Toward a New Paradigm for Tailings Phytostabilization—Nature of the Substrates, Amendment Options, and Anthropogenic Pedogenesis

REFERENCES

• Banks, D., Younger, P.L., Arnesen, R.T., Iversen, E.R., and Banks, S.B. (1997). Mine-water chemistry: The good, the bad and the ugly. Environmental Geology 32, 157–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banwart, S.A., and Malmström, M.E. (2001). Hydrochemical modelling for preliminary assessment of minewater pollution. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 74, 73–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beldman, G., Hennekam, J., and Voragen, A.G.J. (1987). Enzymatic hydrolysis of beer brewers’ spent grain and the influence of pretreatments. Biotechnol Bioeng 30, 668–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, L. (1975). Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth. Annual Review of Phytopathology 13, 295–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolan, N.S., Adriano, D.C., and Naidu, R. (2003). Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews on Environmental contamination and Toxicology 177, 1–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolan, N.S., Park, J.H., Robinson, B., Naidu, R., and Huh, K.Y. (2011). Phytostabilization: A green approach to contaminant containment. Advances in Agronomy 112, 145–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnissel-Gissinger, P., Alnot, M., Ehrhardt, J.J., and Behra, P. (1998). Surface oxidation of pyrite as a function of pH. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 2839–2845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boularbah, A., Schwartz, C., Bitton, G., and Morel, J.L. (2006). Heavy metal contamination from mining sites in South Morocco: 1. Use of a biotest to assess metal toxicity of tailings and soils. Chemosphere 63, 802–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga, M.A.S., Paquet, H., and Begonha, A. (2002). Weathering of granites in a temperate climate (NW Portugal): Granitic saprolites and arenization. Catena 49, 41–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, J.L., and Ammons, J.T. (2004). Case history of a copper mine tailings pond reclamation in Ducktown, Tennessee. In National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation and The 25th West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force, April 18–24, 2004, Lexington, KY: ASMR.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S., Sprenger, M., Maxemchuk, A., and Compton, H. (2005). Ecosystem function in alluvial tailings after biosolids and lime addition. Journal of Environmental Quality 34, 139–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaham, M.A., Rhoades, C.C., and Heneghan, L. (2008). A striking profile: Soil ecological knowledge in restoration management and science. Restoration Ecology 16, 604–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, D., and Starkey, H.C. (1959). Leaching of clay minerals in a limestone environment. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 16, 83–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, O.A., and Chorover, J. (2001). The chemistry of pedogenic thresholds. Geoderma 100, 321–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F.S., Walker, L.R., Fastie, C.L., and Sharman, L.C. (1994). Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64, 149–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, K.K., Ye, Z.H., and Wong, M.H. (2006). Growth of Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmities australis on Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings amended with manure compost and sewage sludge: A greenhouse study. Bioresource Technology 97, 158–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, M., Bailey, L.D., and Grant, C.A. (1996). Review of the use of swine manure in crop production: Effects on yield and composition and on soil and water quality. Waste Management & Research 14, 581–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conesa, H.M., Robinson, B.H., Schulin, R., and Nowack, B. (2007). Growth of Lygeum spartum in acid mine tailings: Response of plants developed from seedlings, rhizomes and at field conditions. Environmental Pollution 145, 700–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conesa, H.M., Robinson, B.H., Schulin, R., and Nowack, B. (2008). Metal extractability in acidic and neutral mine tailings from the Cartagena-La Union Mining District (SE Spain). Applied Geochemistry 23, 1232–1240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, J.A., and Johnson, M.S. (2002). Ecological restoration of land with particular reference to the mining of metals and industrial minerals: A review of theory and practice. Environmental Reviews 10, 41–71.
   Google Scholar
• Courtier-Murias, D., Simpson, A.J., Marzadori, C., Baldoni, G., Ciavatta, C., Fernández, J.M., López-de-Sá, E.G., and Plaza, C. (2013). Unraveling the long-term stabilization mechanisms of organic materials in soils by physical fractionation and NMR spectroscopy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 171, 9–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A., Eary, L.E., and Helgen, S. (1999). Assessing the efficacy of lime amendment to geochemically stabilize mine tailings. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 2626–2632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degryse, F., Smolders, E., and Parker, D.R. (2009). Partitioning of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soils: Concepts, methodologies, prediction and applications - a review. European Journal of Soil Science 60, 590–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaan, S.B. (1991). A review of the rate of pyrite oxidation in aqueous systems at low-temperature. Earth-Science Reviews 31, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Iglesia, R., Castro, D., Ginocchio, R., van der Lelie, D., and Gonzalez, B. (2006). Factors influencing the composition of bacterial communities found at abandoned copper-tailings dumps. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deopker, R. (1994). Column leach study III: Effects of sampling location, sampling methods, and chemical abatement treatments on the dissolution of metals in gold-copper mine tailings. Mine Water and the Environment 13, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Deopker, R., and Drake, P. (1991). Laboratory study of submerged metal-mine tailings 1: Effect of solid-liquid contact time and aeration on contaminant concentrations. Mine Water and the Environment 10, 29–41.
   Google Scholar
• Deopker, R., and O’Connor, W. (1991a). Column leach study 1: Heavy metal dissolution characteristics from selected copper mine tailings. Mine Water and the Environment 10, 57–71.
   Google Scholar
• Deopker, R., and O’Connor, W. (1991b). Column leach study II: Heavy metal dissolution characteristics from selected lead-zinc mine tailings. Mine Water and the Environment 10, 73–92.
