1,492
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Today's and Future Challenges in Applications of Renewable Energy Technologies for Desalination

, &
Pages 929-999 | Published online: 01 Apr 2014

REFERENCES

  • Abdallah , S. , Abu-Hilal , M. and Mohsen , M. S. 2005 . Performance of a photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis system under local climatic conditions . Desalination , 183 : 95 – 104 .
  • Abdulla , F. A. , Abu-Dieyeh , M. H. and Qnais , E. 2009 . “ Human activities and ecosystem health ” . In Environmental management, sustainable development and human health. , Edited by: Laboy-Nieves , E. N. , Schaffner , F. , Abdelhadi , A. and Goosen , M. F. A. London : Taylor & Francis . Chapter 28
  • Adamantiades , A. and Kessides , I. 2009 . Nuclear power for sustainable development: current status and future prospects . Energy Policy , 37 : 5149 – 5166 .
  • Admin . 2010 . Stock trading: How quickly will Saudi Arabia turn to nuclear vitality? Retrieved from http://www.profitablenicheinnovation.com/trading/day-trading/stock-trading-how-quickly will-saudi-arabia-turn-to-nuclear-vitality
  • Alamar , K. and Murali , N. 2009 . “ Globalization, the Environment and Sustainable Development ” . In Environmental management, sustainable development and human health. , Edited by: Laboy-Nieves , E. N. , Schaffner , F. , Abdelhadi , A. and Goosen , M. F. A. London : Taylor & Francis . Chapter 2
  • Al-Hallaj , S. , Farid , M. M. and Tamimi , A. R. 1998 . Solar desalination with a humidification-dehumidification cycle: performance of the unit . Desalination , 120 : 273 – 280 .
  • Al-Sajwani , T. M. 1998 . The desalination plants of Oman: Past, present and future . Desalination , 120 : 53 – 59 .
  • Baños , R. , Manzano-Agugliaro , F. , Montoya , F. G. , Gil , C. , Alcayde , A. and Gómez , J. 2011 . Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: A review . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 : 1753 – 1766 .
  • Bensebaa , F. 2011 . Solar based large scale power plants: what is the best option? . Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. , 19 ( 2 ) : 240 – 246 .
  • Benson , S. M. and Orr , F. M. Jr . 2008 . Sustainability and energy conversions . MRS Bulletin , 33 : 297 – 302 .
  • Bernal-Agustin , J. L. and Dufo-Lopez , R. D. 2009 . Simulation and optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13 : 2111 – 2118 .
  • BlurbWire . 2010 . Kiwana desalination plant . Retrieved from http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Kwinana_Desalination_Plant
  • Borenstein , S. 2008 . The market value and cost of solar photovoltaic electricity production. Center for the Study of Energy Markets, University of California Energy Institute, UC Berkeley Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3ws6r3j4
  • Bouchekima , B. 2003 . A small solar desalination plant for the production of drinking water in remote arid areas of southern Algeria . Desalination , 159 : 197 – 204 .
  • Bourouni , K. , Martin , R. and Tadrist , L. 1999a . Analysis of heat transfer and evaporation in geothermal desalination units . Desalination , 122 : 301 – 313 .
  • Bourouni , K. , Martin , R. , Tadrist , L. and Chaibi , M. T. 1999b . Heat transfer and evaporation in geothermal desalination units . Applied Energy , 64 : 129 – 147 .
  • Bourouni , K. and Chaibi , M. T. 2005 . Application of geothermal energy for brackish water desalination in the south of Tunisia. Paper presented at the World Geothermal Congress, Antalya, Turkey
  • Bourouni , K. , Chaibi , M. T. and Tadrist , L. 2001 . Water desalination by humidification and dehumidification of air: state of the art . Desalination , 137 : 167 – 176 .
  • Bourouni , K. , Ben M’Barek , T. and Al Taee , A. 2011 . Design and optimization of desalination reverse osmosis plants driven by renewable energies using genetic algorithms . Renewable Energy , 36 : 936 – 950 .
  • Burgess , G. and Lovegrove , K. 2005 . Solar thermal powered desalination: membrane versus distillation technologies. Solar 2005 Retrieved from http://solar-thermal.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/DesalANZSES05.pdf
  • Butti , K. and Perlin , J. 1980 . Golden thread: 2500 years of solar architecture and technology (1st ed.) , Cheshire , CT : Cheshire Books .
  • California Energy Commission . 2010 . RETI Stakeholder Steering Committee: Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative, RETI Phase 2B: Final Report Retrieved from http://www.energy.ca.gov/reti/documents/index.html
  • Cameron , L. , Doherty , R. , Henry , A. , Doherty , K. , Van't Hoff , J. , Kay , D. and Naylor , D. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy, ICOE 2010 . Bilbao , Spain. Design of the next generation of the oyster wave energy converter ,
  • Cao , X. , Huang , X. , Liang , P. , Xiao , K. , Zhou , Y. , Zhang , X. and Logan , B. E. 2009 . A new method for water desalination using microbial desalination cells . Environmental Science and Technology , 43 : 7148 – 7152 .
  • Carta , J. A. , Gonzalez , J. and Subiela , V. 2003a . Operational analysis of an innovative wind powered reverse osmosis system installed in the Canary Islands . Solar Energy , 75 : 153 – 168 .
  • Carta , J. A. , Gonzales , J. and Gomez , C. 2003b . Operating results of a wind–diesel system which supplies the full energy needs of an isolated village community in the Canary Islands . Solar Energy , 74 : 53 – 63 .
  • Carta , J. A. , Gonzales , J. and Subiela , V. 2004 . The SDAWES project: An ambitious R&D prototype in wind-powered desalination . Desalination , 161 : 33 – 48 .
