Microbial Products of Activated Sludge in Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Critical Review

REFERENCES

• Ahn , Y. T. , Choi , Y. K. , Jeong , H. S. , Chae , S. R. and Shin , H. S. 2006 . Modeling of extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products production in a submerged membrane bioreactor at various SRTs . Water Sci. Technol. , 53 : 209 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allesen-Holm , M. , Barken , K. B. , Yang , L. , Klausen , M. , Webb , J. S. Kjelleberg , S. 2006 . A characterization of DNA release in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures and biofilms . Mol. Microbiol. , 59 : 1114 – 1128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino , S. F.D. 2004 . Formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) in anaerobic digesters during stress conditions Doctoral dissertation, Imperial College , , London
   Google Scholar
• Aquino , S. F.D. and Stuckey , D. C. 2008 . Integrated model of the production of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic chemostats during transient conditions . Biochem. Eng. J. , 38 : 138 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , D. J. , Mannucchi , G. A. , Salvi , S. M.L. and Stuckey , D. C. 1999 . Characterisation of soluble residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) in anaerobic wastewater treatment effluents . Water Res. , 33 : 2499 – 2510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , D. J. and Stuckey , D. C. 1999 . A review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems . Water Res. , 33 : 3063 – 3082 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , D. J. and Stuckey , D. C. 2001 . Modelling of soluble microbial products in anaerobic digestion: The effect of feed strength and composition . Water Environ. Res. , 73 : 173 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccari , M. , Majone , M. , Massanisso , P. and Ramadori , R. 1998 . A bulking sludge with high storage response selected under intermittent feeding . Water Res. , 32 : 3403 – 3413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beun , J. J. , Heijnen , J. J. and van Loosdrecht , M. C.M. 2001 . N-removal in a granular sludge sequencing batch airlift reactor . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 75 : 82 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boero , V. J. , Eckenfelder , W. W. Jr. and Bowers , A. R. 1991 . Soluble microbial product formation in biological systems . Water Sci. Technol. , 23 : 1067 – 1076 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , A. and Chakrabarty , A. M. 1994 . Role of alginate lyase in cell detachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Appl. Eniviron. Microbiol. , 60 : 2355 – 2359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boylen , C. W. and Ensign , J. C. 1970 . Intracellular substrates for endogenous metabolism during long-term starvation of rod and spherical cells of arthrobacter crustallopoietes . J. Bact. , 103 : 578 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleigh , I. G. and Dawes , E. A. 1967 . Studies on the endogenous metabolism and senescence of starved sarcin lutea . Biochem. J. , 102 : 236 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , M. Y. , Lee , D. J. and Tay , J. H. 2007 . Distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granules . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 73 : 1463 – 1469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudoba , J. 1985 . Inhibitory effect of refractory organic compounds produced by activated sludge micro-organisms on microbial activity and flocculation . Water Res. , 19 : 197 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beer , D. , O’Flaharty , V. , Thaveesri , J. , Lens , P. and Verstraete , W. 1996 . Distribution of extracellular polysaccharides and flotation of anaerobic sludge . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 46 : 197 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva , D. G.V. and Rittmann , B. E. 2000a . Nonsteady-state modeling of multispecies activated-sludge processes . Water Environ. Res. , 72 : 554 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva , D. G.V. and Rittmann , B. E. 2000b . Interpreting the response to loading changes in a mixed-culture completely stirred tank reactor . Water Environ. Res. , 72 : 566 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , J. M.L. , Serafim , L. S. , Lemon , P. C. , Reis , M. A.M. and Oliveira , R. 2005 . Mathematical modelling of a mixed culture cultivation process for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 92 : 209 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignac , M. F. , Urbain , V. , Rybacki , D. , Bruchet , A. , Snidaro , D. and Scribe , P. 1998 . Chemical description of extracellular polymeric substances: implication on activated sludge floc structure . Water Sci. Technol. , 38 : 45 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery , T. 1982 . Iron metabolism in humans and plants . Am. Sci. , 70 : 626 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , F. , Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2009 . Estimating the kinetic parameters of activated sludge storage using weighted nonlinear least-squares and accelerating genetic algorithm . Water Res. , 43 : 2595 – 2604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H. C. and Leis , A. 2002 . “ Sorption properties of biofilms ” . In Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , G. Vol. 5 , 2958 – 2967 . New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Forster , C. F. 1985 . Factors involved in the settlement of activated sludge—I. Nutrients and surface polymers . Water Res. , 19 : 1259 – 1264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolund , B. , Griebe , T. and Nielsen , P. H. 1995 . Enzymatic activity in the activated-sludge floc matrix . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 43 : 755 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolund , B. and Keiding , K. 1994 . Implementation of an HPLC polystyrene divinylbenzene column for separation of activated sludge exopolymers . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 4 : 708 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Frolund , B. , Palmgren , R. , Keiding , K. and Nielsen , P. H. 1996 . Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin . Water Res. , 30 : 1749 – 1758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnier , Ch. , Gorner , T. , Guinot-Thomas , P. , Chappe , P. and de Donato , P. 2006 . Exopolymeric production by bacterial strains isolated from activated sludge of paper industry . Water Res. , 40 : 3115 – 3122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudy , A. F. Jr. and Blachly , T. R. 1985 . A study of the biodegradability of residual COD . J. WPCF , 57 : 332 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehr , R. and Henry , J. G. 1983 . Polymer dosage control in dissolved air flotation . J. Environ. Eng. , 109 : 448 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorner , T. , de Donato , P. , Ameil , M.-H. , Montarges-Pelletier , E. and Lartiges , B. S. 2003 . Activated sludge exopolymers: Separation and identification using size exclusion chromatography and infrared micro-spectroscopy . Water Res. , 37 : 2388 – 2393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady , C. P.L. Jr. , Daigger , G. T. and Lim , H. C. 1999 . Biological wastewater treatment , 2nd ed. , New York , NY : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Grunheid , S. , Amy , G. and Jekela , M. 2005 . Removal of bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trace organic compounds by bank filtration and artificial recharge . Water Res. , 39 : 3219 – 3228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guine , V. , Spadini , L. , Sarret , G. , Muris , M. , Delolme , C. and Gaudet , J. P. 2006 . Zinc sorption to three gram-negative bacteria: Combined titration, modeling, and EXAFS study . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 1806 – 1813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujer , W. , Henze , M. , Mino , T. and van Loosdrecht , M. C.M. 1999 . Activated sludge model No. 3 . Water Sci. Technol. , 39 : 183 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harold , F. M. 1972 . Conservation and transformation of energy by bacterial membranes . Bact. Rev. , 36 : 172 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henze , M. , Grady , C. P.L. Jr. , Gujer , W. , Marais , G. V.R. and Matsuo , T. 1987 . Activated sludge model No. 1. Scientific and Technical Report No. 1 , London , , England : IAWPRC .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , M. J. and Novak , J. T. 1997 . Characterization of exocellular protein and its role in bioflocculation . J. Environ. Eng. , 5 : 479 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holakoo , L. , Nakhla , G. , Yanful , E. K. and Bassi , A. S. 2006 . Chelating properties and molecular weight distribution of soluble microbial products from an aerobic membrane bioreactor . Water Res. , 40 : 1531 – 1538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan , N. J. and Eccles , C. R. 1986 . Purification and characterization of extracellular polysaccharide from activated sludge . Water Res. , 20 : 1427 – 1432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn , H. , Neu , T. R. and Wulkow , M. 2001 . Modelling the structure and function of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms with new numerical techniques . Water Sci. Technol. , 43 : 121 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton , J. , Quarmby , J. and Stephenson , T. 2001 . Municipal wastewater sludge dewaterability and the presence of microbial extracellular polymer . Water Sci. Technol. , 44 : 373 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh , K. M. , Murgel , G. A. , Lion , L. W. and Shuler , M. L. 1994 . Interactions of microbial biofilms with toxic trace metals: 1. Observation and modeling of cell growth, attachment, and production of extracelular polymer . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 44 : 219 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , N. , Ren , X. , Cho , J. and Kim , I. S. 2006 . Steady-state modeling of bio-fouling potentials with respect to the biological kinetics in the submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) . J. Membr. Sci. , 284 : 352 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarusutthirak , C. and Amy , G. 2006 . Role of soluble microbial products (SMP) in membrane fouling and flux decline . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 969 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , T. , Myngheer , S. , De Pauw , D. J.W. , Spanjers , H. , Nopens , I. , Kennedy , M. D. , Amy , G. and Vanrolleghem , P. A. 2008 . Modelling the production and degradation of soluble microbial products (SMP) in membrane bioreactors (MBR) . Water Res. , 42 : 4955 – 4964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin , B. , Wilen , B. M. and Lant , P. A. 2003 . Comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge . Chem. Eng. J. , 95 : 221 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorand , F. , Boue-Bigne , F. , Block , J. C. and Urbain , V. 1998 . Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of activated sludge exopolymeric substances . Water Sci. Technol. , 37 : 307 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karahan , O. , van Loosdrecht , M. C.M. and Orhon , D. 2006 . Modeling the utilization of starch by activated sludge for simultaneous substrate storage and microbial growth . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 94 : 43 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karapanagiotis , N. K. , Rudd , T. , Sterritt , R. M. and Lester , J. N. 1989 . Extraction and characterisation of extracellular polymers in digested sewage sludge . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 44 : 107 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiser , M. A. , Oppenheimer , J. , DeCarolis , J. , Hirani , Z. M. and Rittmann , B. E. 2010 . Quantitatively understanding the performance of membrane bioreactors . Separations Sci. Technol. , 45 : 1003 – 1013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommedal , R. , Bakke , R. , Dockery , J. and Stoodley , P. 2001 . Modelling production of extracellular polymeric substances in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa chemostat culture . Water Sci. Technol. , 43 : 129 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreft , J. U. and Wimpenny , J. W.T. 2001 . Effect of EPS on biofilm structure and function as revealed by an individual-based model of biofilm growth . Water Sci. Technol. , 43 : 135 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo , W. C. 1993 . Production of soluble microbial chelators and their impact on anaerobic treatment , Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa .
   Google Scholar
• Kuo , W. C. , Sneve , M. A. and Parkin , G. P. 1996 . Formation of soluble microbial products during anaerobic treatment . Water Environ. Res. , 68 : 279 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbs , C. , Amy , G. and Jekel , M. 2006 . Understanding the size and character of fouling-causing substances from effluent organic matter (EfOM) in low-pressure membrane filtration . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 4495 – 4499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laspidou , C. S. and Rittmann , B. E. 2002a . A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass . Water Res. , 36 : 2711 – 2720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laspidou , C. S. and Rittmann , B. E. 2002b . Non-steady state modeling of extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass . Water Res. , 36 : 1983 – 1992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laspidou , C. S. and Rittmann , B. E. 2004 . Evaluating trends in biofilm density using the UMCCA model . Water Res. , 38 : 3362 – 3372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon , P. C. , Serafim , L. S. and Reis , M. A.M. 2006 . Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates from different short-chain fatty acids by mixed cultures submitted to aerobic dynamic feeding . J. Biotechnol. , 122 : 226 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X. Y. and Yang , S. F. 2007 . Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge . Water Res. , 41 : 1022 – 1030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao , B. Q. , Allen , D. G. , Droppo , I. G. , Leppard , G. G. and Liss , S. N. 2001 . Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability . Water Res. , 35 : 339 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , A. B. , Ahn , I. S. , Mansfield , C. , Lion , L. W. , Shuler , M. L. and Ghiorse , W. C. 2000 . Phenanthrene desorption from soil in the presence of bacterial extracellular polymer: Observations and model predictions of dynamic behavior . Water Res. , 35 : 835 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , H. and Fang , H. H.P. 2002 . Characterization of electrostatic binging sites of extracellular polymers by linear programming analysis of titration data . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 80 : 806 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. and Fang , H. H.P. 2003 . Influence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on flocculation, settling, and dewatering of activated sludge . Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 237 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magbanua , B. S. Jr. and Bowers , A. R. 2006 . Characterization of soluble microbial products (SMP) derived from glucose and phenol in dual substrate activated sludge bioreactors . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 93 : 862 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , S. , Katoku , M. , Saeki , G. , Terada , A. , Aoi , Y. , Tsuneda , S. , Picioreanu , C. and van Loosdrecht , M. C.M. 2010 . Microbial community structure in autotrophic nitrifying granules characterized by experimental and simulation analyses . Environ. Microbiol. , 12 : 192 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majone , M. , Dircks , K. and Beun , J. J. 1999 . Aerobic storage under dynamic conditions in activated sludge processes: The state of the art . Water Sci. Technol. , 39 : 61 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSwain , B. S. , Irvine , R. L. , Hausner , M. and Wilderer , P. A. 2005 . Composition and distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic flocs and granular sludge . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 71 : 1051 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkey , B. V. , Rittmann , B. E. and Chopp , D. L. 2009 . Modeling how soluble microbial products (SMP) support heterotrophic bacteria in autotroph-based biofilms . J. Theo. Biol. , 259 : 670 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen , L. H. and Keiding , K. 2002 . Physico-chemical characteristics of full-scale sewage sludges with implication to dewatering . Water Res. , 36 : 2451 – 2462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel , F. M.M. 1983 . Principles of aquatic chemistry , New York , NY : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , J. W. , Forster , C. F. and Evison , L. 1990 . A comparative study of the nature of biopolymers extracted form anaerobic and activated sludges . Water Res. , 24 : 743 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namkung , E. and Rittmann , B. E. 1986 . Soluble microbial products (SMP) formation kinetics by biofilms . Water Res. , 20 : 795 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neijssel , O. M. and Tempest , D. W. 1976 . The role of energy-spilling reactions in the growth of Klebsiella Aerogenes NCTC 418 in aerobic chemostat culture . Arch. Microbiol. , 110 : 305 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. , Fang , F. , Rittmann , B. E. and Yu , H. Q. 2009a . Modeling microbial products in activated sludge under feast-famine conditions . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 43 : 2489 – 2497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. , Fang , F. , Xie , W. M. , Sun , M. and Yu , H. Q. 2009b . Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances excreted by mixed microorganisms in activated sludge with gel-permeating chromatography, excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy measurement and kinetic modeling . Water Res. , 43 : 1350 – 1358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. , Rittmann , B. E. , Fang , F. , Xu , J. and Yu , H. Q. 2010 . Long-term formation of microbial products in a sequencing batch reactor . Water Res. , 44 : 3787 – 3796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2007 . A new kinetic approach to microbial storage process . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 76 : 1431 – 1438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2008a . Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules: Part I. Model development . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 99 : 314 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2008b . Growth and storage processes in aerobic granules grown on soybean wastewater . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 100 : 664 – 672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2008c . Kinetic modeling microbial storage process in activated sludge under anoxic conditions . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 63 : 2785 – 2792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2008d . Simulation of heterotrophic storage and growth processes in activated sludge under aerobic conditions . Chem. Eng. J. , 140 : 101 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. and Yu , H. Q. 2010 . Modeling and simulation of the formation and utilization of microbial products in aerobic granular sludge . AIChE J. , 56 : 546 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. , Yu , H. Q. and Xie , W. M. 2008 . Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules: Part II. Model calibration and verification . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 99 : 324 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , B. J. , Zeng , R. J. , Fang , F. , Xu , J. , Sheng , G. P. and Yu , H. Q. 2009c . A novel approach to evaluate the production kinetics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by activated sludge using weighted nonlinear least-squares analysis . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 43 : 3743 – 3750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , P. H. and Jahn , A. 1999 . “ Extraction of EPS ” . In Microbial extracellular polymeric substances: Characterization, structure and function , Edited by: Wingender , J. , Neu , T. R. and Flemming , H. C. 49 – 72 . Berlin , , Germany : Springer-Verlag . Chapter 3, pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , P. H. , Raunkjaer , K. , Norsker , N. H. , Jensen , N. A. and Hvitved-Jacobsen , T. 1992 . Transformation of 176 wastewater in sewer systems—a review . Water Sci. Technol. , 25 : 17 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguera , D. R. , Araki , N. and Rittmann , B. E. 1994 . Soluble microbial products in anaerobic chemostates . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 44 : 1040 – 1047 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak , J. T. and Haugen , B. E. 1981 . Polymer extraction from activated sludge . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 53 : 1420 – 1424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obayashi , A. W. and Gaudy , A. F. Jr. 1973 . Aerobic digestion of extracellular microbial polysaccharides . J. WPCF , 45 : 1584 – 1594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oehmen , A. , Yuan , Z. , Blackall , L. L. and Keller , J. 2005 . Comparison of acetate and propionate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 91 : 162 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , W. F. , Stuckey , D. C. , Healy , J. B. Jr. , Young , L. Y. and McCarty , P. L. 1979 . Bioassays for monitoring biochemical methane potential and anaerobic toxicity . Water Res. , 13 : 485 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , G. F. and McCarty , P. L. 1981 . A comparison of the characteristics of soluble nitrogen in untreated and activated sludge treated wastewaters . Water Res. , 15 : 139 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , J. W. 1976 . Peptides and microorganisms . Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. , 13 : 55 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirt , S. J. 1975 . Principles of microbe and cell cultivation , Oxford , , England : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Pons , M. N. , Bonté , S. L. and Potier , O. 2004 . Spectral analysis and fingerprinting for biomedia characterisation . J. Biotechnol. , 113 : 211 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , S. , Yuan , Z. and Keller , J. 2004 . Modelling aerobic carbon oxidation and storage by integrating respirometric, titrimetric, and off-gas CO2 measurements . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 88 : 135 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarmby , J. and Forster , C. F. 1995 . An examination of the structure of UASB granules . Water Res. , 11 : 2449 – 2454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh , A. , Lee , D. J. and Hong , S. G. 2006 . Soluble microbial products (SMP) and soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from wastewater sludge . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 73 : 219 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis , M. A.M. , Serafim , L. S. , Lemos , P. C. , Ramos , A. M. , Aguiar , F. R. and van Loosdrecht , M. C.M. 2003 . Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed microbial cultures . Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. , 25 : 377 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittmann , B. E. , Bae , W. , Namkung , E. and Lu , C.-J. 1987 . A critical evaluation of microbial product formation in biological processes . Water Sci. Technol. , 19 : 517 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittmann , B. E. and McCarty , P. L. 2001 . Environmental biotechnology: Principles and applications , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. , Trulear , M. G. and Characklis , W. G. 1984 . Cellular reproduction and extracellular polymer formation by Pesudomonas aeruginosa in continuous culture . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 26 : 1409 – 1417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberger , S. , Laabs , C. , Lesjean , B. , Gnirss , R. , Amy , G. , Jekel , M. and Schrotter , J. C. 2006 . Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment . Water Res. , 40 : 710 – 719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saier , M. H. , Feucht , B. U. and McCaman , M. T. 1975 . Regulation of intracellular adenosine cyclic 3′5′-mono-phosphate levels in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . J. Biol. Chem. , 250 : 7593 – 7601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafim , L. S. , Lemon , P. C. , Oliveira , R. and Reis , M. A.M. 2004 . Optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate production by mixed cultures submitted to aerobic dynamic feeding conditions . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 87 : 145 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesay , M. L. , Ozcengiz , G. and Sanin , F. D. 2006 . Enzymatic extraction of activated sludge extracellular polymers and implications on bioflocculation . Water Res. , 40 : 1359 – 1366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiener , P. , Nachaiyasit , S. and Stuckey , D. C. 1998 . Production of soluble microbial products (SMP) in an anaerobic baffled reactor: composition, biodegradability and the effect of process parameters . Environ. Technol. , 19 : 391 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng , G. P. and Yu , H. Q. 2006 . Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances of aerobic and anaerobic sludge using three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy . Water Res. , 40 : 1233 – 1239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng , G. P. , Yu , H. Q. and Li , X. Y. 2006 . Stability of sludge flocs under shear conditions: Roles of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 93 : 1095 – 1102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin , G. , Guisasola , A. , de Pauw , D. J.W. , Baeza , J. A. , Carrera , J. and Vanrolleghem , P. A. 2005 . A new approach for modelling simultaneous storage and growth processes for activated sludge systems under aerobic conditions . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 92 : 600 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spath , R. , Flemming , H. C. and Wuertz , S. 1998 . Sorption properties of biofilms . Water Sci. Technol. , 37 : 207 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay , J. H. , Liu , Q. S. and Liu , Y. 2001 . The role of cellular polysaccharides in the formation and stability of aerobic granules . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 33 : 222 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toner , B. , Manceau , A. , Marcus , M. A. , Millet , D. B. and Sposito , G. 2005 . Zinc sorption by a bacterial biofilm . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 8288 – 8294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turakhia , M. H. and Characklis , W. G. 1989 . Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilms: Effect of calcium . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 33 : 406 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Loosdrecht , M. C.M. , Pot , M. and Heijnen , J. 1997 . Importance of bacterial storage polymers in bioprocesses . Water Res. , 35 : 41 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Veiga , M. C. , Jain , M. K. , Wu , W. M. , Hollingsworth , R. I. and Zeikus , J. G. 1997 . Composition and role of extracellular polymers in methanogenic granules . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 63 : 403 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. and Yu , H. Q. 2007 . Biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Ralstonia eutropha ATCC 17699 in batch cultures . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 75 : 871 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Z. , Wu , Z. and Tang , S. 2009 . Characterization of dissolved organic matter in a submerged membrane bioreactor by using three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy . Water Res. , 43 : 1533 – 1540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington , D. R. , Clesceri , L. S. , Young , J. C. and Hardt , F. W. 1970 . “ Influence of microbial waste products on the metabolic activity of high solids activated sludge ” . In Proceedings of 24th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference , 1103 – 1117 . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University .
   Google Scholar
• Wilen , B. M. , Keiding , K. and Nielsen , P. H. 2000 . Anaerobic deflocculation and aerobic reflocculation of activated sludge . Water Res. , 34 : 3933 – 3942 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , X. Q. and Bishop , P. L. 2003 . Biodegradability of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances . Chemosphere , 50 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar