Cell permeability to toxicants: An important parameter in toxicity tests using bacteria

References

• Bitton , G. and Dutka , B. J. , eds. 1986 . Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms , Vol. I , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dutka , B. J. and Bitton , G. , eds. 1986 . Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms , Vol. 2 , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , D. and Dutka , B. J. , eds. 1984 . Toxicity Screening Procedures Using Bacterial Systems , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. 1983 . Bacterial and biochemical tests for assessing chemical toxicity in aquatic environments . CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 13 : 51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulich , A. A. 1986 . “ Bioluminescence assays ” . In Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Dutka , B. J. 57 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trevors , J. T. 1986 . “ Bacterial growth and activity as indicators of toxicity ” . In Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Dutka , B. J. 9 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jolicoeur , C. and Baubien , A. 1986 . “ Microcalorimetric studies of microbial metabolism and inhibition: basis for in vitro toxicity evaluation ” . In Toxicity Testing Using Microoganisms , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Dutka , B. J. 115 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benzinger , R. 1978 . Transfection of Enterobacteriaceae and its applications . Microbiol. Rev. , 42 : 194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russel , A. D. 1984 . “ Potential sites of damage in microorganisms exposed to chemical and physical agents ” . In The Revival of Injured Microbes , Edited by: Andrew , M. H. E. and Russel , A. D. 1 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hugo , W. B. and Russel , A. D. 1976 . Pharmaceutical Microbiology , Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. and Cheng , K. J. 1975 . The role of the bacterial cell envelope in antibiotic resistance . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 1 : 363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakae , T. 1986 . Outer membrane permeability of bacteria . CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. , 13 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikaido , H. and Nakae , T. 1979 . The outer membrane of gram‐negative bacteria . Adv. Microb. Physiol. , 20 : 163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godfrey , A. J. and Bryan , L. E. 1984 . “ Intrinsic resistance and whole cell factors contributing to antibiotic resistance ” . In Antimicrobial Drug Resistance , Edited by: Bryan , L. E. 115 Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hancock , R. E. W. 1984 . Alterations in outer membrane permeability . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 38 : 237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raetz , C. R. H. 1987 . “ Biosynthesis and pharmacologic properties of Escherichia coli lipid A ” . In Bacterial Outer Membranes as Model Systems , Edited by: Inouye , M. 229 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Leive , L. 1974 . The barrier function of the Gram‐negative envelope . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 235 : 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , R. E. W. 1987 . “ Model membrane studies on porin function ” . In Bacterial Outer Membrane as Model Systems , Edited by: Inouye , M. 187 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mizushima , S. 1987 . “ Assembly of membrane proteins ” . In Bacterial Outer Membranes as Model Systems , Edited by: Inouye , M. 163 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. 1984 . “ The revival of microorganisms injured by chemical inhibitors ” . In The Revival of Injured Microbes , Edited by: Andrew , M. H. E. and Russel , A. D. 175 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chopra , I. and Ball , P. 1982 . Transport of antibiotics into bacteria . Adv. Microb. Physiol. , 23 : 184
   Google Scholar
• Beuchat , L. R. 1978 . “ Injury and repair of Gram‐negative bacteria, with special consideration of the involvement of the cytoplasmic membrane ” . In Advances in Applied Microbiology , Edited by: Perlman , D. Vol. 23 , 219 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Russel , A. D. 1983 . “ Principles of antimicrobial activity ” . In Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization , Edited by: Block , S. S. 717 Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Andrew , M. H. E. and Russel , A. D. 1984 . The Revival of Injured Microbes , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , B. 1979 . Methods to detect stressed microorganisms . J. Food Prot. , 42 : 346
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mossel , D. A. A. and Van Netten , P. 1984 . “ Harmful effects of selective media on stressed microorganisms ” . In The Revival of Injured Microbes , Edited by: Andrew , M. H. E. and Russel , A.D. 329 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , L. A. , Stiles , M. E. and Clegg , L. F. L. 1973 . Reliability of selective media for the enumeration and estimation of E. coli . Am. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. , 6 : 230
   Google Scholar
• White , W. R. , Ridgway , J. W. , Goldfree , A. F. , Pike , E. B. , Watkins , J. , Marcola , B. H. and Rhodes , P. 1984 . “ The recovery of injured bacteria from water, sewage and sewage effluents: a round table discussion ” . In The Revival of Injured Microbes , Edited by: Andrew , M. H. E. and Russel , A. D. 372 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hambleton , P. 1971 . Repair of wall damage in Escherichia coli recovered from an aerosol . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 69 : 81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikaido , H. 1976 . Outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium transmembrane diffusion of some antibiotics . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 443 : 118