  • Cataldi , R. , Hodgson , S. and Lund , J. 1999 . Stories from a heated Earth: Our geothermal heritage , Davis , CA : Geothermal Resources Council .
  • Chapa , J. 2007 . Wave energy: Aquabuoy 2.0 Retrieved from http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/10/08/wave-energy-aquabuoy-20-wave-power-generator
  • Charcosset , C. 2009 . A review of membrane processes and renewable energies for desalination . Desalination , 245 : 214 – 231 .
  • Charlier , R. H. and Finki , C. W. 2009 . “ Poseidon to the rescue: mining the sea for energy-a sustainable extraction ” . In Ocean energy: tide and tidal power , 1 – 28 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Childs , W. D. , Dabiri , A. E. , Al-Hinai , H. A. and Abdullah , H. A. 1999 . VARI-RO solar powered desalting study . Desalination , 125 : 155 – 166 .
  • Childs , W. D. and Dabiri , A. E. 2000 . MEDRC R&D report: VARI-RO solar-powered desalting study. Research project 97-AS-005b
  • Cristo , M. W. and Kovalcik , M. P. 2008 . Population pressure and the future of Saudi state stability. M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey CA
  • Davies , P. A. and Paton , C. 2005 . The seawater greenhouse in the United Arab Emirates: thermal modelling and evaluation of design options . Desalination , 173 : 103 – 111 .
  • Davies , P. A. 2005 . Wave-powered desalination: resource assessment and review of technology . Desalination , 186 : 97 – 109 .
  • Davies , B. V. Paper presented at the Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, IECEC-97 . Honolulu , Hawaii. Low head tidal power: A major source of energy from the world's oceans ,
  • DeCanio , S. J. and Fremstad , A. 2011 . Economic feasibility of the path to zero net carbon emissions . Energy Policy , 39 : 1144 – 1153 .
  • Dehmas , D. A. , Kherba , N. , Hacene , F. B. , Merzouk , N. K. , Merzouk , M. , Mahmoudi , H. and Goosen , M. F. A. 2011 . On the use of wind energy to power reverse osmosis desalination plant: A case study from Ténès (Algeria) . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 : 956 – 963 .
  • Delucchi , M. A. and Jacobson , M. Z. 2011 . Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies . Energy Policy , 39 : 1170 – 1190 .
  • Denholm , P. and Margolis , R. M. 2008 . Land-use requirements and the per-capita solar footprint for photovoltaic generation in the United States . Energy Policy , 36 : 3531 – 3543 .
  • Dorn , J. G. 2008 . World geothermal power generation nearing eruption. Plan B updates , Washington , DC : Earth Policy Institute . Retrieved from http://www.earthpolicy.org/Updates/2008/Update74.htm
  • Drude , B. C. 1967 . Submarine units for reverse osmosis . Desalination , 2 : 325 – 328 .
  • Electric Power Research Institute . 2008 . Program on technology innovation: Power generation (central station) technology options: Executive summary , Palo Alto , CA : Author .
  • Elimelech , M. and Phillip , W. A. 2011 . The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment . Science , 333 : 712 – 717 .
  • El-Sayed , Y. M. and Silver , R. S. 1980 . Principles of desalination (2nd ed.) , London : Academic Press .
  • El-Sayed , M. A. H. and Sharaf , A. M. 2011 . An efficient hybrid wave/photovoltaic scheme for energy supply in remote areas . International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology , 2 : 67 – 85 .
  • Eltawil , M. A. , Zhengminga , Z. and Yuana , L. 2009 . A review of renewable energy technologies integrated with desalination systems . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13 : 2245 – 2262 .
  • Energy Education: Solar ponds. Retrieved from. www.energyeducation.tx.gov/…/index.html .
  • European Commission . 2008 . Energy sources, production costs and performance for technologies for power generation, heating, and transport , Brussels , , Belgium : European Commission .
  • Fahrenbruch , A. and Bube , R. H. 1983 . Fundamentals of solar cells , Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
  • Fath , M. E. S. 1998 . Solar desalination: A promising alternative for water provision with free energy, simple technology and a clean environment . Desalination , 116 : 45 – 56 .
  • Federation of American Scientists . 2010 . Nuclear weapons Retrieved rom http:/www.fas.org/nuke/guide/India/nuke/
  • Fein , G. S. and Merritt , E. T. 2011 . Method for creating micro/nano wind energy gathering devices. U.S. Patent No. 7,950,143
  • Fekraoui , A. and Kedaid , F. 2005 . Geothermal resources and uses in Algeria: A country update report . Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 , : 24 – 29 .
  • Fernández , J. L. and Norberto Chargoy , N. 1990 . Multistage, indirectly heated solar still . Solar Energy , 44 : 215 – 223 .
  • Ferrer , J. J. and Álvarez , J. C. Para Fundamentar la Bioética , Universidad Pontificia Comillas y Editorial Desclée De Brouwer, S. A. Bilbao, España
  • Folley , M. and Whittaker , T. 2009 . The cost of water from an autonomous wave-powered desalination plant . Renewable Energy , 34 : 75 – 81 .
  • Folley , M. , Penate Suarez , B. and Whittaker , T. 2008 . An autonomous wave-powered desalination system . Desalination , 220 : 412 – 21 .
  • Forsberg , C. W. 2009 . Sustainability by combining nuclear, fossil, and renewable energy sources . Progress in Nuclear Energy , 51 : 192 – 200 .
  • Francis , L. , Maab , H. , Al-Saadi , A. , Nunes , S. , Ghaffour , N. and Amy , G. L. 2013 . Fabrication of electrospun nanofibrous membranes for membrane distillation application . Desalination & Water Treatment , 51 ( 7–9 ) : 1337 – 1343 .
