References
- Miller , K. J. 1985 . Water reuse practices in the United States . Proc. Int. Conv. Australian Water and Wastewater Assoc. April 28 to May 3 1985 , Melbourne, Australia.
- Linden , D. R. , Clapp , C. E. and Dowdy , R. H. Hydrologic and nutrient management aspects of municipal wastewater and sludge utilization on land . Proc. 1983 Workshop on Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land . Edited by: Page , A. L. , Gleason , T. L. III , Smith , J. E. Jr. , Iskandar , I. K. and Sommers , L. E. pp. 79 Riverside : University of California .
- Council of Environmental Quality . 1983 . Environmental Quality, 14th Annual Report
- 1983 . Conveyance, treatment and control of minicipal wastewater, combined sewer overflows and storm‐water runoff , Summaries of technical data Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency . 430/9–83–002,
- Arceival , S. S. 1977 . “ Water reuse in India ” . In Water Renovation and Reuse , Edited by: Shuval , H. I. 277 London : Academic Press .
- Shelef , G. 1977 . “ Water reuse in Israel ” . In Water Renovation and Reuse , Edited by: Shuval , H. I. 311 London : Academic Press .
- Hart , O. O. and Van Vuuren , L. R. J. 1977 . “ Water reuse in South Africa ” . In Water Renovation and Reuse , Edited by: Shuval , H. I. 355 London : Academic Press .
- Dean , R. B. and Lund , E. 1981 . Water Reuse Problems and Solutions , 227 London : Academic Press .
- Bryan , F. L. 1977 . Diseases transmitted by foods contaminated by wastewater . J. Food Prot. , 40 (1) : 45
- Feachem , R. G. , Bradley , D. J. , Garelick , H. and Mara , D. D. 1983 . Sanitation and Disease Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management , 501 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
- Kampelmacher , E. H. and Van Noorle Jansen , L. M. 1976 . Salmonella in effluenten van rioolwater‐zul‐veringsinstallaties in rioolafuoeren van slageri; en opperviaktewater op Waicheren Vol. 334 , H2O,9,
- Kampelmacher , E. H. , Fonds , A. W. and Van Noorie Jansen , L. M. 1977 . Reduction of Salmonella, E. coli, coliforms and fecal streptococci by chlorination of sewage treatment plant effluents . Water Res. , 11 : 545
- Schiemann , D. A. , Brodsky , M. H. and Ciebin , D. W. 1978 . Salmonella and bacterial indicator in ozon‐ated and chlorine dioxide‐disinfected effuent . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 50 : 158
- Kabler , P. 1959 . Removal of pathogenic micro‐organisms by sewage treatment processes . Sewage Ind. Wastes , 12 : 1373
- Sack , R. B. , Hirschhorn , W. , Brownlee , I. , Cash , R. A. , Woodward , W. E. and Sack , D. A. 1975 . Enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli associated diarrheal disease in Apache Children . N. Engl. J. Med. , 292 : 1041
- Kott , Y. and Betzer , N. 1972 . The fate of Vibrio cholerae(El Tor) in oxidation pond effluents . Israel J. Med. Sci. , 8 : 1912
- Chang , S. L. , Buckingham , M. and Taylor , M. P. 1948 . Studies on Leptospira icterochaemorrhagiae. IV. Survival in water and sewage: destruction in water by halogen compounds, synthetic detergents and heat . J. Infect. Dis. , 82 : 256
- Noguchi , H. 1918 . The survival of Leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemmorhagiae. In nature: observations concerning microchemical reactions and intermediary hosts . J. Exp. Med. , 27 : 609
- Feachem , R. G. A. , Bradley , D. J. , Garelick , H. and Marci , D. D. 1980 . Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Management: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review. Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation , Vol. 3 , Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, Transportation Water and Telecommunications Department .
- Craun , G. F. 1981 . Outbreaks of waterborne disease in the United States: 1971–1978 . J. Am. Water. Works Assoc. , 73 : 360
- Fox , J. C. and Fitzgerald , P. R. 1979 . The presence of Giardia lamblia cysts in sewage and sewage sludges from the Chicago area, in Waterborne Transmission of Giardiasis , Edited by: Jaku‐bowski , W. and Hoff , H. C. 268 Cincinnati, Ohio : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Rep. EPA‐600/9–79–001,
- Jakubowski , W. and Ericksen , T. H. 1979 . Methods for detection of Giardia cysts in water supplies, in Waterborne Transmission of Giardiasis , Edited by: Jakubowski , W. and Hoff , H. C. 193 Cincinnati, Ohio : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Rep. EPA‐600/9–79–001,
- McHarry , M. J. 1984 . Detection of Giardia in sewage effluent . J. Protozool. , 31 : 362
- Jarroll , E. L. , Hoff , J. C. and Meyer , E. A. 1984 . “ Resistance of cysts to disinfection agents ” . In Giardia and Giardiasis , Edited by: Erlandsen , S. L. and Meyer , E. A. 311 New York : Plenum Press .
- Kott , H. and Kott , Y. 1967 . Detection and viability of Endamoeba histolytica cysts in sewage effluents . Water Sewage Works , 140 : 177
- Wang , W.‐L. L. and Dunlop , S. G. 1954 . Animal parasites in sewage and irrigation water . Sewage Ind. Wastes , 26 : 1020
- Cram , E. B. 1943 . The effect of various treatment processes on the survival of helminth ova and protozoan cysts . Sewage Works J. , 15 : 1119
- Panicker , P. V. R. C. and Krishnamoorthi , K. P. 1978 . Elimination of enteric parasites during sewage treatment processes . Indian Assoc. Water Pollut. Control Tech. Ann. , 5 : 130
- Liebmann , H. 1965 . Investigations about helminth ova in sewage and wastes in Japan . Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. , 78 : 106
- Rowan , W. B. and Gram , A. L. 1959 . Quantitative recovery of helminth eggs from relatively large samples of feces and sewage . J. ParasitoL , 45 : 615
- Melnick , J. L. , Wallis , C. and Gerga , C. P. 1978 . Viruses in water . Bull. World Health Org. , 56 : 499
- Paul , J. R. and Trask , J. D. 1941 . The virus of poliomyelitis in stools and sewage . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 116 : 493
- Goyal , S. M. 1982 . “ Preservation of environmental samples ” . In Methods in Environmental Virology , Edited by: Gerba , C. P. and Goyal , S. M. New York : Marcel Dekker .
- Irving , L. G. , Butler , M. , Medlen , A. R. and Morris , R. 1982 . “ Viruses in wastewater effluents ” . In Viruses and Disinfection of Water and Wastewater , 7 United Kingdom : University of Surrey .
- Goldfield , M. 1976 . “ Epidemiological indicators for transmission of viruses by water ” . In Viruses in Water , Edited by: Berg , G. , Bodily , H. L. , Lennette , E. H. , Melnick , J. L. and Metcalf , T. G. 70 Washington, D.C. : American Public Health Association .
- Hejkal , T. W. , Keswick , B. , LaBelle , R. L. , Gerba , C. P. , Sanchez , Y. , Dreesman , G. and Hafkin , B. 1982 . Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 74 : 318
- Keswick , B. H. , Satter‐white , T. K. , Johnson , P. C. , Dupont , H. L. , Secor , S. L. , Bitsura , J. A. , Gary , G. W. and Hoff , J. C. 1985 . Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 261
- Hejkal , T. W. , Smith , E. M. and Gerba , C. P. 1984 . Seasonal occurrence of rotavirus in sewage . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 47 : 588
- Bates , J. , Goddard , M. R. and Butler , M. 1984 . The detection of rotaviruses in products of wastewater treatment . J. Hyg. Camb. , 93 : 639
- Rao , V. C. , Metcalf , T. G. and Melnick , J. L. 1985 . Rotavirus removal in activated‐sludge sewage treatment, (Abstr.,) . 85th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. March 1985 , Las Vegas, Nev..
- Rose , J. B. , Gerba , C. P. , Singh , S. N. and Toranzos , G. A. 1986 . Isolation of entero‐ and rotaviruses from a drinking water treatment facility . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 78 : 56
- Crook , J. 1984 . “ Health and regulatory considerations ” . In Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Waste‐water—A Guidance Manual , Edited by: Pettygrove , G. S. and Asano , T. 10 Sacramento : California State Water Resources Control Board .
- Gunnerson , C. G. , Shuval , H. I. and Arlosoroff , S. Health effects of wastewater irrigation and their control in developing countries . Proc Water Reuse Symp. Ill . pp. 1576 Denver, Colo. : American Water Works Association .
- Schiff , G. , Stefanovic , G. M. , Young , B. and Pennekamp , J. K. 1983 . Determination of minimal infectious dose of an enterovirus in drinking water , Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency . Rep. EPA‐600/S1–83–004,
- McCollum , R. W. 1961 . An outbreak of viral hepatitis in the Mediterranean fleet . Mil. Med. , 126 : 902
- Hutcheson , R. H. Jr. 1971 . Infectious hepatitis—Tennessee . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rep. , 20 : 357
- Shuval , H. I. , Yekutiel , P. and Fattal , B. 1984 . Epidemiological evidence for helminth and cholera transmission by vegetables irrigated with wastewater: Jerusalem. A Case Study . Water Sci. Tech. , 17 : 433
- Camann , D. E. 1985 . The Lubbock Land Treatment System Research Demonstration Project , Vol. 4 , Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency . Rep. 600–1–85–023,
- Fattal , B. , Margalith , M. , Shuval , H. I. and Moray , A. Community exposure to wastewater and antibody prevalence to several enteroviruses . Proc. Water Reuse Symposium III . pp. 1513 Denver, Colorado : American Water Works Association .
- Fannin , K. F. , Vana , S. C. and Jakubowski , W. 1985 . Effect of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant on ambient air densities of aerosols containing bacteria and viruses . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 49 : 1191
- Applebaum , J. , Guttman‐Bass , N. , Lugten , M. , Teltsch , B. , Fattal , B. and Shuval , H. I. 1984 . Dispersion of aerosolized enteric viruses and bacteria by sprinkler irrigation with wastewater . Monogr. Virol. , 15 : 193
- Teltsch , B. , Kedmi , S. , Bonnet , Y. , Borenzstayn‐Roten and Katzenkelson , E. 1980 . Isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms at wastewater irrigated fields: ratios in air and wastewater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 39 : 1183
- Teltsch , B. and Katzenelson , E. 1978 . Airborne enteric bacteria and viruses from spray irrigation with wastewater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 35 : 390
- Ijaz , M. K. and Sattar , S. A. 1985 . Comparison of the airborne survival of calf rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) aerosolized as a mixture . Appl. Environ, Microbiol. , 49 : 289
- Clark , C. S. , Cleary , E. J. , Schiff , G. M. , Linnemann , C. C. Jr. , Phair , J. P. and Briggs , T. M. 1976 . Disease risks of occupational exposure to sewage . ASCE N. Environ. Eng. Div. , 102 : 375
- Clark , C. S. 1984 . Health effects associated with wastewater treatment and disposal . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 56 : 625
- Clark , C. S. , Linneman , C. C. Jr. , Clark , J. G. and Gartside , P. S. 1984 . Enteric parasites in workers occupationally exposed to sewage . J. Occup. Med. , 26 : 273
- Skinhoy , P. , Hollinger , F. B. , Hovind‐Hougen , K. and Lous , P. 1981 . Infectious liver diseases in three groups of Copenhagen workers: correlation of Hepatitis A infection to sewage exposure . Arch. Environ. Health , 36 : 139
- Clark , C. S. , Byronson , H. S. , Linnemann , C. C. Jr. and Gartside , P. S. 1984 . Evaluation of health risks associated with wastewater treatment and sludge composting , Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency . Rep. 600/S1–84–014,
- Clark , S. C. , Linnemann , C. C. , Gartside , P. S. , Phair , J. P. , Blacklow , N. and Zeiss , C. R. 1985 . Serologic survey of rotavirus, Norwalk agent and Prototheca wickerhamii in wastewater workers . Am. J. Publ. Health. , 75 (1) : 83
- Shuval , H. I. , Fattal , B. and Wax , Y. 1984 . Retrospective epidemiological study 600/S1–84–006 , Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency .
- Gerba , C. P. , Singh , S. N. and Rose , J. B. 1984 . Waterborne gastroenteritis and viral hepatitis . CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 15 : 213
- Kowal , N. E. 1982 . Health effects of land treatment: microbiological report , Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐600/1–82–007,
- Rosas , I. , Baez , A. and Coutino , M. 1984 . Bacteriological quality of crops irrigated with wastewater in xochimilco plots, Mexico City, Mexico . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 47 (5) : 1074
- Gerba , C. P. 1983 . Pathogens in Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land , Edited by: Page , A. L. , Gleason , T. L. III , Smith , T. E. Jr. , Iskandar , I. K. and Sommers , K. E. 147 Riverside : University of California .
- Scheed , R. , Deinhardt , R. F. , Frosner , G. , Abb , J. , Zachoval , R. and Siegl , G. 1982 . “ Inactivation of hepatitis A and B viruses and risk of iatrogenic transmission ” . In Viral Hepatitis , Edited by: Szmuness , W. , Alter , H. J. and Maynared , J. E. 627 Philadelphia, Pa. : The Franklin Institute Press .
- Smith , M. A. , Kuddous , F. G. A. , Stubbs , K. J. , McNeill , A. , Irving , L. G. , Ward , B. K. and Kerr , R. 1983 . Growth of vegetables and retention of bacteria, viruses and heavy metals on crops irrigated with reclaimed water . Proc. of the Australian Water and Wastewater Assoc . April 1983 , Sydney, Australia.