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , G. M. , Seaver , A. and Calcott , P. H. 1981 . Effect of defined lipopolysaccharides core defects on resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to freezing and thawing and other stresses . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitchener , B. J. and Egan , A. F. 1977 . Outer membrane damage in sublethally heated E. coli K‐12 . Can. J. Microbiol. , 23 : 311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leive , L. 1968 . Studies on permeability changes in coliform bacteria by ethylenediaminetetracetate . J. Biol. Chem. , 243 : 2373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackey , B. M. 1983 . Changes in antibiotic sensitivity and cell surface hydrophobicity in E. coli injured by heating, freezing, drying or gamma radiation . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 20 : 395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinskey , T. J. and Silverman , G. J. 1970 . Characterization of injury incurred by Escherichia coli upon freeze‐drying . J. Bacteriol. , 101 : 429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unemoto , T. and Macleod , R. A. 1975 . Capacity of the outer membrane of a gram‐negative marine bacterium in the presence of cations to prevent lysis by Triton X‐100 . J. Bacteriol. , 121 : 800
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hancock , R. E. W. and Wong , P. G. W. 1984 . Compounds which increase the permeability of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 26 : 48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helgerson , S. L. and Cramer , W. A. 1977 . Changes in Escherichia coli cell envelope structure and the sites of fluorescence probe binding caused by carbonyl cyanide p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone . Biochemistry , 16 : 4109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Normark , S. and Westling , B. 1971 . Nature of the penetration barrier in Escherichia coli K‐12: effect of macromolecular inhibition on penetrability in strains containing the envA gene . J. Bacteriol. , 108 : 45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stan‐Lotter , H. , Gupta , M. and Sanderson , K. E. 1979 . The influence of cations on the permeability of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium and other gram‐negative bacteria . Can. J. Microbiol. , 25 : 475
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuchido , T. , Katsui , N. , Takeuchi , A. , Tankano , M. and Shibasaki , I. 1985 . Destruction of the outer membrane permeability barrier of Escherichia coli by heat treatment . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. , Gutnick , D. and Rosenberg , E. 1980 . Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: a simple method for measuring cell‐surface hydrophobicity . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 9 : 29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin , R. T. , MacAlister , J. , Chan , R. and Costerton , J. W. 1981 . Citrate‐Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane‐mediated release of outer membrane sections from the cell envelope of a deep‐rough (heptose‐deficient lipopolysaccharide) strain of Escherichia coli 08 . J. Bacteriol. , 145 : 1397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman , W. and Rosselet , A. 1977 . Function of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli as a permeability barrier to beta‐lactam antibiotics . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 12 : 368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chrzanowski , T. H. , Crotty , R. D. , Hubbard , J. G. and Welch , R. P. 1984 . Applicability of the fluorescein diacetate method of detecting active bacteria in freshwater . Microbiol. Ecol. , 10 : 179
   Google Scholar
• Russell , A. D. , Morris , A. and Allwood , M. C. 1973 . “ Methods for assessing damage to bacteria ” . In Methods in Microbiology , Edited by: Norris , J. R. and Ribbons , D. W. Vol. 8 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scudamore , R. A. , Beveridge , T. J. and Goldner , M. 1979 . Outer membrane penetration barriers as components of intrinsic resistance to beta‐lactam and other antibiotics in E. coli K‐12 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 15 : 820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel , M. and Higa , A. 1970 . Calcium‐dependent bacteriophage DNA infection . J. Mol. Biol. , 53 : 159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass , J. M. , Boos , W. and Hengge , R. 1981 . Reconstitution of maltose transport in mal B mutants of E. coli through Ca‐induced disruptions of the outer membrane . J. Bacteriol. , 146 : 10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cerny , G. and Tuber , M. 1971 . Differentiated release of periplasmic versus cytoplasmic enzymes from E. coli B by polymyxin B . Arch. Mikrobiol. , 78 : 166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lounatmaa , K. , Makela , P. H. and Sarvas , M. 1976 . Effect of polymyxin on the ultrastructure of the outer membrane of wild‐type and polymyxin‐resistant strains of Salmonella . J. Bacteriol. , 127 : 1400
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaara , M. 1981 . Increased outer membrane resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate and cations in novel lipid A mutants . J. Bacteriol. , 148 : 426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaara , M. and Vaara , T. 1983 . Polycations sensitize enteric bacteria to antibiotics . Antimicrob. Agents Che‐mother. , 24 : 107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaara , M. and Vaara , T. 1983 . Polycations as outer membrane disorganizing agents . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 24 : 114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulitzur , S. 1986 . Determination of antibiotic activities with the aid of luminous bacteria . Methods Enzymol. , 133 : 275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schindler , M. and Osborn , M. J. 1979 . Interaction of divalent cations and polymyxin B with lipopolysaccharide . Biochemistry , 18 : 4425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , C. , Hildebrandt , J. , Schutze , E. and Wenzel , A. F. 1986 . Membrane‐disorganizing property of polymyxin B nonapeptide . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 18 : 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonzu , H. 1980 . Studies on the damage to E. coli cell membrane caused by different rates of freeze‐thawing . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 603 : 13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray , B. and Speck , M. S. 1973 . Freeze‐injury in bacteria . CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. , 4 : 161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray , B. and Speck , M. 1972 . Metabolic process during the repair of freeze‐injury in Echerichia coli . Appl. Microbiol. , 24 : 585
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williamson , K. J. and Johnson , D. G. 1981 . A bacterial bioassay for assessment of wastewater toxicity . Water Res. , 15 : 383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , K. J. and Nelson , P. O. 1983 . Bacterial Bioassay for Level 1 Toxicity Assessment , Report EPA‐600/ S3–83–017 Corvallis, OR : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Koch , A. L. 1981 . “ Growth measurement ” . In Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology , Edited by: Gerhardt , P. 179 Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , M. R. W. and Williams , P. 1985 . Influence of substrate limitation and growth phase on sensitivity to antimicrobial agents . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 15 (Suppl. A) : 7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finch , J. E. and Brown , M. R. W. 1975 . The influence of nutrient limitation in a chemostat on the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin and EDTA . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 1 : 379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drown , M.R.W. and Melling , J. 1969 . Loss of sensitivity to EDTA by Pseudomonas aeroginosa grown under conditions of magnesium limitation . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 54 : 439
   Google Scholar
• Finch , J. E. and Brown , M. R. W. 1978 . Effect of growth environment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes and cationic proteins . Infect. Immun. , 20 : 340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenward , M. A. and Brown , M. R. W. 1978 . Relation between growth rate and sensitivity to cold shock of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc. Microbiol. Lett. , 3 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. and Brown , M. R. W. 1980 . Cell‐wall mediated changes in sensitivity of Bacillus megaterium to chlorhexidine and 2‐phenoxyethanol, associated with growth rate and nutrient limitation . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 48 : 223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker and Durham . 1975 . Effect of carbon source during growth on sensitivity of Pseudomonas fluorescens to actinomycin D1 . Can. J. Microbiol. , 21 : 69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hugo , W. B. and Street , H. E. 1952 . The effect of phenol, 2‐phenoxyethanol, and cetyltrimethylammom'um bromide on the oxidation of various substances by Escherichia coli . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 6 : 90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hugo , W. B. 1967 . The mode of action of antibacterial agents . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 30 : 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huoang , E. T. , Mince , C. and Howard , A. J. 1983 . “ The effect of composition of culture media on MIC values of antibiotics ” . In Antibiotics: Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance , Edited by: Russell , A. D. and Quesnel , L. B. 31 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hugo , W. B. and Stretton , R. J. 1966 . The role of cellular lipid in the resistance of Gram‐positive bacteria to penicillins . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 42 : 133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hugo , W. B. and Franklin , I. 1968 . Cellular lipid and the antistaphylococcal activity of phenols . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 52 : 365
   Google Scholar
• Hugo , W. B. and Davidson , J. A. 1973 . Effect of cell lipid depletion in Staphylococcus aureus upon its resistance to antimicrobial agent . Microbics , 8 : 63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sampson , B. A. and Benson , S. A. 1987 . Escherichia coli strains with defined mutations which alter cellular permeability . J. Ind. Microbiol. , 1 : 335
   Google Scholar
• Klaenhammer , T. R. and Kleeman , E. G. 1981 . Growth characteristics, bile sensitivity and freeze damage in colonial variants of Lactobacillus acidophilus . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 41 : 1461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundstrom , T. , Normark , S. and Magnusson , K. E. 1980 . Overproduction of outer membrane protein suppresses envA induced hyperpermeability . J. Bacteriol. , 144 : 884
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson , J. J. , Wilson , J. M. and Oxender , D. L. 1979 . Defective transport and other phenotypes of a periplasmic “leaky” mutant of Escherichia coli K‐12 . J. Bacteriol. , 140 : 351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzaroni , J.‐C. and Portalier , R. C. 1981 . Genetic and biochemical characterization of periplasmic‐leaky mutants of Escherichia coli K‐12 . J. Bacteriol. , 145 : 1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yem , D. W. and Wu , H. C. 1978 . Physiological characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant altered in the structure of murein lipoprotein . J. Bacteriol. , 133 : 1419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitney , E. N. 1971 . The tolC locus in Escherichia coli K12 . Genetics , 67 : 39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henner , W. D. , Kleber , L. and Benziner , R. 1973 . Transfection of E. coli spheroplasts. III. Facilitation of transfection and stabilization of spheroplasts by different basic polymers . J. Virol. , 12 : 741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu , H. C. and Heppel , L. A. 1964 . The release of ribonuclease into the medium when E. coli cells are converted to spheroplasts . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 14 : 109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schnaitman , C. A. 1981 . “ Cell fractionation ” . In Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology , Edited by: Gerhardt , P. 51 Washington, D.C. : American Society of Microbiology .
   Google Scholar
• Bauda , P. , Garsot , P. and Block , J. C. 1985 . Cadmium toxicity on bacterial protoplasts (Abstr.) . 2nd Int. Symp. Toxicity Testing Using Bacteria . May 6 to 10 1985 , Banff, Alberta, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Cozens , R. M. , Klemperer , R. M. and Brown , M. R. W. 1983 . “ The influence of cell envelope composition on antibiotic activity ” . In Antibiotics: Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance , Edited by: Russell , A. D. and Quesnel , L. B. 61 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dutton, R. J., Bitton, G., and Koopman, B., unpublished data.
   Google Scholar