  • Fridleifsson , I. B. , Bertani , R. , Huenges , E. , Lund , J. W. , Ragnarsson , A. and Rybach , L. 2008 . “ The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change ” . In IPCC scoping meeting on renewable energy sources, Proceedings Edited by: Hohmeyer , O. and Trittin , T. Vol. 20(25) , 59 – 80 . Luebeck , , Germany
  • Frondel , M. , Ritter , N. , Schmidt , C. M. and Vance , C. 2010 . Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energy technologies–the German experience . Energy Policy , 38 : 4048 – 4056 .
  • Garcia-Rodriguez , L. and Blanco-Galvez , J. 2007 . Solar-heated Rankine cycle for water and electricity production: POWERSOL project . Desalination , 212 : 311 – 318 .
  • Garcia-Rodriguez , L. 2002 . Seawater desalination driven by renewable energies: a review . Desalination , 143 : 103 – 113 .
  • Ghaffour , N. , Reddy , K. and Abu-Arabia , M. 2011 . Technology development and application of solar energy in desalination: MEDRC Contribution . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 : 4410 – 4415 .
  • Ghaffour , N. 2009 . The challenge of capacity-building strategies and perspectives for desalination for sustainable water use in MENA . Desalination and Water Treatment , 5 : 48 – 53 .
  • Ghermandi , A. and Messalem , R. 2009 . Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art . Desalination and Water Treatment , 7 : 285 – 296 .
  • Glueckstern , P. 1982 . Preliminary considerations of combining a large reverse osmosis plant with the Mediterranean–Dead Sea project . Desalination , 40 : 143 – 156 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. 2012 . Environmental management and sustainable development . Procedia Engineering , 30 : 6 – 13 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Mahmoudi , H. and Ghaffour , N. 2012 . “ Overview of renewable energy technologies for freshwater production ” . In Sustainable energy developments , Edited by: Bundschuh , J. and Hoinkis , J. Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. Chapter 2 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Sablani , S. , Del-Cin , M. and Wilf , M. 2011a . Effect of cyclic changes in temperature and pressure on permeation properties of composite polyamide spiral wound reverse osmosis membranes . Separation Science and Technology , 46 : 14 – 26 .
  • Goosen , M. , Mahmoudi , H. , Ghaffour , N. and Sablani , S. S. 2011b . “ Application of renewable energies for water desalination ” . In Desalination, trends and technologies Edited by: Schorr , M. 89 – 118 . INTECH. Retrieved from http://www.inte-chopen.com/articles/show/title/application-of-renewable-energies-for-water-desalination
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Mahmoudi , H. and Ghaffour , N. 2010 . Water desalination using geothermal energy . Energies , 3 : 1423 – 1442 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Laboy-Nieves , E. N. , Schaffner , F. and Abdelhadi , A. 2009a . “ The environment, sustainable development and human wellbeing: An overview ” . In Environmental management, sustainable development and human health. , Edited by: Laboy-Nieves , E. N. , Schaffner , F. , Abdelhadi , A. and Goosen , M. F. A. 3 – 12 . London : Taylor & Francis . Chapter 1
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Al-Obeidani , S. K. S. , Al-Hinai , H. , Sablani , S. , Taniguchi , Y. and Okamura , H. 2009b . “ Membrane fouling and cleaning in treatment of contaminated water ” . In Environmental management, sustainable development and human health. , Edited by: Laboy-Nieves , E. N. , Schaffner , F. , Abdelhadi , A. and Goosen , M. F. A. London : Taylor & Francis . Chapter 36
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Sablani , S. S. , Al-Hinai , H. , Al-Obeidani , S. , Al-Belushi , R. and Jackson , D. 2004 . Fouling of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes: A critical review . Separation Science and Technology , 39 : 2261 – 2298 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Sablani , S. , Paton , C. , Perret , J. , Al-Nuaimi , A. , Haffar , J. , Al-Hinai , H. and Shayya , W. 2003 . Solar energy desalination for arid coastal regions: development of a humidification-dehumidification seawater greenhouse . Solar Energy , 75 : 413 – 419 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. , Sablani , S. , Shayya , W. H. , Paton , C. and Al-Hinai , H. 2000 . Thermodynamic and economic considerations in solar desalination . Desalination , 129 : 63 – 89 .
  • Goosen , M. F. A. and Shayya , W. 1999 . “ Water management, purification and conservation in arid climates ” . In Water management, purification and conservation in arid climates: Volume I water management , Edited by: Goosen , M. F. A. and Shayya , W. H. 1 – 6 . Lancaster , PA : Technomic .
  • Gottinger , H. and Goosen , M. F. A. , eds. 2012 . Strategies of economic growth and catch-up: Industrial policies and management , Hauppauge , NY : Nova Science .
  • Greaves , D. , Smith , G. , Attrill , M. , Belmont , M. , Chadwick , A. , Conley , D. , Eccleston , A. , Godly , B. , Harrington , N. , Hor , C. , Hosegood , P. , Johanning , L. , Millar , D. , Pan , S. , Reeve , D. , Williams , J. , Wolfram , J. , Xu , J. , Zobaa , A. and Zou , Q. 2009 . Development of marine renewable energy-research, design, install . ICE Proceedings on Maritime Engineering , 162 : 187 – 196 .
  • Green , M. A. , Emery , K. , Hishikawa , Y. , Warta , W. and Dunlop , E. D. 2012 . Solar cell efficiency tables (version 39) . Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications , 20 : 12 – 20 .
  • Greenlee , L. F. , Lawler , D. F. , Freeman , B. D. , Marrot , B. and Moulin , P. 2009 . Reverse osmosis desalination: water resources, technology and today's challenges . Water Research , 43 : 2317 – 2348 .
