Road-Deposited Sediment Pollutants: A Critical Review of their Characteristics, Source Apportionment, and Management

REFERENCES

• Aatmeeyata and Sharma , M . 2010 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental and organic carbon emissions from tyre-wear . Sci Total Environ , 408 : 4563 – 4568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriano , D. C. , Wenzel , W. W. , Vangronsveld , J. and Bolan , N. S. 2004 . Role of assisted natural remediation in environmental cleanup . Geoderma , 122 : 121 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato , F. , Pandolfi , M. , Viana , M. , Querol , X. , Alastuey , A. and Moreno , T. 2009 . Spatial and chemical patterns of PM10 in road dust peposited in urban environment . Atmos Environ , 43 : 1650 – 1659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato , F. , Querol , X. , Johansson , C. , Nagl , C. and Alastuey , A. 2010 . A review on the effectiveness of street sweeping, washing and dust suppressants as urban PM control methods . Sci Total Environ , 408 : 3070 – 3084 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argue , J. R. 2004 . Water sensitive urban design: Basic procedures for ‘source control’ of stormwater: A handbook for Australian practice , (1st ed.). , Adelaide , , Australia : University of South Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Aryal , R. , Vigneswaran , S. , Kandasamy , J. and Naidu , R. 2010 . Urban stormwater quality and treatment . Korean J Chem Eng , 27 : 1343 – 1359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner , B. A. and Gordon , G. E. 1989 . Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A roadway tunnel study . Environ Sci Technol , 23 : 1269 – 1278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , G. F. and Scollen , A. 2003 . Heavy metals in road dust, gully pots and parkland soils in a highly urbanised sub-catchment of Port Jackson, Australia . Aust J Soil Res , 41 : 1329 – 1342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borggaard , O. K. , Hansen , H. C. B. , Holm , P. E. , Jensen , J. K. , Rasmussen , S. B. , Sabiene , N. , Steponkaite , L. and Strobel , B. W. 2009 . Experimental assessment of using soluble humic substances for remediation of heavy metal polluted soils . Soil Sediment Contam , 18 : 369 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkmann , R. and Tobin , G. A. 2003 . Urban sediment removal: The science, policy, and management of street sweeping , Dordrecht , , the Netherlands : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , W. and Schueler , T. 1997 . National pollutant removal performance database of current urban stormwater best management practices , Ellicott City , MD : Center for Watershed Protection .
   Google Scholar
• Bucheli , T. D. , Blum , F. , Desaules , A. and Gustafsson , Ö . 2004 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland . Chemosphere , 56 : 1061 – 1076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , S. , Wang , K. , Chang , H. , Ni , W. , Wu , B. , Wong , R. and Lee , H. 2009 . Comparison of sources identification of metals in road-dust and soil . Soil Sediment Contam , 18 : 669 – 683 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , Y. M. , Chou , C. M. , Su , K. T. and Tseng , C. H. 2005 . Effectiveness of street sweeping and washing for controlling ambient TSP . Atmos Environ , 26 : 309 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Charlesworth , S. , Everett , M. , McCarthy , R. , Ordonez , A. and de Miguel , E. 2003 . A comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands, UK . Environ Int , 29 : 563 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christoforidis , A. and Stamatis , N. 2009 . Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala's region, Greece . Geoderma , 151 : 257 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , S. E. 2000 . Urban stormwater filtration: Optimization of design parameters and a pilot-scale evaluation , Birmingham : University of Alabama . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Clark , S. E. and Pitt , R. 1999 . Stormwater treatment at critical areas: Evaluation of filtration media , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/R-00 /010 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , A. P. , Shokouhian , M. and Shubei , N. 2001 . Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in urban runoff from specific sources . Chemosphere , 44 : 997 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , B. S. and Birch , G. F. 2011 . Spatial distribution of bulk atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in metropolitan Sydney, Australia . Water Air Soil Pollut , 214 : 147 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Environment and Conservation . 2006 . Managing urban stormwater harvesting and reuse , Sydney , Australia : NSW Department of Environment and Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Dierkes , C. , Göbel , P. , Lohmann , M. and Coldewey , W. G. Development and investigation of a pollution control pit for treatment of stormwater from metal roofs and traffic areas . 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage . Paper presented at the , Copenhagen, Denmark
   Google Scholar
• Dong , T. T. T. and Lee , B. 2009 . Characteristics toxicity, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea . Chemosphere , 74 : 1245 – 1253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong , T. T. T. and Lee , B. 2009 . Partitioning and mobility behaviour of metals in road dusts from national-scale industrial areas in Korea . Atmos Environ , 43 : 3502 – 09 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong , T. T. T. and Lee , B. 2011 . Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics . J Environ Manage , 92 : 554 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , J. B. and Revitt , D. M. 1982 . Incidence of heavy metals in street surface sediments: solubility and grain size studies . Water Air Soil Pollut , 17 : 87 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewen , C. , Anagnostopoulou , M. A. and Ward , N. I. 2009 . Monitoring of heavy metal levels in roadside dusts of Thessaloniki, Greece in relation to motor vehicle traffic density and flow . Environ Monit Assess , 157 : 483 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faiz , Y. , Tufail , M. , Javed , M. T. , Chaudhry , M. M. and Naila-Siddique . 2009 . Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn along Islamabad Expressway, Pakistan . Microchem J , 92 : 186 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara , F. G. , Gómez , D. R. , Dawidowski , L. , Perelman , P. and Faggi , A. 2011 . Metals associated with airborne particulate matter in road dust and tree bark collected in a megacity (Buenos Aires, Argentina) . Ecol Indicators , 11 : 240 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guney , M. , Onay , T. T. and Copty , N. K. 2010 . Impact of overland traffic on heavy metal levels in highway dust and soils of Istanbul, Turkey . Environ Monit Assess , 164 : 101 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , G. , Zhou , Q. and Ma , L. Q. 2006 . Availability and assessment of fixing additives for the in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: A review . Environ Monit Assess , 116 : 513 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg , M. , Renman , G. and Lundbom , T. 2007 . Seasonal variations of ten metals in highway runoff and their partition between dissolved and particulate matter . Water Air Soil Pollut , 181 : 183 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herngren , L. , Goonetilleke , A. and Ayoko , G. A. 2006 . Analysis of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments . Anal Chim Acta , 571 : 270 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortenkrans , D. , Bergbäck , B. and Häggerud , A. 2006 . New metal emission patterns in road traffic environments . Environ Monit Assess , 117 : 85 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hvitved-Jacobson , T. and Yousef , Y. A. 1991 . “ Highway runoff quality, environmental impacts and control ” . In Highway pollution, studies in environmental science , Edited by: Hamilton , R. S. and Harrison , R. M. Vol. 44 , 165 – 208 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• HydroCon Australasia . 2005 . HydroCon stormwater treatment systems: Solution for water sensitive urban design , Technical manual .
   Google Scholar
• Jang , Y. , Jain , P. , Tolaymat , T. , Dubey , B. and Townsend , T. 2009 . Characterisation of pollutants in Florida street sweepings for management and reuse . J Environ Manage , 91 : 320 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi , U. M. , Vijayaraghavan , K. and Balasubramanian , R. 2009 . Elemental composition of urban dusts and their dissolution characteristics in various aqueous media . Chemosphere , 77 : 526 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadioglu , Y. K. , Üstündag , Z. , Solak , A. and Karabiyikoglu , G. 2010 . Sources of environmental pollution in Ankara (Turkey): Geochemistry and traffic effects-PEDXRF applications . Spectros Lett , 43 : 247 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , M. , Furumai , H. , Kurisu , F. and Kasuga , I. 2010 . Evaluating the mobile heavy metal pool in soakaway sediment, road dust and soil through sequential extraction and isotope exchange . Water Sci Technol , 62 : 920 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo , C. , Wang , J. , Chang , S. and Chen , M. 2009 . Study of metal concentrations in the environment near diesel transport routes . Atmos Environ , 43 : 3070 – 3076 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxen , D. P. H. and Harrison , R. M. 1977 . The highway as a source of water pollution: An appraisal with the heavy metal lead . Water Res , 11 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , H. , Hung , C. , Yuan , C. , Chen , C. , Chen , W. , Chiang , S. and Wang , C. J. L. 2008 . Characteristics and source identification of roadside suspended particles . Transport Res Part D , 13 : 531 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren , Å. 1996 . Asphalt wear and pollution transport . Sci Total Environ , 189/190 : 281 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , D. , Sansalone , J. J. and Cartledge , F. K. 2005 . Comparison of sorptive filter media for treatment of metals in runoff . J Environ Eng , 131 : 1178 – 1186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loganathan , P. , Hedley , M. J. and Grace , N. D. 2008 . Pasture soils contaminated with fertilizer-derived cadmium and fluorine: Livestock effects . Rev Environ Contam Toxicol , 192 : 29 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loska , K. , Cebula , J. , Pelczar , J. , Wiechula , D. and Kwapulinski , J. 1997 . Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in Rybnik water reservoir in Polland . Water Air Soil Pollut , 93 : 347 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovei , M. 1988 . Phasing out lead from gasoline: Worldwide experience and policy implications , Washington , DC : The World Bank . World Bank Technical Paper No. 397, Pollution Management Series
   Google Scholar
• Lu , X. , Wang , L. , Lei , K. , Huang , J. and Zhai , Y. 2009 . Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China . J Hazard Mater , 161 : 1058 – 1062 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynam , D. R. and Pfeifer , G. D. 1991 . “ Human health effects of highway-related pollutants ” . In Highway pollution, studies in environmental science , Edited by: Hamilton , R. S. and Harrison , R. M. Vol. 44 , 259 – 280 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Maher , B. A. , Moore , C. and Matzka , J. 2008 . Spatial variation in vehicle-derived metal pollution identified by magnetic and elemental analysis of roadside tree leaves . Atmos Environ , 42 : 364 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massadeh , A. M. , Tahat , M. , Jaradat , Q. M. and Al-Momani , I. F. 2004 . Lead and cadmium contamination in roadside soils in Irbid city, Jordan: A case study . Soil Sediment Contam , 13 : 347 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie , E. R. , Money , J. E. , Green , P. G. and Young , T. M. 2009 . Metals associated with stormwater-relevant brake and tyre samples . Sci Total Environ , 407 : 5855 – 5860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie , E. R. , Wong , C. M. , Green , P. G. , Kayhanian , M. and Young , T. M. 2008 . Size dependent elemental composition of road-associated particles . Sci Total Environ , 398 : 145 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melbourne Water . 2005 . WSUD engineering procedures: Stormwater , Melbourne , , Australia : CSIRO .
   Google Scholar
• Mostafa , A. R. , Hegazi , A. H. , El-Gayar , M. S. and Anderson , J. T. 2009 . Source characterisation and the environmental impact of urban street dusts from Egypt based on hydrocarbon distributions . Fuel , 88 : 95 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami , M. , Nakajima , F. and Furumai , H. 2005 . Size- and density-distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust . Chemosphere , 61 : 783 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami , M. , Sato , N. , Anegawa , A. , Nakada , N. , Harada , A. , Kamatsu , T. , Takada , H. , Tanaka , H. , Ono , Y. and Furumai , H. 2008 . Multiple evaluations of the removal of pollutants in road runoff by soil infiltration . Water Res , 42 : 2745 – 2755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthukrishnan , S. , Madge , B. , Selvakumar , A. , Field , R. and Sullivan , D. 2004 . The use of best management practices (BMPs) in urban watersheds U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA/600/R-04/184
   Google Scholar
• Odewande , A. A. and Abimbola , A. F. 2008 . Contamination indices and heavy metal concentrations in urban soil of Ibadan metropolis, southwestern Nigeria . Environ Geochem Health , 30 : 243 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagotto , C. , Legret , M. and Le Cloirec , P. 2000 . Comparison of the hydraulic behaviour and the quality of highway runoff water according to the type of pavement . Water Res , 34 : 4446 – 4454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios , M. A. , Gómez , M. M. , Moldovan , M. , Morrison , G. , Rauch , S. , McLeod , C. , Ma , R. , Laserna , J. , Lucena , P. , Caroli , S. , Alimonti , A. , Petrucci , F. , Bocca , B. , Schramel , P. , Lustig , S. , Zischka , M. , Wass , U. , Stenbom , B. , Luna , M. , Saenz , J. C. , Santamaría , J. and Torrens , J. M. 2000 . Platinum-group elements: Quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces . Sci Total Environ , 257 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathirana , S. , Connell , D. W. and Vowles , P. D. 1994 . Distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban roadway system . Ecotoxicol Environ Safety , 28 : 256 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengchai , P. , Furumai , H. and Nakajima , F. 2004 . Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust in Tokyo . Polycyclic Aromat Compd , 24 : 773 – 789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengchai , P. , Nakajima , F. and Furumai , H. 2005 . Estimation of origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-fractionated road dust in Tokyo with multivariate analysis . Water Sci Technol , 51 : 169 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , G. , Chen , W. , Lim , T. T. and Chui , P. 2009 . In-situ stabilisation of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni in the mmulti-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives . J Hazard Mater , 170 : 1093 – 1100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauret , G. , Lopez-Sanchez , J. F. , Sahuquillo , A. , Rubio , R. , Davidson , C. , Ure , A. and Quevauviller , P. 1999 . Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of the new sediment and soil reference materials . J Environ Monit , 1 : 57 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , D. J. and Taylor , K. G. 2007 . Temporal variability of metal contamination in urban road-deposited sediment in Manchester, UK: Implications for urban pollution monitoring . Water Air Soil Pollut , 186 : 209 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , D. J. , Taylor , K. G. and Hoon , S. R. 2003 . Geochemical and mineral magnetic characterisation of urban sediment particulates, Manchester, UK . Appl Geochem , 18 : 269 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahuquillo , A. , Lopez-Sanchez , J. F. , Rubio , R. , Rauret , G. , Thomas , R. P. , Davidson , C. M. and Ure , A. M. 1999 . Use of a certified reference material for extractable trace metals to assess sources of uncertainty in the BCR three-stage sequential extraction procedure . Anal Chim Acta , 382 : 317 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon , P. F. 1991 . “ Effects of highway pollutants upon terrestrial ecosystems ” . In Highway Pollution, studies in environmental science , Edited by: Hamilton , R. S. and Harrison , R. M. Vol. 44 , 281 – 338 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , A. K. 2011 . Elemental chemistry and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals in road dust from Dhanbad and Bokaro regions, India . Environ Earth Sci , 62 : 1447 – 1459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephanou , E. G. 1992 . Biogenic and anthropogenic organic compounds in eolian particulates in the East Mediterranean region – i. Occurrence and origin . Atmos Environ , 26A : 2821 – 2829 .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , M. and Marsalek , J. 1996 . Trace metal composition and speciation in street sediment: Sault Ste, Marie, Canada . Water Air Soil Pollut , 87 : 149 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaravadivel , M. and Vigneswaran , S. 2001 . Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment . Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol , 31 : 351 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , R. A. and Tolosa , C. A. 2001 . Variation in total and extractable elements with distance from roads in an urban watershed, Honolulu, Hawaii . Water Air Soil Pollut , 127 : 315 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada , H. , Onda , T. and Ogura , N. 1990 . Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dusts and their source materials by capillary gas chromatography . Environ Sci Technol , 24 : 1179 – 1186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , P. A. , Ma , H. and Yu , P. K. N. 2008 . Fingerprinting metals in urban street dust of Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong . Environ Sci Technol , 42 : 7111 – 7117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , K. G. 2007 . “ Urban environments ” . In Environmental sedimentology , Edited by: Perry , C. and Taylor , K. 190 – 222 . Oxford , , England : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , K. G. and Robertson , D. J. 2009 . Electron microbeam analysis of urban road-deposited sediment, Manchester, UK: Improved source discrimination and metal speciation assessment . Appl Geochem , 24 : 1261 – 1269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessier , A. , Campbell , P. G. C. and Bisson , M. 1979 . Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals . Anal Chem , 51 : 844 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe , A. and Harrison , R. M. 2008 . Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review . Sci Total Environ , 400 : 270 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokalioğlu , S. , Kartal , S. and Birol , G. 2003 . Application of a three-stage sequential extraction procedure for the determination of extractable metal contents in highway soils . Turk J Chem , 27 : 333 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udeigwe , T. K. , Eze , P. N. , Teboh , J. M. and Stietiya , M. H. 2011 . Application, chemistry, and environmental implications of contaminant-immobilisation amendments on agricultural soil and water quality . Environ Int , 37 : 258 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trombulak , S. C. and Frissell , C. A. 2000 . Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities . Conserv Biol , 14 : 18 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varrica , D. , Dongarrà , G. , Sabatino , G. and Monna , F. 2003 . Inorganic geochemistry of roadway dust from the metropolitan area of Palermo, Italy . Environ Geol , 44 : 222 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Vermette , S. J. , Irvine , K. N. and Drake , J. J. 1991 . Temporal variability of the elemental composition in urban street dust . Environ Monit Assess , 18 : 69 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Uexküll , O. , Skerfving , S. , Doyle , R. and Braungart , M. 2005 . Antimony in brake pads-a carcinogenic component? . J Clean Prod , 13 : 19 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , D. , Yang , M. , Jia , H. , Zhou , L. and Li , Y. 2009 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust and surface soil: comparisons of concentration, profile, and source . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 56 : 173 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W. H. , Wong , M. H. , Leharne , S. and Fisher , B. 1998 . Fractionation and biotoxicity of heavy metals in urban dusts collected from Hong Kong and London . Environ Geochem Health , 20 : 185 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , B. , Jiang , F. , Li , X. and Mu , S. 2009 . Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China . Microchem J , 93 : 147 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , B. , Jiang , F. , Li , X. and Mu , S. 2010a . Contamination levels assessment of potential toxic metals in road dust deposited in different types of urban environment . Environ Earth Sci , 61 : 1187 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , B. , Jiang , F. , Li , X. and Mu , S. 2010b . Heavy metal induced ecological risk in the city of Urumqi, NW China . Environ Monit Assess , 160 : 33 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerlund , K. G. 2001 . Metal emissions from Stockholm traffic-wear of brakelinings Report from SLB-Analys 3
   Google Scholar
• Yang , T. , Liu , Q. , Zeng , Q. and Chan , L. 2010 . Anthropogenic magnetic particles and heavy metals in the road dust: magnetic identification and its implications . Atmos Environ , 44 : 1175 – 1185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yongming , H. , Peixuan , D. , Junji , C. and Posmentier , E. S. 2006 . Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China . Sci Total Environ , 355 : 176 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunker , M. B. , Macdonald , R. W. , Vingarzan , R. , Mitchell , R. H. , Goyette , D. and Sylvestre , S. 2002 . PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition . Org Geochem , 33 : 489 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zechmeister , H. G. , Dullinger , S. , Hohenwallner , D. , Riss , A. , Hanus-Illnar , A. and Scharf , S. 2006 . Pilot study on road traffic emissions (PAHs, heavy metals) measured by using mosses in a tunnel experiment in Vienna, Austria . Environ Sci Pollut Res , 13 : 398 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng , F. , Cui , K. , Xie , Z. , Wu , L. , Luo , D. , Chen , L. , Lin , Y. , Liu , M. and Sun , G. 2009 . Distribution of phthalate esters in urban soils of subtropical city, Guangzhou, China . J Hazard Mater , 164 : 1171 – 1178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zereini , F. , Skerstupp , B. , Rankenburg , K. , Dirksin , F. , Beyer , J. M. , Claus , T. and Urban , H. 2001 . Anthropogenic emission of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd and Rh) into the environment: concentration, distribution and geochemical behaviour in soils . J Soils Sediments , 1 : 44 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Zereini , F. , Wiseman , C. and Puttmann , W. 2007 . Changes in palladium, platinum, and rhodium concentrations, and their spatial distribution in soils along a major highway in Germany from 1994 to 2004 . Environ Sci Technol , 41 : 451 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar