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 1856
   Google Scholar
• Engdahl , R. B. and Beltz , P. R. European waste—to—energy know—how . Proc. Int. Conf. European Waste‐to‐Energy Technology . Vol. 38 , pp. 35 Argonne National Laboratory for U.S. Department of Energy . Contract W‐31–109‐Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst , T. P. The evaluation of mass—water wall waste to energy technology as practiced by Widmer and Ernst ag . Proc. Int. Conf. European Waste‐to‐Energy Technology . Vol. 38 , pp. 3 Argonne National Laboratory for U.S. Department of Energy . Contract W‐31–109‐Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Even , J. C. , Adams , S. K. , Gheresus , P. , Joensen , A. W. , Hall , J. L. , Fiscus , D. E. and Romine , C. A. Nov. 1977 . Evaluation of the Ames Solid Waste Recovery System , Nov. , Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐600/2–77–205,
   Google Scholar
• Fagan , R. D. , Grethlein , H. E. , Converse , A. O. and Porteous , A. 1971 . Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose Found in Paper Refuse . Environmental Science and Technology , 5 (6) : 545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fair , G. M. , Geyer , J. C. and Okun , D. A. 1971 . Elements of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, , 2nd ed. , 752 New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , S. L. and Breese , J. 1978 . The Economic Impact of Methane Generation on Dairy Farms: A Micro‐Analytical Model . Resource Recovery and Conservation , 3 : 261
   Google Scholar
• Fenton , R. 1975 . Current Trends in Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in New York City . Resource Recovery and Conservation , 1 : 167
   Google Scholar
• Finney , C. D. and Evans , R. S. II . 1975 . Anaerobic Digestion: The rate limiting process and the nature of inhibition . Science , 190 (4219) : 1088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , D. H. and Englebrecht , R. S. 1973 . “ Microbial hazards in disposing of wastewater on soil ” . In Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest and Cropland , Edited by: Sopper , W. E. and Kurdos , L. T. University Park : Pennslyvania State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , G. J. 1934 . An Introduction to the Biochemistry of Nitrogen Conservation , 280 London : E. Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , C. R. and Davis , W. S. 1924 . New process of garbage disposal at Lebanon, Pennsylvania . Engineering News Record , 82 : 857
   Google Scholar
• Frost and Sullivan, Inc. 1982 . Small Scale Resource Recovery Systems, Equipment and Services Market , Report No. 1043 N.Y. , New York : Customer Service, Frost and Sullivan, Inc. . 106 Fulton Street,
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , W. E. , Nagel , C. A. and Easley , S. 1982 . “ Design and operation of anaerobic sludge digestion systems ” . In Water Engineering and Management, Reference Handbook 82 R‐68
   Google Scholar
• Golueke , C. G. 1962 . San Fernando plant uses the “total system concept”; . Compost Science , 3 (3) : 5
   Google Scholar
• Golueke , C. G. 1978 . Biological Reclamation of Solid Wastes , Emmaus , Pa. : Rodale Press .
   Google Scholar
• Golueke , C. G. Epidemilogical aspects of sewage sludge handling and management . paper presented at the Int. Symp. Land Application of Sewage Sludge . Tokyo , Japan. October . Association for Utilization of Sewage Sludge .
   Google Scholar
• Golueke , C. G. and Diaz , L. F. 1980 . Organic Wastes for Fuel and Fertilizer in Developing Countries , Report to United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna , , Austria
   Google Scholar
• Golueke , C. G. , Diaz , L. F. , Savage , G. M. , Lafrenz , D. J. and Jones , D. B. March 1982 . Laboratory and Pilot Studies of Refuse Digestion , March , Richmond , CA : Cal Recovery Systems, Inc. . for Southern California Edison Co. (Rosemead, CA),
   Google Scholar
• Golueke , C. G. and McGauhey , P. H. 1969 . Comprehensive Studies of Solid Wastes Management , 2nd Annual SERL Report No. 69–1 Berkeley : Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich , W. F. 1901 . The Economic Disposal of Town's Refuse , 340 London : P. S. King and Son . (John Wiley and Sons, New York),
   Google Scholar
• Gorman , P. G. , Shannon , L. J. , Schrag , M. P. and Fiscus , D. E. December 1977 . St. Louis Demonstration Final Report: Power Plant Equipment, Facilities and Environmental Evaluations , December , Cincinnati , Ohio : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐600/2–77–155b,
   Google Scholar
• Gossett , J. M. , Healy , J. B. Jr. , Stuckey , D. C. , Young , L. Y. and McCarty , P. L. 1976 . Heat Treatment of Refuse for Increasing Anaerobic Biodegradability , Semi‐Annual Progress Report, C. E. Technical Report No. 205 Stanford : Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University .
   Google Scholar
• Gossett , J. M. and McCarty , P. L. 1975 . Heat Treatment of Refuse for Increasing Anaerobic Digestibility , Progress Report of June 1 — December 31, 1974, Tech. Report No. 192 Stanford : Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University .
   Google Scholar
• Gotaas , H. B. 1956 . Composting , 199 Geneva , , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Ham , R. K. , Hekimian , K. K. , Katten , S. L. , Lockman , W. L. , Lofy , R. J. , McFadding , D. E. and Daley , E. J. February 1979 . Recovery, Processing, and Utilization of Gas from Sanitary Landfills , February , Cincinnati , Ohio : Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA—600/2–79–001,
   Google Scholar
• Hawley , L. F. 1923 . Wood Distillation , ACS Monograph Series New York : Book Department, Chemical Catalog Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , T.D. , Jewell , W. J. , Chandler , J. A. , Dell'Orto , S. , Fanfoni , K. J. , Leuschner , A. P. and Sherman , D. F. Methane generation from small scale farms . Biogas and Alcohol Fuels Production, Proc. a Seminar on Biomass Energy for City, Farm, and Industry . pp. 88 Emmaus , Pa. : J. G. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hazeltine , T. R. 1951 . Addition of garbage to sewage . Water and Sewage Works, J. , 86 ( 4 ) : R151
   Google Scholar
• Hecht , N. L. , Duvall , D. S. , Ghazee , A. A. and Fox , B. L. 1980 . Obtaining Improved Products from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA‐600/2–80–121 Cincinnati
   Google Scholar
• Hecklinger , R. S. The relative value of energy derived from municipal refuse . Proc. 1976 National Waste Processing Con. Boston : American Society of Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Hekimian , K. K. , Lockman , W. J. and Hest , J. H. 1976 . Methane gas recovery from sanitary landfills . Waste Age , 7 (12) : 2
   Google Scholar
• Helmstetter , A. J. and Sussman , D. B. A technical and economic evaluation of the Baltimore landgard demonstration . Proc. 1978 National Waste Processing Conf. Illinois : American Society of Mechanical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Hesseltine , C. W. 1972 . Solid‐state fermentations . Biotechnol. Bioengin. , 14 : 517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesseltine , C. W. 1977 . Solid‐state fermentation — part I . Process Biochemical , 12 : 24
   Google Scholar
• Hesseltine , C. W. 1977 . Solid‐state fermentation — part II . Process Biochemical , 12 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , H. L. 1982 . Landfill gas: growing energy source . Solid Wastes Management , 25 (6) : 40
   Google Scholar
• Hiraoka , M. , Takeda , N. , Akashi , S. , Kurosaki , T. and Nozu , S. 1979 . Recycling Berlin, ‘79 . Proc. Int. Recycling Congr. 1979 , Berlin . Experimental study on automatic control of incinerator , Vol. 1 , pp. 397
   Google Scholar
• Hirayama , N. 1979 . Recycling Berlin ‘79 . Proc. Int. Recycling Congr. 1979 , Berlin . Recent Development of NO, Protection Technology for Refuse Incineration Plants in Japan , Vol. 1 , pp. 499
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , D. A. February 1970 . Pyrolysis of solid municipal wastes , Report on Research Project No. 9R0I‐EC‐00266–04 February , City of San Diego and the Bureau of Solid Waste Management .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , D. A. 1969 . Processing of Solid Municipal Wastes by Pyrolysis . presented at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Winter Annual Meeting . November 16–20 1969 , Los Angeles , Calif. .