  • Greenpeace International, SolarPACES, and ESTELA . 2009 . Concentrating solar power: Global outlook 09 Retrieved from http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/concentrating-solarpower-2009/
  • Gude , V. and Nirmalakhandan , N. 2010 . Sustainable desalination using solar energy . Energy Conversion and Management , 51 : 2245 – 2251 .
  • Gude , V. G. , Nirmalakhandan , N. and Deng , S. 2010 . Renewable and sustainable approaches for desalination . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 14 : 2641 – 2654 .
  • Hegedus , S. and Luque , A. 2011 . “ Achievements and challenges of solar electricity from photovoltaics ” . In Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering (2nd ed , Edited by: Hegedus , S. and Luque , A. 1 – 38 . New York : Wiley .
  • Helal , A. M. , Al-Malek , S. A. and Al-Katheeri , E. S. 2008 . Economic feasibility of alternative deigns of a PV-RO desalination unit for remote areas in the United Arab Emirates . Desalination , 221 : 1 – 16 .
  • Hochmuth , G. C. S. 1997 . A combined optimization concept for the design and operation strategy of hybrid-PV energy systems . Solar Energy , 61–62 : 77 – 87 .
  • Hosseinia , R. , Soltani , M. and Valizadeh , G. 2005 . Technical and economic assessment of the integrated solar combined cycle power plants in Iran . Renewable Energy , 30 : 1541 – 1555 .
  • Houcine , I. , Benjemaa , F. , Chahbani , M. H. and Maalej , M. 1999 . Renewable energy sources for water desalting in Tunisia . Desalination , 125 : 123 – 132 .
  • Huang , S. and Liu , J. 2010 . Geothermal energy stuck between a rock and a hot place . Nature , 463 : 293
  • International Desalination Association . Conference, Gran Canaria, 2007 Environmental Management Consultants Newsletter, Perth, Australia , Retrieved from http://www.360environmental.com.au/
  • International Energy Agency/Nuclear Energy Agency . 2005 . Projected costs of generating electricity , Paris : OECD .
  • International Energy Agency/Nuclear Energy Agency . 2010 . Projected costs of generating electricity: 2010 edition , Paris : OECD .
  • Ipsakis , D. , Voutetakis , S. , Seferlis , P. , Stergiopoulos , F. and Elmasides , C. 2009 . Power management strategies for a stand-alone power system using renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 34 : 7081 – 7095 .
  • Jacobsson , S. , Bergek , A. , Finon , D. , Lauber , V. , Mitchell , C. , Toke , D. and Verbruggen , A. 2009 . EU renewable energy support policy: Faith or facts? . Energy Policy , 37 : 2143 – 2146 .
  • Jacobson , M. Z. and Delucchi , M. A. 2011 . Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials . Energy Policy , 39 : 1154 – 1169 .
  • Jacobson , K. S. , Drew , D. M. and He , Z. 2011 . Efficient salt removal in a continuously operated up flow microbial desalination cell with an air cathode . Bioresource Technology , 102 : 376 – 380 .
  • Jayashankar , V. , Anand , S. , Geetha , T. , Santhakumar , S. , Jagadeesh Kumar , V. , Ravindran , M. , Setoguchi , T. , Takao , M. , Toyota , K. and Nagata , S. 2009 . A twin unidirectional impulse turbine topology for OWC based wave energy plants . Renewable Energy , 34 : 692 – 698 .
  • Johnstone , N. , Hascic , I. and Popp , D. 2010a . Renewable energy policies and technological innovation: evidence based on patent counts . Environmental Resources Economics , 45 : 133 – 155 .
  • Johnstone , N. , Haščič , I. and Kalamova , M. Environmental policy design characteristics and technological innovation evidence from patent data. , ENV/WKP 2 OECD. Environment Working Papers, No. 16
  • Joyce , A. , Loureiro , D. , Rodrigues , C. and Castro , S. 2001 . Small reverse osmosis units using PV systems for water purification in rural places . Desalination , 137 : 39 – 44 .
  • Kadyrzhanov , K. K. , Lukashenko , S. N. and Lushchenko , V. N. 2007 . “ Assessment of environmental impact of reactor facilities in Khazakstan ” . In Safety related issues of spent nuclear fuel storage , Edited by: Lambert , J. D. B. and Kadyrzhanov , K. K. Berlin : Springer .
  • Kagel , A. , Bates , D. and Gawell , K. 2005 . A guide to geothermal energy and the environment , Washington , DC : Geothermal Energy Association .
  • Kaldellis , J. K. , Kavadias , K. A. and Kondili , E. 2004 . Renewable energy desalination plants for the Greek Islands-technical and economic considerations . Desalination , 170 : 187 – 203 .
  • Kalidasa Murugavel , K. and Srithar , K. 2011 . Performance study on basin type double slope solar still with different wick materials and minimum mass of water . Renewable Energy , 36 : 612 – 620 .
  • Kalogirou , S. 2005 . Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 31 : 242 – 281 .
  • Karagiannis , I. C. and Soldatos , P. G. 2008 . Water desalination cost literature: review and assessment . Desalination , 223 : 448 – 456 .
  • Karellas , S. , Terzis , K. and Manolakos , D. 2011 . Investigation of an autonomous hybrid solar thermal ORC-PV RO desalination system: The Chalki island case . Renewable Energy , 36 : 583 – 590 .
  • Kehal , A. Paper presented at the New Technologies for the Use of Renewable Energies Sources in Water Desalination Conference, Session II . Athens , Greece. Reverse osmosis unit of 0.85 m3/h capacity driven by photovoltaic generator in South Algeria ,
  • Kempton , W. and Dhanju , A. 2006 . Electric vehicles with V2G storage for large-scale wind power. Windtech International Retrieved from http://www.wwindea.org/technology/ch04/en/4_3_4.html
  • Kershman , S. A. , Rheinlander , J. and Gabler , H. 2002 . Seawater reverse osmosis powered from renewable energy sources e hybrid wind/photovoltaic/grid power supply for small-scale desalination in Libya . Desalination , 153 : 17 – 23 .
  • Kessides , I. N. 2010 . Nuclear power: Understanding the economic risks and uncertainties . Energy Policy , 38 : 3849 – 3864 .
  • Khamis , I. 2009 . A global overview on nuclear desalination . International Journal of Nuclear Desalination , 3 : 311 – 328 .
  • Koklas , P. A. and Papathanassiou , S. A. 2006 . Component sizing for an autonomous wind driven desalination plant . Renewable Energy , 31 : 2122 – 2139 .
  • Koschikowski , J. and Heijman , B. 2008 . Renewable energy drives desalination processes in remote or arid regions . Membrane Technology , 8 : 8 – 9 .
  • Koschikowski , J. , Wieghaus , M. , Rommel , M. , Subiela , V. J. , Peñate , B. and Betancort , J. R. 2009 . Experimental investigations on solar driven stand-alone membrane distillation systems for remote areas . Desalination , 248 : 125 – 131 .
  • Laboy-Nieves , E. N. 2009 . “ Environmental profile & management issues in an estuarine ecosystem: A case study from Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico ” . In Environmental management, sustainable development and human health. , Edited by: Laboy-Nieves , E. N. , Schaffner , F. , Abdelhadi , A. and Goosen , M. F. A. London : Taylor & Francis . Chapter 29
  • Laboy , E. , Schaffner , F. , Abdelhadi , A. and Goosen , M. F. A. 2009 . Environmental management, sustainable development & human health , London : Taylor & Francis .
  • Laboy , E. , Goosen , M. F. A. and Emmanuel , E. 2010 . Environmental and human health: Risk management in developing countries , London : Taylor & Frances .
  • Lazard Ltd . 2009 . Levelized cost of energy analysis: Version 3.0 . Retrieved from http://blog.cleanenergy.org/files/2009/04/lazard2009_levelizedcostofenergy.pdf
  • Law , M. , Greene , L. E. , Johnson , J. C. , Saykally , R. and Yang , P. 2005 . Nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells . Nature Materials , 4 : 455 – 459 .
  • Leijon , M. 2005 . Multi-physics simulation of wave energy to electric energy conversion by permanent magnet linear generator . IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion , 20 : 219 – 224 .
  • Leopoldt , E. Alternate energy sources Retrieved from http://www.alternate-energy-sources.com/history-of-solar-energy.html
  • Lerner , J. , Grundmeyer , M. and Garvert , M. 2009 . The role of wind forecasting in the successful intergration and management of an intermittent energy source . Energy Central, Wind Power , 3 : 1 – 6 .
  • Li , Z. , Guo-Qiang , Z. , Dong-Mei , L. , Jin , Z. , Li-Juan , L. and Li-Xin , L. 2007 . Application and development of solar energy in building industry and its prospects in China . Energy Policy , 35 : 4121 – 7 .
  • Liu , C. C. K. , Park , J. W. , Migita , R. and Qin , G. 2002 . Experiments of a prototype wind-driven reverse osmosis desalination system with feedback control . Desalination , 150 : 277 – 287 .
  • Lu , H. , Walton , J. C. and Swift , A. H. P. 2000 . Zero discharge desalination . International Desalination and Water Reuse Quarterly , 10 : 35 – 43 .
  • Lu , H. , Walton , J. C. and Swift , A. H. P. 2001 . Desalination coupled with salinity-gradient solar ponds . Desalination , 136 : 13 – 23 .
  • Lund , J. W. 2006 . Chena hot springs . Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin , 27 : 2 – 4 .
  • Lund , J. W. 2007 . Characteristics, development and utilization of geothermal resources . GHC Bulletin June , : 1 – 9 .
  • Maab , H. , Francis , L. , Al-Saadi , A. , Aubry , C. , Ghaffour , N. , Amy , G. L. and Nunes , S. P. 2012 . Synthesis and fabrication of hydrophobic polyazole membranes for seawater desalination . Journal of Membrane Science , 423 : 11 – 19 .
  • Magagna , D. and Muller , G. 2009 . A wave energy driven RO stand-alone desalination system: initial design and testing . Desalination and Water Treatment , 7 : 47 – 52 .
  • Mahmoudi , H. , Spahis , Abdul-Wahab , Sablani , S. and Goosen , M. F. A. 2010a . Improving the performance of a seawater hreenhouse desalination system by assessment of simulation models for different condensers . JRSER , 14 : 2182 – 2188 .
  • Mahmoudi , H. , Spahis , N. , Goosen , M. F. A. , Ghaffour , N. , Drouiche , N. and Ouagued , A. 2010b . Application of geothermal energy for heating and fresh water production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study from Algeria . JRSER , 14 : 512 – 517 .
  • Mahmoudi , H. , Spahis , N. , Goosen , M. F. A. , Sablani , S. , Abdul-Wahab , S. , Ghaffour , N. and Drouiche , N. 2009a . Assessment of wind energy to power solar brackish water greenhouse desalination units: A case study from Algeria . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13 : 2149 – 2155 .
  • Mahmoudi , H. , Ouagued , A. and Ghaffour , N. 2009b . Capacity building strategies and policy for desalination using renewable energies in Algeria . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13 : 921 – 926 .
