1,089
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sulfur-Containing Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives as Trace Metal Adsorbents: A Review

, , , &
Pages 1741-1794 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

REFERENCES

  • Abd El-Ghaffar , M. A. , Mohamed , M. H. and Elwakeel , K. Z. Adsorption of silver(I) on synthetic chelating polymer derived from 3-amino-1,2,4,triazole-5-thiol and glutaraldehyde. Chem. Eng. Journal . Vol. 151, 1–3 , pp. 30 – 38 .
  • Alvarado-Monzon , J. C. , Jimenez , J. A. L. , Martinez , L. and de , A. L. 1996 . Chitosan, a natural ion-complexing polymer. XXX. Collection of arsenic (V) with the two derivatives chitosan dithiocarbonate (DTCQ) and chitosan glutaralidene (GQ) . Sociedad Quimica de Mexico , 40 ( 5 ) : 195 – 199 .
  • An , H. K. , Park , B. Y. and Kim , D. S. 2001 . Crab shell for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution . Water Research , 35 ( 15 ) : 3551 – 3556 .
  • An , X. 2005 . Chinese Patent No. CN 1651491, Japan Patent Office, Japan .
  • Asakawa , T. , Inoue , K. and Tanaka , T. 2000 . Adsorption of silver on dithiocarbamate type of chemically modified chitosan . Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu , 26 ( 3 ) : 321 – 326 .
  • Atia , A. A. 2005 . Studies on the interaction of mercury(II) and uranyl(II) with modified chitosan resins . Hydrometallurgy , 80 ( 1–2 ) : 13 – 22 .
  • Baba , Y. , Hirakawa , H. and Kawano , Y. 1994 . Selective adsorption of precious metals on sulfur-containing chitosan derivatives . Chemistry Letters , 23 ( 1 ) : 117 – 120 .
  • Baba , Y. and Inoue , K. 1997 . Adsorptive separation behavior of chitosan and chemically modified chitosan for metal ions. 3. Preparation of chitosan derivatives containing pyridyl, thienyl, and methylthio groups and their selective adsorption for metal ions . Nippon Ion Kokan Gakkaishi , 8 ( 4 ) : 227 – 234 .
  • Baba , Y. , Kawano , Y. and Hirakawa , H. 1996 . Highly selective adsorption resins. I. Preparation of chitosan derivatives containing 2-pyridylmethyl, 2-thienylmethyl, and 3-(methylthio)propyl groups and their selective adsorption of precious metals . Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan , 69 : 1255 – 1260 .
  • Baba , Y. , Matsumura , N. , Shiomori , K. and Kawano , Y. 1998 . Selective adsorption of mercury(II) on chitosan derivatives from hydrochloric acid . Analytical Sciences , 14 : 687 – 690 .
  • Baba , Y. and Noma , H. 2000 . Japanese Patent No. JP 2000264902 .
  • Baldrick , P. 2010 . The safety of chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 56 ( 3 ) : 290 – 299 .
  • Barriada , J. L. , Herrero , R. , Prada-Rodríguez , D. and Sastre de Vicente , M. E. 2008 . Interaction of mercury with chitin: A physicochemical study of metal binding by a natural biopolymer . Reactive and Functional Polymers , 68 ( 12 ) : 1609 – 1618 .
  • Barriada , J. L. , Herrero , R. , Prada-Rodriguez , D. and Sastre, d. , V. M. E. 2007 . Waste spider crab shell and derived chitin as low-cost materials for cadmium and lead removal . Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology , 82 : 39 – 46 .
  • Bhatnagar , A. and Sillanpää , M. 2009 . Applications of chitin- and chitosan-derivatives for the detoxification of water and wastewater—A short review . Advances in Colloid and Interface Science , 152 ( 1–2 ) : 26 – 38 .
  • Boukhlifi , F. and Bencheikh , A. 2000 . Characterization of natural biosorbents used for the depollution of waste water . Annales de Chimie (Paris) , 25 ( 2 ) : 153 – 160 .
  • Boukhlifi , F. , Benslimane , A. , Qabil , S. and Bencheikh , A. 2001 . Competitive adsorption of heavy metals on raw chitin: Applied on chemical industrial wastewater . Tribune de l’Eau , 54 : 37 – 43 .
  • Bratskaya , S. Y. , Ustinov , A. Y. , Azarova , Y. A. and Pestov , A. V. 2011 . Thiocarbamoyl chitosan: Synthesis, characterization and sorption of Au(III), Pt(IV), and Pd(II) . Carbohydrate Polymers , 85 ( 4 ) : 854 – 861 .