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Gas Technology . Energy from Biomass and Wastes V . Symp. papers from the Fifth Symp. on Energy from Biomass and Wastes . pp. 1091 Chicago , Ill. : Institute of Gas Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Press , J. G. Biogas and Alcohol Fuels Production . Proc. Seminar on Biogas Energy for City, Farm, and Industry . pp. 246 Emmaus , Pa. : The J. G. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , J. L. and Radding , S. B. , eds. 1978 . Solid Waste and Residues — Conversion by Advanced Thermal Processes , A.C.S. Symposium Series 76 421 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , J. L. , Phillips , R. C. , Takaoka , S. and Lewis , F. M. Pyrolysis, Thermal Gasification and Liquefaction of Solid Wastes and Residues . Proc. 1978 National Waste Processing Conf. Illinois : American Society of Mechanical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser , E. R. and Friedman , S. B. 1968 . The pyrolysis of refuse components . Combustion , 2 (11) : 31
   Google Scholar
• Kassebohm , B. 1982 . Recycling International: Recovery of Energy and Materials from Residues and Waste . Proc. 1982 Int. Recycling Cong . 1982 , Berlin . Flue gas scrubbing with dry residue — experience gained at the Dusseldorf refuse incineration plant , pp. 250
   Google Scholar
• Keefer , C. E. and Kratz , H. 1934 . The quantity of garbage that can be digested with sewage sludge . Sewage Works J. , 6 : 250
   Google Scholar
• Klar , M. 1925 . The Technology of Wood Distillation , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Klass , D. L. Anaerobic digestion for methane production — a status report . Proc. Bio‐Energy . pp. 143 Washington, D.C. : Bio‐Energy Council .
   Google Scholar
• Kleeburg , H. H. 1975 . “ Tuberculosis and other mycobacterioses ” . In Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man , 303 Springfield , Ill. : Charles C Thomas Publisher .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , S. A. 1971 . Anaerobic digestion of solid wastes . Compost Science , 13 (1) : 6
   Google Scholar
• Leeper , G. W. 1978 . Managing the Heavy Metals , Pollution Engineering Technology Series New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , S. J. 1974 . Pyrolysis of municipal solid wastes . Waste Age , 5 : 4
   Google Scholar
• Levy , S. J. and Rigo , H. G. 1976 . Resource Recovery Plant Implementation: Guides for Municipal Officials — Technologies , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. SW—157.2 Cincinnati
   Google Scholar
• Liebeskind , J. E. 1973 . Pyrolysis for solid waste management . Chem. Technol. , 3 (9)
   Google Scholar
• Lizdas , D. J. and Core , W. B. 1981 . Operation of a full‐scale, integrated manure anaerobic fermentation facility . Energy from Biomass and Wastes V, Symp. 1981 , Lake Buena Vista , Florida . pp. 359 Chicago , Ill. : Sponsored by Institute of Gas Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Malherbe , H.H. , Sticklund‐Cholmley , M. and Geyer , S. M. 1967 . “ Viruses in abatoir effluents ” . In Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route , 347 New York : Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Mallan , G. M. and Finney , C. S. 1972 . New Techniques in the Pyrolysis of Solid Wastes . presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers 73rd National Meeting . August 1972 , Minneapolis , Minn. .
   Google Scholar
• Mandels , M. , Lihontz , J. and Nystrom , J. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste Cellulose . paper presented at 8th Cellulose Conference . May . Syracuse : SUNY .
   Google Scholar
• Mandels , M. and Weber , J. 1968 . The Production of Cellulases for Specific Purposes . paper presented at the Cellulase Symposium, American Chemical Society Fall Meeting . September 1968 , Atlantic City , N.J. .
   Google Scholar
• McFarland , J. M. 1972 . Comprehensive Studies of Solid Wastes Management , Final Report, SERI Report No. 72–3 Berkeley : Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• McGarry , M. and Stainforth , J. , eds. 1978 . Compost, Fertilizer, and Biogas Production from Human and Farm Wastes in the People's Republic of China , Ottawa , , Canada KIG 3H9 : International Development Research Center . Box 8500,
   Google Scholar
• Merkel , J. A. 1981 . Managing Livestock Wastes , 419 Westport , Conn. : AVI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Meynell , P. J. 1978 . Methane: Planning a Digester , 150 New York : Schocken Books .
   Google Scholar
• Michaels , E. L. , Woodruff , K. L. , Freyberger , W. L. and Alter , H. 1975 . Heavy media separation of aluminum from municipal solid waste . Trans. ASME , 258 : 349
   Google Scholar
• Nabeshima , Y. and Takahashi , K. 1982 . Regulation of exhaust gas from refuse incineration plant and preventive measures in Japan . Recycling International: Recovery of Energy and Material from Residue and Waste, Proc. 1982 Int. Recycling Congr. 1982 , Berlin . pp. 265
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Resource Recovery . March 1973 . Pyrolysis, Fact Sheet March , Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Resource Recovery . August 1978 . The Screening of Light Fraction to Reduce the Ash Content of Refuse Derived Fuel , August , Washington, D.C. : NCRR . TR‐77–4,
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Resource Recovery . December 1979 . Preparation and Properties of Densified Refuse — Derived Fuels: Feed Preparation, Densification, d‐RDF Properties, Handling and Storage , December , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . under Grant No. 804150,
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , W. G. 1930 . Waste wood utilization by the Badger‐Stafford process . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 22 : 312
   Google Scholar
• New Alchemy . 1973 . Methane Digesters for Fuel Gas and Fertilizer , New Alchemy Newsletter No. 3 Santa Barbara , Calif. 93101
   Google Scholar
• Nowak , F. Development of the Kiener pyrolysis system for environmental protection, energy recovery and recycling . Proc. 1978 National Waste Processing Conf. Chicago , Ill. : American Society of Mechanical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Palz , W. , Chartier , P. and Hall , D. O. , eds. 1980 . Energy from Biomass , 982 London : Applied Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Paroubek , Z. A. 1979 . Recycling Berlin ‘79 . Proc. Int. Recycling Congr. 1979 , Berlin . Waste handling Rijnmond energy production of a large‐scale waste incineration plant , Vol. 1 , pp. 432
   Google Scholar
• Patrick , P. K. Operational Experience in Energy Recovery through Incineration . International Symposium on Energy Recovery from Refuse . Kentucky : University of Louisville .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. T. 1973 . Reclamation of Energy from Organic Refuse , Urbana , Ill. : Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois . Solid Waste Program, Environmental Protection Agency Grant No. EPA‐P‐800776,
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. T. Anaerobic Processing of Organic Refuse . Proc. Bioconversion Energy Research Conf. Amherst : Institute for Man and His Environment, University of Massachusetts .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. T. 1974 . Temperature effects of anaerobic fermentation of domestic refuse . Biotech. Bioeng. , 16 : 771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. T. Anaerobic Processing of Organic Refuse . Proc. Bioconversion Energy Research Conf. pp. 31 University of Massachusetts and N. S. F. .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. T. and Liebman , J. C. September 1975 . Biological Conversion of Organic Refuse to Methane , Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois—Urbana Report, UILU‐ENG‐75–2019 September , NSF/RANN/Se/GI‐39191 /75/2,
   Google Scholar
• Pimentel , D. , Moran , M. A. , Fast , S. , Weber , G. , Bukantis , R. , Balliett , L. , Boveng , P. , Cleveland , C. , Hindman , S. and Young , M. 1981 . Biomass energy from crop and forest residues . Science , 212 June : 1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , E. C. and Cheremisnoff , P. N. 1981 . Biogas Production and Utilization , 146 Ann Arbor , Michigan : Ann Arbor Science Publishers/The Butterworth Group .
   Google Scholar
• Reese , E. T. Mechanistic Considerations for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose . Paper presented at the Cellulose Solid Waste Seminar, Environmental Control Administration . Cincinnati , Ohio : U.S. Public Health Service .
   Google Scholar
• Renard , M. L. Analysis of a proposed device for the cleanup of recovered magnetic material . Energy Conservation Through Waste Utilization, Proc. 1978 National Waste Processing Conf. pp. 251 Chicago , Illinois : American Society of Mechanical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes , R. A. and Orton , W. L. 1975 . Solid Substrate Fermentation of Feedlot Waste Combined with Feed Grains . Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineering , 18 : 728
   Google Scholar
• Ricci , L. J. 1975 . Scavenging of Wastes Promises a Gas Bonus . Chem. Eng. , 82 (24) November
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimberg , D. 1975 . Municipal Solid Waste Management , 381 Park Ridge , New York : Noyes Data Corp. .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbluth , R. F. and Wilke , C. R. June 1970 . “ Biological Fractionation of Solid Wastes ” . In Comprehensive Studies of Solid Wastes Management: Third Annual Report , SERL Report No. 70–2 June , 135 Berkeley : Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, Univ. of California .
   Google Scholar
• Ross Hoffman Associates . 1976 . Evaluation of Small Modular Incinerators in Municipal Plants , 145 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Contract No. 68–01–3171,
   Google Scholar
• Ross , W. E. and Tolman , S. F. 1953 . Garbage Grinding Pays its Way . Public Works , May : 70
   Google Scholar
• Ross , W. E. 1954 . Dual disposal of garbage and sewage at Richmond, Indiana . Sewage and Industrial Wastes , 26 : 140
   Google Scholar
• Saeman , J. F. 1945 . Kinetics of wood saccharification . Ind. Eng. Chem. , 37 (1) : 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanner , W. S. , Ortuglio , C. , Walters , J. G. and Wolfson , D. E. August 1970 . Conversion of Municipal and Industrial Refuse Into Useful Materials by Pyrolysis , August , U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines . Report 7428,
   Google Scholar
• Saubolle , B. and Bachman , A. 1980 . Fuel Gas from Cow Dung, , 2nd ed. , 75 Katmandu , , Nepal : Sahayogi Press .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. July 1980 . Processing Equipment for Resource Recovery Systems, Vol. Ill‐Field Test Evaluation of Shredders , Final Report July , Environmental Protection Agency . Report No. 600/2–80–007c,
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. March 1981 . Technology Evaluation for Densified Refuse Derived Fuel Specifications and Acquisition , March , 34 Department of the Navy .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. , Diaz , L. F. and Trezek , G. J. November 1979 . Prediction of the Impact of Screening on Refuse‐Derived Fuel Quality , EPRI Report No. FP‐1249 November , 120
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. , Diaz , L. F. and Trezek , G. J. 1980 . Performance Characterization of Air Classifiers in Resource Recovery Processing . Proc. Ninth National ASME Waste Processing Conf. May 1980 .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. , Diaz , L. F. and Trezek , G. J. 1981 . Comparative study of seven air classifiers utilized in resource recovery processing . Proc. Seventh Annual EPA Research Symp. March 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. , Glaub , J. C. and Jones , D. B. 1982 . The Design and Use of Trommel Screens for Processing Municipal Solid Waste . paper presented at the National Waste Processing Conf. May 1982 , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. , Lafrenz , D. J. , Jones , D. B. and Glaub , J. C. 1982 . Engineering Design Manual for Solid Waste Size Reduction Equipment , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Cal Recovery Systems . under contract 68–03–2972,
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. , Shiflett , G. R. , Diaz , L. F. and Trezek , G. J. 1979 . Evaluation and performance of hammermill shredders used in refuse processing . Proc. 5th Ann. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Symp. May 1979 .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , G. M. and Trezek , G. J. 1976 . Screening Shredded Municipal Solid Waste . Compost Sci. , 17 (1) January : 7
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , M. D. , Sauer , W. S. and Wolfson , D. E. Energy from Pyrolysis of Agricultural Waste . Symp. Processing Agricultural and Municipal Wastes . Edited by: Inglett , G. E. Westport , Conn. : AVI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Schmid , L. A. 1975 . Feedlot wastes to useful energy‐fact or fiction? . J. Env. Eng. Div. (A.S.C.E.) , 101 (EES) October : 787
   Google Scholar
• Schoenenberger , R. J. Resource recovery by UOP in the 1980s . Proc. Int. Conf. European Waste‐to‐Energy Technology . Vol. 38 , pp. 55 Argonne National Laboratory for U.S. Department of Energy . Contract W‐31–109‐Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Senden , M. M. G. 1979 . Stochastic Models for Individual Particle Behavior in Straight and Zigzag Air Classifiers , Holland : Wibro Helmond .
   Google Scholar
• Shiflett , G. R. and Trezek , G. J. 1979 . Parameters governing refuse comminution . Resour. Recov. Conserv. , 4 ( 31 ) : 42
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , R. W. 1952 . Effect of ground garbage on sewers and sewage treatment . Wastes Eng. , 23 January : 33
   Google Scholar
• Singh , Ram Bux . 1971 . Bio‐gas Plant: Generating Methane from Organic Wastes , Ajitmal, Etawah (V.P.) , , India : Gobar Gas Research Station .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , Ram Bux . 1972 . The Bio‐Gas Plant — Generating Methane from Organic Waste . Compost Sci. , 13 (1) Jan. : 20
   Google Scholar
• Singh , Ram Bux . 1972 . Building a bio‐gas plant . Compost Sci. , 13 (2) March : 12
   Google Scholar
• Spano , L. , Tassinari , T. , Dewey , D. Y. , Allen , A. and Mandeis , M. Producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass . Biogas and Alcohol Production, (Seminar Proc) . pp. 62 Emmaus , Pa : J. G. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stanier , R. Y. , Doudorff , M. and Adelberg , E. A. 1963 . The Microbial World, , 2nd ed. , 419 Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Stratton , F. E. and Alter , H. 1978 . Application of bond theory to solid waste shredding . J. Environmental Engineering Division, A.S.C.E. , 104 ( EE1 ) February : 93 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , J. L. , Peters , N. and Ostrovski , G. M. 1981 . A methane production feasibility model for central anaerobic digesters . Resour. Recov. Conserv. , 5 : 319
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , H. 1941 . Garbage Grinding at Goshen . Eng. News Rec. , 127 : 441
   Google Scholar
• Tchobanoglous , G. , Theisen , H. and Eliassen , R. 1977 . Solid Wastes , 621 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Trezek , G. J. , Savage , G. M. and Jones , D. B. 1981 . Fundamental Considerations for Preparing Densified Refuse Derived Fuel , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Grant No. R‐805–414–010,
   Google Scholar
• Tuck , J. K. and Lafrenz , D. J. 1982 . Design Operation, and Performance of Modular Heat Recovery Incinerators , 97 Port Hueneme , Calif. : U.S. Department of the Navy .
   Google Scholar
• Tuck , J. K. and Deneen , D. R. 1981 . “ Evaluation of engineering North American pyrolysis technology for the conversion of biomass and solid waste to fuels ” . In Fuels from Biomass and Waste , 207 Ann Arbor , Mich. : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1980 . Guidebook on Biogas Development , Energy Resources Development Series No. 21 172 New York : United Nations Publication, United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Updegraff , D.M. 1971 . Utilization of cellulose from waste paper by Myrothecium verrucaria . Biotechnol. Bioengin. , 13 : 77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban , A. J. 1979 . Recycling Berlin ‘79 . Proc. Int. Recycling Congr. 1979 , Berlin . Experiments pertaining to the recirculation of flue gas in waste incinerator systems , pp. 405
   Google Scholar
• Urban , A. I. 1982 . Recycling International: Recovery of Energy and Material from Residue and Waste . Proc. 1982 Int. Recycling Congr. 1982 , Berlin . Optimization of combustion by recirculation of flue gas , pp. 259
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Academy of Sciences . 1977 . Methane Generation from Human, Animal, and Agricultural Wastes , 4 National Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Congress, Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, [Title II, P. L. 89–272, 89th Congress, October 20, 1965, Sec. 203 (4)].
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1974 . Resource Recovery and Waste Reduction , Fourth Report to Congress, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. SW‐600 Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . November 1980 . Comparative Study of Air Classifiers , Final Report, Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. 68–03–270 November , Cincinnati , Ohio : U.S. EPA .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. National Academy of Sciences . 1981 . Food, Fuel, and Fertilizer from Organic Wastes , Washington, D.C. : National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Public Health Service . 1966 . Compilation of Selected Public Health Laws , 191 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• van Brakel , J. 1980 . The Ignis Fatuus of Biogas , 141 Mijnbouwplein, 2628 RT Delft , , The Netherlands : Delft University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vesilind , P. A. 1977 . Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludges, , 2nd ed. , 323 Ann Arbor , Mich. : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Vesilind , P. A. and Rimer , A. E. 1980 . Unit Operations in Resource Recovery Engineering , 452 Englewood Cliffs , N. J. : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Walmet , G. E. and Boyd , W. D. 1979 . Biogas and Alcohol Fuels Production . Proc. Sem. on Biogas Energy for City, Farm, and Industry . May 1979 , Chicago , Ill. . Biogas purification with permaselective membranes , J. G. Press . Emmaus, Pa.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N. J. and Rai , C. 1975 . Pyrolysis/State of the Art . Public Works , April
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N. J. and Toro , R. F. 1976 . Thermal Processing of Municipal Solid Waste for Resource and Energy Recovery , Michigan : Ann Arbor Science Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Wilke , C. R. and Mitra , G. Process Development Studies on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Celluose . paper presented at the National Science Foundation Special Seminar, Cellulose as a Chemical and Energy Source . June 26 . Berkeley : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , D. F. , ed. 1977 . Handbook of Solid Waste Management , 743 New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , E. M. , Leavens , J. M. , Snyder , N. W. , Brehany , J. J. and Whitman , R. F. May 1978 . Engineering and Economic Analysis of Waste to Energy Systems , Report No. EPA‐600/7–78–086 May , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Wylie , G. F. 1940 . A year's experience in digestion of sewage and garbage solids . Sewage Works J. , 12 August : 760
   Google Scholar