  • Mahmoudi , H. , Abdul-Wahab , S. A. , Goosen , M. F. A. , Sablani , S. S. , Perret , J. and Ouagued , A. 2008 . Weather data and analysis of hybrid photovoltaic–wind power generation systems adapted to a seawater greenhouse desalination unit designed for arid coastal countries . Desalination , 222 : 119 – 127 .
  • Maila , M. W. 2006 . “ Grounding sustainable development in Praxis-furthering accountability and collaboration ” . In World sustainable development outlook 2006: Global and local resources in achieving sustainable development , Edited by: Ahmad , A. 1 – 11 . Geneva , , Switzerland : Interscience .
  • Manolakos , D. , Mohamed , E. S. , Karagiannis , I. and Papadakis , G. 2008 . Technical and economic comparison between PV-RO system and RO-Solar Rankine system. Case study: Thirasia island . Desalination , 221 : 37 – 46 .
  • Masson , L. , Richards , B. S. and Schafer , A. I. 2005 . System design and performance testing of a hybrid membrane photovoltaic desalination system . Desalination , 179 : 51 – 59 .
  • Mathioulakis , E. , Belessiotis , V. and Delyannis , E. 2007 . Desalination by using alternative energy: Review and state-of-the-art . Desalination , 203 : 346 – 365 .
  • Maurel , A. Paper presented at the New Technologies for the Use of Renewable Energies Sources in Water Desalination Conference, Session II . Athens , Greece. Desalination by reverse osmosis using renewable energies (Solar-Wind). ,
  • Mayer , A. C. , Scully , S. R. , Hardin , B. E. , Rowell , M. W. and McGehee , M. D. 2007 . Polymer-based solar cells . Materials Today , 10 : 28 – 33 .
  • Mehrgoo , M. and Amidpour , M. 2011 . Constructal design of humidification– dehumidification desalination unit architecture . Desalination , 271 : 62 – 71 .
  • Mekhilef , S. , Saidur , R. and Safari , A. 2011 . A review on solar energy use in industries . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 : 1777 – 1790 .
  • Merrick , J. H. 2010 . An assessment of the economic, regulatory and technical implications of large-scale solar power deployment. Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Miller , S. E. and Sagan , S. D. 2009 . Nuclear power without proliferation? . Daedalus fall , : 7 – 18 .
  • Miranda , M. 2003 . Small scale wind-powered sea water desalination without batteries. PhD thesis, Loughborough University
  • Misra , B. 2000 . New economic policy and economic development . IASSI Quarterly , 18 : 20
  • Misra , B. M. 2010 . Sustainable desalination technologies for the future . International Journal of Nuclear Desalination , 4 : 37 – 48 .
  • Mohamed , E. S. H. and Papadakis , G. 2004 . Design, simulation and economic analysis of a stand-alone reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by wind turbines and photovoltaics . Desalination , 164 : 87 – 97 .
  • Moriarty , P. and Honnery , D. 2009 . Hydrogen's role in an uncertain energy future . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 34 : 31 – 39 .
  • Müller-Holst , H. , Engelhardt , M. , Herve , M. and Scholkopf , W. 1998 . Solar thermal seawater desalination systems for decentralized use . Renewable Energy , 14 : 311 – 318 .
  • Narayan , G. P. , Sharqawy , M. H. , Summers , E. K. , Lienhard , J. H. , Zubair , S. M. and Antar , M. A. 2010 . The potential of solar-driven humidification– dehumidification desalination for small-scale decentralized water production . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 14 : 1187 – 1201 .
  • Ng , K. C. , Thu , K. , Kim , Y.-D. , Chakraborty , A. and Amy , G. 2013 . Adsorption desalination: An emerging low cost thermal desalination method . Desalination , 308 : 161 – 179 .
  • Omer , A. M. 2007 . “ Energy, water and sustainable Development ” . In Sustainable development research advances , Edited by: Larson , B. 189 – 205 . New York : Nova Science .
  • Pacenti , P. , de Gerloni , M. , Reali , M. , Chiaramonti , D. , Gärtner , G. O. , Helm , P. and Stöhr , M. 1999 . Submarine seawater reverse osmosis desalination system . Desalination , 126 : 213 – 218 .
  • Palermo , R. 2009 . Analysis of solar power generation on California turkey ranches. M.S. Thesis, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University
  • Pankratz , T. 2008 . Water desalination report (WDR). MEDRC Workshop, Muscat, Oman
  • Papapetrou , M. , Epp , C. , Teksoy , S. , Sozen , S. , Subiela , V. J. , Seibert , U. and Vogt , G. 2005 . Market analysis for autonomous desalination systems powered by renewable energy in southern Mediterranean countries. Case study on Turkey . Desalination , 183 : 29 – 40 .
  • Papapetrou , M. , Mohamed , E. S. , Manolakos , D. , Papadakis , G. , Subiela , V. J. and Peñate , B. 2009 . “ Operating RE/desalination units ” . In Seawater desalination: Conventional and renewable energy processes. , Edited by: Cipollina , A. , Micale , G. and Rizzuti , L. 247 – 272 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Papapetrou , M. , Wieghaus , M. and Biercamp , C. 2010 . “ Roadmap for the development of desalination powered by renewable energy ” . Retrieved from http://www.prodes-project.org/fileadmin/Files/ProDes_Road_map_on_line_version.pdf
  • Parissis , O.-S. , Zoulias , E. , Stamatakis , E. , Sioulas , K. , Alves , L. , Martins , R. , Tsikalakis , A. , Hatziargyriou , N. , Caralis , G. and Zervos , A. 2011 . Integration of wind and hydrogen technologies in the power system of Corvo island, Azores: A cost-benefit analysis . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 36 : 8143 – 8151 .
  • Paton , C. and Davies , A. Paper presented at the Mediterranean Conference on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Production . Santorini , Greece. The seawater greenhouse for arid lands. ,
  • Peñate , B. , Castellano , F. , Bello , A. and García-Rodríguez , L. 2011 . Assessment of a stand-alone gradual capacity reverse osmosis desalination plant to adapt to wind power availability: A case study . Energy , 36 : 4372 – 4384 .
  • Peñate , B. and García-Rodríguez , L. 2012a . Current trends and future prospects in the design of seawater reverse osmosis desalination technology . Desalination , 284 : 1 – 8 .
  • Peñate , B. and García-Rodríguez , L. 2012b . Seawater reverse osmosis desalination driven by a solar organic Rankine cycle: Design and technology assessment for medium capacity range . Desalination , 284 : 86 – 91 .
  • Peñate , B. , Cirez , F. , Dominguez , F. J. , Subiela , V. and Vera , L. Paper presented at the EDS Conference and Exhibition on Desalination for the Environment Clean Water and Energy . Barcelona , Spain. Design and testing of an isolated commercial EDR plant driven by solar photovoltaic energy ,
  • Pestana , I. D. L. N. , Latorre , F. J. G. , Espinoza , C. A. and Gotor , A. G. 2004 . Optimization of RO desalination systems powered by renewable energies. Part I: Wind energy . Desalination , 160 : 293 – 299 .
  • Popiel , C. , Wojtkowiak , J. and Biernacka , B. 2001 . Measurements of temperature distribution in ground . Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science , 25 : 301 – 309 .
  • ProDes . 2010 . Promotion of renewable energy for water production through desalination Retrieved from http://www.prodes-project.org/
  • Raluy , R. G. , Schwantes , R. , Subiela , V. J. , Peñate , B. , Melián , G. and Betancort , J. R. 2012 . Operational experience of a solar membrane distillation demonstration plant in Pozo Izquierdo-Gran Canaria Island (Spain) . Desalination , 290 : 1 – 13 .
  • Reali , M. , de Gerloni , M. and Sampaolo , A. 1997 . Submarine and underground reverse osmosis schemes for energy-efficient seawater desalination . Desalination , 109 : 269 – 275 .
  • Reddy , V. K. and Ghaffour , N. 2007 . Overview of the cost of desalinated water and costing methodologies . Desalination , 205 : 340 – 353 .
  • Reif , T. 2008 . Profitability analysis and risk management of geothermal projects . GHC Bulletin January , : 1 – 4 .
  • Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century . 2010 . Renewables 2010: Global status report Retrieved from http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/g2010.asp
  • Rheinlander , J. , Perz , E. W. and Goebel , O. 2003 . Performance simulation of integrated water and power systems-software tools IPSEpro and RESYSpro for technical economic and ecological analysis . Desalination , 157 : 57 – 64 .
  • Rodrıguez , G. , Rodrıguez , M. , Perez , J. and Veza , J. 1996 . A systematic approach to desalination powered by solar, wind and geothermal energy sources . Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Production , : 20 – 25 .
  • Rybach , L. Paper presented at the European Geothermal Congress . Unterhaching , Germany. Geothermal sustainability ,
  • Sablani , S. , Goosen , M. F. A. , Paton , C. , Shayya , W. H. and Al-Hinai , H. 2003 . Simulation of freshwater production using a humidification–dehumidification seawater greenhouse . Desalination , 159 : 283 – 288 .
  • Sadhwani , J. J. and Veza , J. M. 2008 . Desalination and energy consumption in Canary Islands . Desalination , 221 : 143 – 150 .
  • Saleh , A. , Qudeiri , J. A. and Al-Nimr , M. A. 2011 . Performance investigation of a salt gradient solar pond coupled with desalination facility near the Dead Sea . Energy , 36 : 922 – 931 .
  • Salter , S. H. , Cruz , J. M. B. P. , Lucas , J. A. A. and Pascal , R. C. R. 2011 . “ Wave powered desalination ” . In Macro-engineering seawater in unique environments, environmental science and engineering , Edited by: Badescu , V. and Cathcart , R. B. 657 – 686 . Berlin : Spriger-Verlag .
  • Sardi , L. and Beer , G. RO desalinators powered by PV systems for small/medium Italian Islands. Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Production , pp. 36 – 44 .
  • Schwarzer , K. , Vieira , M. E. , Faber , C. and Müller , C. 2001 . Solar thermal desalination system with heat recovery . Desalination , 137 : 23 – 29 .
  • Serpen , U. , Aksoy , N. and Öngür , T. Paper presented at the 35th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University . Stanford , California . Present status of geothermal energy in Turkey. ,
  • Setiawan , A. A. , Zhao , Y. and Nayar , C. V. 2009 . Design, economic analysis and environmental considerations of mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas . Renewable Energy , 34 : 374 – 383 .
  • Sharma , S. N. 2007, December 30 . Climate proofing . The Economic Times , : 13
  • Soerensen , B. 1979 . Renewable energy , London : Academic Press .
  • Spiegler , K. S. and El-Sayed , Y. M. 2001 . The energetics of desalination processes . Desalination , 134 : 109 – 128 .
  • Stefansson , V. Paper presented at the World Geothermal Congress . Antalya , Turkey. World geothermal assessment ,
  • Subiela , V. J. , Carta , J. A. and Gonzalez , J. 2004 . The SDAWES project: lessons learnt from an innovative project . Desalination , 168 : 39 – 47 .
  • Subiela , V. J. , Peñate , B. , Sánchez , A. S. and Soulis , K. Paper presented at the World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse—IDA . Maspalomas , Spain. Cost reduction strategies for autonomous desalination units based on renewable energies ,
  • Subiela , V. J. , de la Fuente , J. A. , Piernavieja , G. and Peñate , B. 2009 . Canary Islands Institute of Technology (ITC) experiences in desalination with renewable energies (1996–2008) . Desalination and Water Treatment , 7 : 220 – 235 .
  • Subiela , V. and Peñate , B. 2011 . “ Autonomous desalination and cooperation: The experience in Morocco within the Adira project ” . In Enviromental security, water security, management and control: NATO science for peace and security series. , 319 – 338 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Subramani , A. , Badruzzaman , M. , Oppenheimer , J. and Jacangelo , J. G. 2011 . Energy minimization strategies and renewable energy utilization for desalination: A review . Water Research , 45 : 1907 – 1920 .
  • Sumathy , K. , Yeung , K. H. and Yong , L. 2003 . Technology development in the solar adsorption refrigeration systems . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 29 : 301 – 327 .
  • Szacsvay , T. , Hofer-Noser , P. and Posnansky , M. 1999 . Technical and economic aspects of small-scale solar-pond-powered seawater desalination systems . Desalination , 122 : 185 – 193 .
  • Tester , J. W. , Anderson , B. J. , Batchelor , A. S. , Blackwell , D. D. , DiPippo , R. , Drake , E. M. , Garnish , J. , Livesay , B. , Moore , M. C. , Nichols , K. , Petty , S. , Toksoz , M. N. , Veatch , R. W. , Baria , R. , Augustine , C. , Murphy , E. , Negraru , P. and Richards , M. 2007 . Impact of enhanced geothermal systems on U.S. energy supply in the twenty-first century . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A , 365 : 1057 – 1094 .
  • Thomson , M. 2003 . Reverse osmosis desalination of sea water powered by photovoltaics without batteries. PhD Thesis, Loughborough University
  • Thorpe , T. W. 1999 . A brief review of wave energy. The UK Department of Trade and Industry (ETSU-R120)
  • Tonn , B. , Frymier , P. , Graves , J. and Meyers , J. 2010 . A sustainable energy scenario for the United States: Year 2050 . Sustainability , 2 : 3650 – 3680 .
  • Trieb , F. , Nitsch , J. , Kronshage , S. , Schillings , C. , Brischke , L. A. , Knies , G. and Czisch , G. 2002 . Combined solar power and desalination plants for the Mediterranean region-sustainable energy supply using large-scale solar thermal power plants . Desalination , 153 : 39 – 46 .
  • Tzen , E. and Morris , R. 2003 . Renewable energy sources for desalination . Solar Energy , 75 : 375 – 379 .
  • Tzen , E. , Parrakis , K. and Baltas , P. 1998 . Design of a stand-alone PV desalination system for rural areas . Desalination , 119 : 327 – 334 .
  • Tzen , E. , Theofilloyianakos , D. , Sigalis , M. and Karamanis , K. 2004 . Design and development of a hybrid autonomous system for seawater desalination . Desalination , 166 : 267 – 274 .
  • U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . 2003 . “ Cost estimating procedures ” . In Desalting handbook for planners, 3rd ed.; Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 72 , 187 – 231 . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center . Chapter 9
  • U.S. Census Bureau . 2004 . Global population profile: 2002. Table A-4, population by region and country 1950–2050 Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp-02.pdf
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration . Saudi Arabia Retrieved from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Saudi_Arabia/Profile.html
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration . 2010 . Annual energy outlook 2010 , Washington , DC : Author .
  • United Nations Development Program . 2006 . Report on human development, 2006, beyond scarcity, power, poverty and the world water crisis
  • Velmurugan , V. and Srithar , K. 2011 . Performance analysis of solar stills based on various factors affecting the productivity-A review . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 : 1294 – 1304 .
  • Viebahn , P. , Lechon , Y. and Trieb , F. 2011 . The potential role of concentrated solar power (CSP) in Africa and Europe: A dynamic assessment of technology development, cost development and life cycle inventories until 2050 . Energy Policy , 39 : 4420 – 4430 .
  • Voivontas , D. , Misirtis , K. , Manoli , E. , Arampatzis , G. , Assimacopoulos , D. and Zervos , A. 2001 . A tool for the design of desalination plants powered by renewable energies . Desalination , 133 : 175 – 198 .
  • Wang , S. , Yuan , P. , Li , D. and Jiao , Y. 2011 . An overview of ocean renewable energy in China . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 : 91 – 111 .
  • 2009 . Wash Technology: Geothermal desalination: Hot rocks key to producing low cost freshwater
  • Weiner , D. , Fisher , D. , Eduard , J. , Katz , B. and Meron , G. 2001 . Operation experience of a solar and wind powered desalination demonstration plant . Desalination , 137 : 7 – 13 .
  • White , D. E. and Williams , D. L. 1975 . Assessment of geothermal resources of the United States – 1975. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 727
  • Whittaker , T. , Collier , D. , Folley , M. , Osterried , M. , Henry , A. and Crowley , M. Paper presented at the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, EWTEC . Porto , Portugal. The development of Oyster – A shallow water surging wave energy converter ,
  • Wright , J. D. 1982 . Selection of a working fluid for an organic Rankine cycle coupled to a salt-gradient solar pond by direct-contact heat exchange . Journal of Solar Energy Engineering , 104 : 286 293
  • Wright , M. 1998 . “ Nature of geothermal resources ” . In Geothermal direct-use engineering and design guidebook , Edited by: Lund , J. W. 27 – 69 . Klamath Falls , OR : Geo-Heat Center .
  • Xie , Q. , Liao , X. , Lu , B. and Chen , X. 2009 . Summary of tidal energy utilization at home and abroad . Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy , 15 : 670 – 671 .
  • Zhang , P. , Yang , Y. , Shi , J. , Zheng , Y. , Wang , L. and Li , X. 2009 . Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy policy in China . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13 : 439 – 449 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.