  • Butewicz , A. , Gavilan , K. C. , Pestov , A. V. , Yatluk , Y. , Trochimczuk , A. W. and Guibal , E. 2010 . Palladium and platinum sorption on a thiocarbamoyl-derivative of chitosan . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 116 ( 6 ) : 3318 – 3330 .
  • Camci-Unal , G. and Pohl , N. L. B. 2010 . Quantitative determination of heavy metal contaminant complexation by the carbohydrate polymer chitin . Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data , 55 ( 3 ) : 1117 – 1121 .
  • Cao , Z. Y. , Wei , Q. F. and Zhang , Q. X. 2004 . Template synthesis and adsorption properties of chitosan salicylal Schiff bases . Journal of Central South University of Technology , 11 ( 2 ) : 169 – 172 .
  • Cárdenas , G. , Orlando , P. and Edelio , T. 2001 . Synthesis and applications of chitosan mercaptanes as heavy metal retention agent . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 28 ( 2 ) : 167 – 174 .
  • Carreón , J. , Saucedo , I. , Navarro , R. , Maldonado , M. , Guerra , R. and Guibal , E. 2010 . Mercury recovery from aqueous solutions by polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration using a sulfate derivative of chitosan . Membrane Water Treatment , 1 ( 4 ) : 231 – 251 .
  • Cathell , M. D. , Szewczyk , J. C. , Bui , F. A. , Weber , C. A. , Wolever , J. D. , Kang , J. and Schauer , C. L. 2008 . Structurally coloured thiol chitosan thin films as a platform for aqueous heavy metal ion detection . Biomacromolecules , 9 ( 1 ) : 289 – 295 .
  • Chassary , P. , Vincent , T. , Sanchez Marcano , J. , Macaskie , L. E. and Guibal , E. 2005 . Palladium and platinum recovery from bicomponent mixtures using chitosan derivatives . Hydrometallurgy , 76 ( 1–2 ) : 131 – 147 .
  • Chauhan , D. and Sankararamakrishnan , N. 2008 . Highly enhanced adsorption for decontamination of lead ions from battery wastewaters using chitosan functionalized with xanthate . Bioresource Technology , 99 ( 18 ) : 9021 – 9024 .
  • Chen , S. , Wu , G. and Zeng , H. 2005 . Preparation of high antimicrobial activity thiourea chitosan-Ag+ complex . Carbohydrate Polymers , 60 ( 1 ) : 33 – 38 .
  • Chui , V. W. D. , Mok , K. W. , Ng , C. Y. , Luong , B. P. and Ma , K. K. 1996 . Removal and recovery of copper(II), chromium(III), and nickel(II) from solutions using crude shrimp chitin packed in small columns . Environment International , 22 ( 4 ) : 463 – 468 .
  • Cookson , J. and Beer , P. D. 2007 . Exploiting the dithiocarbamate ligand in metal-directed self-assembly . Dalton Transactions , : 1459 – 1472 .
  • Dahiya , S. , Tripathi , R. M. and Hegde , A. G. 2008 . Biosorption of lead and copper from aqueous solutions by pre-treated crab and arca shell biomass . Bioresource Technology , 99 ( 1 ) : 179 – 187 .
  • Demirbas , A. 2008 . Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 157 ( 2–3 ) : 220 – 229 .
  • Deng , W. , Tan , Y. , Li , Y. , Wen , Y. , Su , Z. , Huang , Z. , Huang , S. , Meng , Y. , Xie , Q. , Luo , Y. and Yao , S. 2010 . Square wave voltammetric determination of Hg(II) using thiol functionalized chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite film electrode . Microchimica Acta , 169 ( 3 ) : 367 – 373 .
  • Di Felice , R. and Selloni , A. 2004 . Adsorption modes of cysteine on Au(III): Thiolate, amino-thiolate, disulfide . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 120 ( 10 ) : 4906 – 4914 .
  • Donia , A. M. , Atia , A. A. and Heniesh , A. M. 2008 . Efficient removal of Hg(II) using magnetic chelating resin derived from copolymerization of bisthiourea/ thiourea/glutaraldehyde . Sep. & Purif. Iech. , 60 ( 1 ) : 46 – 53 .
  • Endo , T. 2003 . Japanese Patent No. JP 2003064347 .
  • Figueiredo , S. A. , Loureiro , J. M. and Boaventura , R. A. 2005 . Natural waste materials containing chitin as adsorbent for textile dyestuffs: Batch and continuous studies . Water Research , 39 ( 17 ) : 4142 – 4152 .
  • Gadd , G. M. 2009 . Biosorption: critical review of scientific rationale, environmental importance and significance for pollution treatment . Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology , 84 ( 1 ) : 13 – 28 .
  • Gavilan , K. C. , Pestov , A. V. , Garcia , H. M. , Yatluk , Y. , Roussy , J. and Guibal , E. 2009 . Mercury sorption on a thiocarbamoyl derivative of chitosan . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 165 ( 1–3 ) : 415 – 426 .
  • Ge , H. and Huang , S. 2010 . Microwave preparation and adsorption properties of EDTA-modified cross-linked chitosan . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 115 ( 1 ) : 514 – 519 .
  • Geyer , C. J. Jr. and White , B. E. 1977 . U.S. Patent No. US 4037039, Vis. Patent and Trademark Office, USA .
  • Guibal , E. 2004 . Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: A review . Separation and Purification Technology , 38 ( 1 ) : 43 – 74 .
  • Guibal , E. 2005 . Heterogeneous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: A review . Progress in Polymer Science , 30 ( 1 ) : 71 – 109 .
  • Guibal , E. , Milot , C. and Tobin , J. M. 1998 . Metal-anion sorption by chitosan beads: Equilibrium and kinetic studies . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 37 ( 4 ) : 1454 – 1463 .
  • Guibal , E. , Vincent , T. and Mendoza , R. N. 2000 . Synthesis and characterization of a thiourea derivative of chitosan for platinum recovery . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 75 ( 1 ) : 119 – 134 .
  • Guibal , E. , Von Offenberg Sweeney , N. , Vincent , T. and Tobin , J. M. 2002 . Sulfur derivatives of chitosan for palladium sorption . Reactive and Functional Polymers , 50 ( 2 ) : 149 – 163 .
  • Gupta , V. K. , Carrott , P. J. M. , Ribeiro Carrott , M. M. L. and Suhas . 2009 . Low-cost adsorbents: Growing approach to wastewater treatment—A review . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology , 39 ( 10 ) : 783 – 842 .
  • Hamdine , M. , Heuzey , M.-C. and Bégin , A. 2005 . Effect of organic and inorganic acids on concentrated chitosan solutions and gels . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 37 ( 3 ) : 134 – 142 .
  • Harish Prashanth , K. V. and Tharanathan , R. N. 2007 . Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application potential—An overview . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 18 ( 3 ) : 117 – 131 .
  • Hase , A. , Kawabata , T. and Terada , K. 1990 . Preconcentration of trace metals with dithiocarbamate-chitin . Analytical Sciences , 6 ( 5 ) : 747 – 751 .
  • Hayasaka , H. and Satake , H. 1995 . Japanese Patent No. JP 07330809, Japan Patent Office, Japan .
  • Hogarth , G. 2005 . “ Transition metal dithiocarbamates: 1978–2003 ” . In Progress in inorganic chemistry , 71 – 561 . New York : John Wiley & Sons Inc . ed., Karlin, K. (pp.
  • Humeres , E. , De , S. E. P. , Debacher , N. A. and Aliev , A. E. 2002 . Synthesis and coordinating ability of chitosan dithiocarbamate and analogs towards Cu(II) ions . Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry , 15 ( 12 ) : 852 – 857 .
  • Humeres , E. , Debacher , N. A. , Sierra , M. M. , d. , S. , Franco , J. D. and Schutz , A. 1998 . Mechanisms of acid decomposition of dithiocarbamates. 1. Alkyl dithiocarbamates . The Journal of Organic Chemistry , 63 ( 5 ) : 1598 – 1603 .
  • Inoue , K. , Yoshizuka , K. , Ohto , K. and Nakagawa , H. 2001 . Solvent extraction of some metal ions with lipophilic chitosan chemically modified with functional groups of dithiocarbamate . Chemistry Letters , 30 ( 7 ) : 698 – 699 .
  • Jaworska , M. , Kula , K. , Chassary , P. and Guibal , E. 2003 . Influence of chitosan characteristics on polymer properties: II. Platinum sorption properties . Polymer International , 52 ( 2 ) : 206 – 212 .
  • Jaworska , M. , Sakurai , K. , Gaudon , P. and Guibal , E. 2003 . Influence of chitosan characteristics on polymer properties. I: Crystallographic properties . Polymer International , 52 ( 2 ) : 198 – 205 .
  • Jayakumar , R. , Prabaharan , M. , Reis , R. L. and Mano , J. F. 2005 . Graft copolymerized chitosan–present status and applications . Carbohydrate Polymers , 62 ( 2 ) : 142 – 158 .
  • Juang , R. S. and Shao , H. J. 2002 . A simplified equilibrium model for sorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions on chitosan . Water Research , 36 ( 12 ) : 2999 – 3008 .
  • Kaller , A. L. and Shanyuk , L. I. 1969 . Xanthation of alkali cellulose at elevated temperatures . Fibre Chemistry , 1 ( 2 ) : 170 – 171 .
  • Kanai , Y. , Oshima , T. and Baba , Y. 2008 . Synthesis of highly porous chitosan microspheres anchored with 1,2-ethylenedisulfide moiety for the recovery of precious metal ions . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 47 ( 9 ) : 3114 – 3120 .
  • Kannamba , B. , Reddy , K. L. and AppaRao , B. V. 2010 . Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using chemically modified chitosan . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 175 ( 1–3 ) : 939 – 948 .
  • Kim , D. S. 2003 . The removal by crab shell of mixed heavy metal ions in aqueous solution . Bioresource Technology , 87 ( 3 ) : 355 – 357 .
  • Kim , S. H. , Song , H. , Nisola , G. M. , Ahn , J. Y. , Galera , M. M. , Lee , C. h. and Chung , W. J. 2006 . Adsorption of lead(II) ions using surface-modified chitins . Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry , 12 ( 3 ) : 469 – 475 .
  • Kim , Y. K. 2009 . Nutrient sources and dynamics in the Parafield stormwater harvesting facility and implication to water quality control , Adelaide , , Australia : The University of Adelaide . PhD thesis
  • Kim , Y. M. , Choi , K. S. , Chung , T. S. and Kim , C. K. 1988 . Chelating polymers of chitosan-based sulfur derivatives. The synthesis and metal ion adsorption characteristics . Polymer(Korea) , 12 ( 1 ) : 86 – 98 .
  • Krishnapriya , K. R. and Kandaswamy , M. 2009 . Synthesis and characterization of a crosslinked chitosan derivative with a complexing agent and its adsorption studies toward metal(II) ions . Carbohydrate Research , 344 : 1632 – 1638 .
  • Kuncoro , E. P. , Roussy , J. and Guibal , E. 2005 . Mercury recovery by polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration: Comparison of chitosan and poly(ethylenimine) used as macroligand . Separation Science & Technology , 40 ( 1–3 ) : 659 – 684 .
  • Kurita , K. 2006 . Chitin and chitosan: Functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans . Marine Biotechnology , 8 ( 3 ) : 203 – 226 .
  • Lasko , C. L. , Pesic , B. M. and Oliver , D. J. 1993 . Enhancement of the metal-binding properties of chitosan through synthetic addition of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 48 ( 9 ) : 1565 – 1570 .
  • Li , F. , Bao , C. , Zhang , J. , Sun , Q. , Kong , W. , Han , X. and Wang , Y. 2009 . Synthesis of chemically modified chitosan with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiodiazole and its adsorption abilities for Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 113 ( 3 ) : 1604 – 1610 .
  • Li , J. and Yang , Z. K. 2004 . Synthesis of phenylthiourea grafted N-benzylidene chitosan and its adsorption properties for heavy metal ions . Chinese Journal of Synthetic Chemistry , 12 ( 3 ) : 255 – 258 .
  • Li , Q. X. , Song , B. Z. , Yang , Z. Q. and Fan , H. L. 2006 . Electrolytic conductivity behaviors and solution conformations of chitosan in different acid solutions . Carbohydrate Polymers , 63 ( 2 ) : 272 – 282 .
  • Liu , F. , Dong , S. and Xu , Y. 1996 . Synthesis and adsorption properties of chitosan chelating resins bearing Schiff base group and hydrazide group . Huanjing Huaxue , 15 ( 3 ) : 207 – 213 .
  • Liu , Z. M. , Wang , H. , Yang , Y. , Yang , H. F. , Hu , S. Q. , Shen , G. L. and Yu , R. Q. 2004 . Amperometric tyrosinase biosensor using enzyme-labeled Au colloids immobilized on cystamine/chitosan modified gold surface . Analytical Letters , 37 ( 6 ) : 1079 – 1091 .
  • Machado , M. O. , Lopes , E. C. N. , Sousa , K. S. and Airoldi , C. 2009 . The effectiveness of the protected amino group on crosslinked chitosans for copper removal and the thermodynamics of interaction at the solid/liquid interface . Carbohydrate Polymers , 77 ( 4 ) : 760 – 766 .
  • MacLeod , J. A. , Kuo , S. , Gallant , T. L. and Grimmett , M. 2006 . Seafood processing wastes as nutrient sources for crop production . Canadian Journal of Soil Science , 86 ( 4 ) : 631 – 640 .
  • Mathur , P. N. , Parashar , K. , Shrivastava , S. and Shrivastava , S. K. 2000 . Synthesis of a novel metal chelating ion exchange resin specific for zinc . Indian Journal of Chemistry—Section A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical and Analytical Chemistry , 39A ( 12 ) : 1327 – 1330 .
  • Merrifield , J. D. , Davids , W. G. , MacRae , J. D. and Amirbahman , A. 2004 . Uptake of mercury by thiol-grafted chitosan gel beads . Water Research , 38 ( 13 ) : 3132 – 3138 .
  • Milot , C. , McBrien , J. , Allen , S. and Guibal , E. 1998 . Influence of physicochemical and structural characteristics of chitosan flakes on molybdate sorption . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 68 ( 4 ) : 571 – 580 .
  • Miretzky , P. and Cirelli , A. F. 2009 . Hg(II) removal from water by chitosan and chitosan derivatives: A review . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 167 ( 1–3 ) : 10 – 23 .
  • Mourya , V. K. and Inamdar , N. N. 2008 . Chitosan-modifications and applications: Opportunities galore . Reactive and Functional Polymers , 68 ( 6 ) : 1013 – 1051 .
  • Munro , N. H. , Hanton , L. R. , Moratti , S. C. and Robinson , B. H. 2009 . Preparation and graft copolymerization of thiolated β-chitin and chitosan derivatives . Carbohydrate Polymers , 78 : 137 – 145 .
  • Murti , M. V. R. and Khopkar , S. M. 1976 . Extraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt(II) with thiobenzoylacetone and simultaneous determination of cobalt and nickel . Talanta , 23 ( 3 ) : 246 – 248 .
  • Muzzarelli , R. A. A. 1973 . Natural chelating polymers: alginic acid, chitin, and chitosan , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Muzzarelli , R. A. A. and Tanfani , F. 1982 . N-(o-Carboxybenzyl) chitosan, N-carboxymethyl chitosan, and chitosan dithiocarbamate: new chelating derivatives of chitosan . Pure and Applied Chemistry , 54 ( 11 ) : 2141 – 2150 .
  • Muzzarelli , R. A. A. , Tanfani , F. , Mariotti , S. and Emanuelli , M. 1982 . Preparation and characteristic properties of dithiocarbamate chitosan, a chelating polymer . Carbohydrate Research , 104 ( 2 ) : 235 – 243 .
  • Ni , C. and Xu , Y. 1992 . Synthesis and adsorption properties of chelating resins containing sulfur (or oxygen) and nitrogen made from chitosan . Huaxue Shiji , 14 ( 3 ) : 153 – 154 .
  • Ni , C. and Xu , Y. 1996 . Studies on syntheses and properties of chelating resins based on chitosan . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 59 ( 3 ) : 499 – 504 .
  • Ninomiya , T. , Oshita , K. , Oshima , M. and Motomizu , S. 2003 . Synthesis of dithiocarbamate-chitosan resin and its adsorption behavior for trace metals . Bunseki Kagaku , 52 ( 9 ) : 811 – 817 .
  • Niu , C. H. and Volesky , B. 2007 . Modeling chromium (VI) biosorption by acid washed crab shells . AIChE Journal , 53 ( 4 ) : 1056 – 1059 .
  • O’Connell , D. W. , Birkinshaw , C. and O’Dwyer , T. F. 2008 . Heavy metal adsorbents prepared from the modification of cellulose: A review . Bioresource Technology , 99 ( 15 ) : 6709 – 6724 .
  • Oshita , H. and Motomizu , S. 2004 . Japanese Patent No. JP 2004074128, Japan Patent Office, Japan .
  • Oshita , K. , Oshima , M. , Gao , Y. H. , Lee , K. H. and Motomizu , S. 2002 . Adsorption behavior of mercury and precious metals on cross-linked chitosan and the removal of ultratrace amounts of mercury in concentrated hydrochloric acid by a column treatment with cross-linked chitosan . Analytical Sciences , 18 ( 10 ) : 1121 – 1125 .
  • Pal , P. and Bitterwolf , T. E. Transition metal coordinated dithiocarbamates on MCM-41 as selenite and selenate trapping agents in aqueous systems . Proceedings 239th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, United States. American Chemical Society ,
  • Pearson , R. G. 1963 . Hard and soft acids and bases . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 85 ( 22 ) : 3533 – 3539 .
  • Peirano , F. , Vincent , T. , Quignard , F. , Robitzer , M. and Guibal , E. 2009 . Palladium supported on chitosan hollow fiber for nitrotoluene hydrogenation . Journal of Membrane Science , 329 ( 1–2 ) : 30 – 45 .
  • Pestov , A. , Koryakova , O. , Leonidov , I. and Yatluk , Y. 2010 . Gel-synthesis, structure, and properties of sulfur-containing chitosan derivatives . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry , 83 ( 5 ) : 787 – 794 .
  • Pillai , C. K. S. , Paul , W. and Sharma , C. P. 2009 . Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation . Progress in Polymer Science , 34 ( 7 ) : 641 – 678 .
  • Qin , C. , Li , H. , Xiao , Q. , Liu , Y. , Zhu , J. and Du , Y. 2006 . Water-solubility of chitosan and its antimicrobial activity . Carbohydrate Polymers , 63 ( 3 ) : 367 – 374 .
  • Rana , M. S. , Halim , M. A. , Safiullah , S. , Mollah , M. M. , Azam , M. S. , Goni , M. A. , Hossain , M. K. and Rana , M. M. 2009 . Removal of heavy metal from contaminated water by biopolymer crab shell chitosan . Journal of Applied Sciences , 9 ( 15 ) : 2762 – 2769 .
  • Rassolov , O. P. and Finger , G. G. 1981 . Effect of alkali cellulose composition and xanthation temperature on the maximum possible degree of esterification of cellulose xanthate . Fibre Chemistry , 13 ( 4 ) : 238 – 240 .
  • Ren , Q. , Song , X. , Li , J. , Ma , R. , Mei , Z. and Ma , X. 2003 . Chinese Patent CN 1389502, State Intellectual Property Office, P.R. China .
  • Renault , F. , Sancey , B. , Badot , P. M. and Crini , G. 2009 . Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes—An eco-friendly approach . European Polymer Journal , 45 ( 5 ) : 1337 – 1348 .
  • Rhazi , M. , Desbrières , J. , Tolaimate , A. , Rinaudo , M. , Vottero , P. and Alagui , A. 2002a . Contribution to the study of the complexation of copper by chitosan and oligomers . Polymer , 43 ( 4 ) : 1267 – 1276 .
  • Rhazi , M. , Desbrières , J. , Tolaimate , A. , Rinaudo , M. , Vottero , P. , Alagui , A. and El Meray , M. 2002b . Influence of the nature of the metal ions on the complexation with chitosan: Application to the treatment of liquid waste . European Polymer Journal , 38 ( 8 ) : 1523 – 1530 .
  • Rinaudo , M. 2006 . Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications . Progress in Polymer Science , 31 ( 7 ) : 603 – 632 .
  • Roberts , G. A. F. 2008 . Thirty years of progress in chitin and chitosan . Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives , 13 : 7 – 15 .
  • Ruiz , M. , Sastre , A. and Guibal , E. 2002 . Pd and Pt recovery using chitosan gel beads. II. Influence of chemical modifications on sorption properties . Separation Science & Technology , 37 ( 10 ) : 2385 – 2403 .
  • Ruiz , M. , Sastre , A. and Guibal , E. 2003 . Osmium and Iridium sorption on chitosan derivatives . Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange , 21 ( 2 ) : 307 – 329 .
  • Ruiz , M. , Sastre , A. M. and Guibal , E. 2000 . Palladium sorption on glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan . Reactive and Functional Polymers , 45 ( 3 ) : 155 – 173 .
  • Sankararamakrishnan , N. , Dixit , A. , Iyengar , L. and Sanghi , R. 2006 . Removal of hexavalent chromium using a novel cross linked xanthated chitosan . Bioresource Technology , 97 ( 18 ) : 2377 – 2382 .
  • Sankararamakrishnan , N. , Kumar , P. and Chauhan , V. S. 2008 . Modeling fixed bed column for cadmium removal from electroplating wastewater . Separation and Purification Technology , 63 ( 1 ) : 213 – 219 .
  • Sankararamakrishnan , N. and Sanghi , R. 2006 . Preparation and characterization of a novel xanthated chitosan . Carbohydrate Polymers , 66 ( 2 ) : 160 – 167 .
  • Sankararamakrishnan , N. , Sharma , A. K. and Sanghi , R. 2007 . Novel chitosan derivative for the removal of cadmium in the presence of cyanide from electroplating wastewater . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 148 ( 1–2 ) : 353 – 359 .
  • Santhosh , S. , Sini , T. K. and Mathew , P. T. 2010 . Variation in properties of chitosan prepared at different alkali concentrations from squid pen and shrimp shell . International Journal of Polymeric Materials , 59 ( 4 ) : 286 – 291 .
  • Sashiwa , H. and Aiba , S. 2004 . Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as biomaterials . Progress in Polymer Science , 29 ( 9 ) : 887 – 908 .
  • Schwaighofer , A. , Zuckerstätter , G. , Schlagnitweit , J. , Sixta , H. and Müller , N. 2010 . Determination of the xanthate group distribution on viscose by liquid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry , 400 ( 8 ) : 1 – 8 .
  • Sharma , A. K. 1986 . Thermal behaviour of metal-dithiocarbamates . Thermochimica Acta , 104 : 339 – 372 .
  • Shimizu , Y. , Akiyama , K. , Saito , Y. and Nakamura , T. 2007 . Synthesis of novel amino(alkylamino)deoxychitosans and those thiol-derivatives and the chemisorption behaviors of an acid dye and Hg2+ ion onto the resulting polymers . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 106 ( 3 ) : 1895 – 1902 .
  • Sousa , K. S. , Silva Filho , E. C. and Airoldi , C. 2009 . Ethylenesulfide as a useful agent for incorporation into the biopolymer chitosan in a solvent-free reaction for use in cation removal . Carbohydrate Research , 344 ( 13 ) : 1716 – 1723 .
  • Stamberg , J. , Peska , J. and Jilek , R. 1983 . Czech Patent No. CS 203528, European Patent Office, European Union .
  • Tanuma , H. , Saito , T. , Nishikawa , K. , Dong , T. , Yazawa , K. and Inoue , Y. 2010 . Preparation and characterization of PEG-cross-linked chitosan hydrogel films with controllable swelling and enzymatic degradation behavior . Carbohydrate Polymers , 80 ( 1 ) : 260 – 265 .
  • Terada , K. and Kawamura , H. 1991 . Preconcentration of gold(III), palladium(II) and ruthenium(III) with dithiocarbamate-chitin . Analytical Sciences , 7 ( 1 ) : 71 – 74 .
  • Tharanathan , R. N. and Kittur , F. S. 2003 . Chitin–The undisputed biomolecule of great potential . Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition , 43 ( 1 ) : 61 – 87 .
  • Tolaimate , A. , Desbrieres , J. , Rhazi , M. and Alagui , A. 2003 . Contribution to the preparation of chitins and chitosans with controlled physico-chemical properties . Polymer , 44 ( 26 ) : 7939 – 7952 .
  • Torres , M. A. , Vieira , R. S. , Beppu , M. M. , Arruda , E. J. and Santana , C. C. 2007 . Production of chemically modified chitosan microspheres by a spraying and coagulation method . Materials Research , 10 ( 4 ) : 347 – 352 .
  • Uragami , T. and Tokura , S. 2006 . Material science of Chitin and Chitosan , Tokyo : Kodansha .
  • Vieira , E. F. S. , Cestari , A. R. , de B. Santos , E. and Dias , F. S. 2005 . Interaction of Ag(I), Hg(II), and Cu(II) with 1,2-ethanedithiol immobilized on chitosan: Thermochemical data from isothermal calorimetry . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 289 ( 1 ) : 42 – 47 .
  • Vieira , R. S. and Beppu , M. M. 2006 . Interaction of natural and crosslinked chitosan membranes with Hg(II) ions . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 279 ( 1–3 ) : 196 – 207 .
  • Vijayaraghavan , K. , Palanivelu , K. and Velan , M. 2006 . Biosorption of copper(II) and cobalt(II) from aqueous solutions by crab shell particles . Bioresource Technology , 97 : 1411 – 1419 .
  • Vijayaraghavan , K. , Thilakavathi , M. , Palanivelu , K. and Velan , M. 2005 . Continuous sorption of copper and cobalt by crab shell particles in a packed column . Environmental Technology , 26 : 267 – 276 .
  • Wan Ngah , W. S. and Hanafiah , M. A. K. M. 2008 . Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater by chemically modified plant wastes as adsorbents: A review . Bioresource Technology , 99 ( 10 ) : 3935 – 3948 .
  • Wan Ngah , W. S. , Hanafiah , M. A. K. M. and Yong , S. S. 2008 . Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solutions on crosslinked chitosan-epichlorohydrin beads: Kinetics and isotherm studies . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces , 65 ( 1 ) : 18 – 24 .
  • Wang , J. and Chen , C. 2009 . Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future . Biotechnology Advances , 27 ( 2 ) : 195 – 226 .
  • Wang , L. , Xing , R. , Liu , S. , Cai , S. , Yu , H. , Feng , J. , Li , R. and Li , P. 2010a . Synthesis and evaluation of a thiourea-modified chitosan derivative applied for adsorption of Hg(II) from synthetic wastewater . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 46 ( 5 ) : 524 – 528 .