- Pude , R. A. , Jackson , G. J. , Bier , J. W. , Sawyer , T. K. and Risty , N. G. 1984 . Survey of fresh vegetables for nematodes, amoebae, and Salmonella . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 67 : 613
- Ercolani , G. L. 1976 . Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 31 : 847
- Tamminga , S. K. , Beumer , R. R. and Kampelmacher , E. H. 1978 . The hygienic quality of vegetables grown in or imported into the Netherlands: a tentative survey . J. Hyg. , 80 : 143
- Creel , R. H. 1912 . Vegetables as a possible factor in the dissemination of typhoid fever . Pub. Health Rep. , 27 : 187
- Bell , R. G. 1976 . Persistence of fecal coliform indicator bacteria on alfalfa irrigated with minucipal sewage lagoon effluent . J. Environ. Qual. , 5 : 39
- Lindenstruth , R. W. and Ward , B. Q. 1948 . Viability of Vibrio fetus in hay, soil and manure . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 113 : 163
- Felsonfeld , O. 1974 . The Survival of Cholera Vibrios in Cholera , Edited by: Barua , D. and Burrows , W. 359 Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders .
- Kott , H. and Fishelson , L. 1974 . Survival of enteroviruses on vegetables irrigated with chlorinated oxidation pond effluents . Israel J. Tech. , 12 : 290
- Badawy , A. S. , Rose , J. B. and Begarano , G. C. 1985 . Survival of virus on grass irrigated with sewage (Abstr.) . 85th Annu. Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol. March 1985 , Las Vegas, Nev..
- Badawy , A. S. , Gerba , C. P. and Kelley , L. M. 1985 . Survival of rotavirus SA‐11 on vegetables . Food Microbiol. , in press,
- Rudolfs , W. , Falk , L. L. and Ragotzkie , R. A. 1951 . Contamination of vegetables grown in polluted soil. III. Field studies on Ascaris eggs . Sewage Ind. Wastes. , 23 : 656
- 1984 . Engineering‐Science, 4th Annu. Rep. Monterey Wastewater Reclamation Study for Agriculture , Calif. : Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency .
- Flierman , C. B. , Cherry , W. B. , Orrison , L. V. , Smith , S. J. and Tison , D. L. 1981 . Ecological distribution of Legionella pneumophila . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 41 : 9
- Fraser , D. W. 1979 . Summary Sources of Legionellos in Legionelle , 277 Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency .
- Shuval , H. , Bercovier , H. and Fattal , B. Risk of Legionella infection among irrigation workers exposed to aerosols from water and wastewater . Proc. Water Reuse Symposium III . pp. 1496 Denver, Colo. : American Water Works Association .
- Broome , B. G. V. and Fraser , D. W. 1979 . Epidemiology aspects of legionellosis . Epidemiol. Rev. , 1 : 1
- Bercovier , H. , Deral‐Cochin , M. , Sherman , J. , Fattal , B. and Shuval , H. 1984 . “ Seroepidemiological survey of irrigation workers in Israel and isolation of Legionella spp. in the environment ” . In Legionella , Edited by: Thornsberry , C. , Balows , A. , Feeley , J. C. and Jakubowski , W. 252 Washington, D.C. : American Society of Microbiology .
- Clark , C. S. , Van Mear , G. L. , Linnemann , C. C. Jr. , Byornson , A. B. , Gartside , P. S. , Schiff , G. M. , Trimble , S. E. , Alexander , D. , Cleary , E. J. and Phair , J. P. 1979 . Wastewater Aerosols and Disease , Edited by: Pahran , H. and Jakubowski , W. 239 Cincinnati, Ohio : Environmental Protection Agency .
- Sadovski , A. Y. , Fattal , B. and Goldberg , D. 1978 . Microbial contamination of vegetables irrigated with sewage effluent by the drip method . Food Prot. , 41 : 336
- 1973 . Re‐use of effluents: methods of wastewater treatment and health safeguards , Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 517 Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
- Kempa , E. S. and Cebula , J. S. ( Sanitary aspects of long‐term utilization of wastewater for irrigation . Proc. Water Reuse Symposium III . pp. 1606 Denver, Colo. : American Water Works Association .
- Kramer , R. E. Regulations for reuse of wastewater in Arizona . Proc. Water Reuse Symposium III . pp. 1666 Denver, Colo. : American Water Works Association .
- Crook , J. 1976 . Reliability of wastewater reclamation facilities , Berkeley, Calif. : California Department of Health Services, Sanitary Engineering Sec. .
- Ling , C. S. 1978 . Wastewater reclamation facilities survey , Berkeley : California Department of Health Services, Sanitary Engineering Sec. .
- Miller , H. E. 1985 . Hygienische. Aspelte der landwirtschaft‐lichen. Vermertung von Abwasser und Klarschlamm . Naturwissenschaften , 72 (5) : 238
- Ward, B. K. and Irving, L. G., personal communication, 1985.
- Rusin, P., personal communication.