  • Wang , L. , Xing , R. , Liu , S. , Qin , Y. , Li , K. , Yu , H. , Li , R. and Li , P. 2010b . Studies on adsorption behavior of Pb(II) onto a thiourea-modified chitosan resin with Pb(II) as template . Carbohydrate Polymers , 81 ( 2 ) : 305 – 310 .
  • Wang , L. , Xing , R. , Liu , S. , Yu , H. , Qin , Y. , Li , K. , Feng , J. , Li , R. and Li , P. 2010c . Recovery of silver (I) using a thiourea-modified chitosan resin . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 180 ( 1–3 ) : 577 – 582 .
  • Webster , A. , Halling , M. D. and Grant , D. M. 2007 . Metal complexation of chitosan and its glutaraldehyde cross-linked derivative . Carbohydrate Research , 342 ( 9 ) : 1189 – 1201 .
  • Wu , F. C. , Tseng , R. L. and Juang , R. S. 2010 . A review and experimental verification of using chitosan and its derivatives as adsorbents for selected heavy metals . Journal of Environmental Management , 91 ( 4 ) : 798 – 806 .
  • Yang , Y. M. , Shao , J. and Yao , C. 2000 . Determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy in natural water with sulfhydryl chitosan enrichment . Journal of Instrumental Analysis , 19 ( 5 ) : 38 – 41 .
  • Yang , Y. M. , Shao , J. and Yao , C. 2001 . Synthesis and properties of sulfhydryl chitosan . Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology , 19 ( 4 ) : 375 – 381 .
  • Yang , Z. K. , Shu , J. L. and Liu , L. D. 2006 . Enhanced phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils by chitosan chelating agent . Nongye Huanjing Kexue Xuebao , 25 ( 1 ) : 86 – 89 .
  • Zhang , T. , Wang , J. , Tai , Z. and Zhu , S. 1995 . Study on the electrochemical reduction of benzimidazole-2-thione and its 1-lauroyl derivative in organic solvent . Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry , 393 ( 1–2 ) : 55 – 59 .
  • Zhang , W. A. , Wang , Y. T. and Yang , Z. K. 2006 . Adsorption and complexation property of sulfhydryl chitosan for heavy metal ions . Huaxue Shiji , 28 ( 2 ) : 65 – 67 .
  • Zhang , W. A. , Wang , Y. T. , Yang , Z. K. , Liu , L. D. , Zhou , L. F. , Wu , X. G. and Ding , H. J. 2007 . Sulfhydryl chitosan for enhanced extraction of mercury from contaminated soil . Huanjing Wuran Yu Fangzhi , 29 ( 6 ) : 411 – 414 .
  • Zhang , Y.-M. , Qin , J.-D. , Lin , Q. and Wei , T.-B. 2006 . N-(3-Flurobenzoyl)-N’-phenylthiourea . Acta Crystallographica Section E , 62 ( 7 ) : 2880 – 2882 .
  • Zhao , B. , Zhao , X. and Li , Z. 2010 . Study on adsorption properties of sodium chitosan xanthate for Cr(III) . Huagong Keji Shichang , 33 ( 1 ) : 19 – 22 .
  • Zhong , Z. , Zhong , Z. , Xing , R. , Li , P. and Mo , G. 2010 . The preparation and antioxidant activity of 2-[phenylhydrazine (or hydrazine)-thiosemicarbazone]-chitosan . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 47 ( 2 ) : 93 – 97 .
  • Zhou , D. , Zhang , L. , Zhou , J. and Guo , S. 2004 . Cellulose/chitin beads for adsorption of heavy metals in aqueous solution . Water Research , 38 ( 11 ) : 2643 – 2650 .
  • Zhou , L. , Wang , Y. , Liu , Z. and Huang , Q. 2009a . Characteristics of equilibrium, kinetics studies for adsorption of Hg(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) ions by thiourea-modified magnetic chitosan microspheres . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 161 ( 2–3 ) : 995 – 1002 .
  • Zhou , L. , Liu , J. and Liu , Z. 2009b . Adsorption of platinum(IV) and palladium(II) from aqueous solution by thiourea-modified chitosan microspheres . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 172 ( 1 ) : 439 – 446 .
  • Zou , Y. and Khor , E. 2004 . Preparation of C-6 substituted chitin derivatives under homogeneous conditions . Biomacromolecules , 6 ( 1 ) : 80 – 87 .
  • Zuo , Y. , Zhan , J. and Costa , N. Use of shell chitin extracted from seafood processing waste in recycling of industrial wastewater . Proceedings Environmentally Concious Manufacturing, Boston, MA, United States , pp. 403 – 412 . SPIE ed, S. M. Gupta

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.