   Google Scholar
• Diaby, N., Dold, B., Pfeifer, H.R., Holliger, C., Johnson, D.B., and Hallberg, K.B. (2007). Microbial communities in a porphyry copper tailings impoundment and their impact on the geochemical dynamics of the mine waste. Environmental Microbiology 9, 298–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, B.A., and Crocker, R.L. (1953). A chronosequence of soils and vegetation near Mt. Shasta, California. Journal of Soil Science 4, 123–141.
   Google Scholar
• Dold, B., and Fontbote, L. (2001). Element cycling and secondary mineralogy in porphyry copper tailings as a function of climate, primary mineralogy, and mineral processing. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 74, 3–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudka, S., and Adriano, D.C. (1997). Environmental impacts of metal ore mining and processing: A review. Journal of Environmental Quality 26, 590–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edenborn, H.M. (2004). Use of poly(lactic acid) amendments to promote the bacterial fixation of metals in zinc smelter tailings. Bioresource Technology 92, 111–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelou, V.P., Phillips, R.E., and Shepard, J.S. (1982). Salt generation in pyritic coal spoils and its effect on saturated hydraulic conductivity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46, 457–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelou, V.P., and Zhang, Y.L. (1995). A review: Pyrite oxidation mechanisms and acid mine drainage prevention. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 25, 141–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellet, G., Marchiol, L., Delle Vedove, G., and Peressotti, A. (2011). Application of biochar on mine tailings: Effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere 83, 1262–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin, D., Roy, M., Rioux, J.P., and Thibault, P.J. (2000). Occurrence of sulfate-reducing bacteria under a wide range of physico-chemical conditions in Au and Cu-Zn mine tailings. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33, 197–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, A.L., Ashley, R.P., and Rytuba, J.J. (2011). Arsenic species in weathering mine tailings and biogenic solids at the Lava Cap Mine Superfund Site, Nevada City, CA. Geochemical Transactions 12, 1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster, A.L., Brown, G.E., Tingle, T.N., and Parks, G.A. (1998). Quantitative arsenic speciation in mine tailings using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist 83, 553–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourie, A., McIntosh, J., and McIlveen, G. (2013). Documenting existing legislation governing mine waste management in target countries: The University of Western Australia; The University of Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• Frouz, J., Keplin, B., Pizl, V., Tajovsky, K., Stary, J., Lukesova, A., Novakova, A., Balik, V., Hanel, L., Materna, J., Duker, C., Chalupsky, J., Rusek, J., and Heinkele, T. (2001). Soil biota and upper soil layer development in two contrasting post-mining chronosequences. Ecological Engineering 17, 275–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcés, D.M. C., Faz Cano, Á., and Arocena, J.L. M. (2008). Dissolved organic carbon and metals release in amended mine soils. Revista de La Sociedad Española de Mineralogía 10, 115–117.
   Google Scholar
• Gilsotres, F., Trasarcepeda, M.C., Ciardi, C., Ceccanti, B., and Leiros, M.C. (1992). Biochemical-Characterization of biological-activity in very young mine soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 13, 25–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35, 219–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, W.H. (1964). Chemical weathering of biotite-plagioclase gneiss. Clays Clay Miner 12, 455–463.
   Google Scholar
• Green, S., and Renault, S. (2008). Influence of papermill sludge on growth of Medicago sativa, Festuca rubra and Agropyron trachycaulum in gold mine tailings: A greenhouse study. Environmental Pollution 151, 524–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, C., and Gauert, C. (2012). Mineral characterization of the metallurgically detrimental talc-carbonate-pyrite schist in ultramafic rocks of the Nkomati Ni-Cu-PGE(-Co-Cr) Mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. In European Mineralogical Conference, September 2–6, 2012, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Gutierrez, J.R., and Hoffmann, A. (1991). Reclamation of a copper tailing in Chile. Revista Chilena De Historia Natural 64, 77–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S.M., O’Day, P.A., Webb, S.M., Maier, R.M., and Chorover, J. (2011). Changes in zinc speciation with mine tailings acidification in a semiarid weathering environment. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 7166–7172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneghan, L., Miller, S.P., Baer, S., Callaham, M.A., Montgomery, J., Pavao-Zuckerman, M., Rhoades, C.C., and Richardson, S. (2008). Integrating soil ecological knowledge into restoration management. Restoration Ecology 16, 608–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herczeg, A.L., Dogramaci, S.S., and Leaney, F.W.J. (2001). Origin of dissolved salts in a large, semi-arid groundwater system: Murray Basin, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 52, 41–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L., Baumgartl, T., and Mulligan, D. (2012). Is rhizosphere remediation sufficient for sustainable revegetation of mine tailings? Annals of Botany 110, 223–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L.N., Tang, F.Z., Song, Y.S., Wan, C.Y., Wang, S.L., Liu, W.Q., and Shu, W.S. (2011). Biodiversity, abundance, and activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria during primary succession on a copper mine tailings. Fems Microbiology Ecology 78, 439–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffman, R.E., and Davidson, N. (1956). Kinetics of the ferrous iron-oxygen reaction in sulfuric acid solution. Journal of the American Chemical Society 78, 4836–4842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, G., and Whiteman, P. (1975). Revegetation of mine wastes at Mt. Isa, Queensland. I. The nature of the material and defining the problems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 15, 513–518.
   Google Scholar
• Ixer, R.A. (1974). The mineralogy and paragenesis of a fluorspar flat at Masson Hill, Matlock, Derbyshire. Mineralogical Magazine 39, 811–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, B.P., and Miller, W.P. (1999). Effectiveness of phosphate and hydroxide for desorption of arsenic and selenium species from iron oxides. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 1616–1622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenny, H. (1994). Factors of soil formation : A system of quantitative pedology (p. 14). Toronto: General.
   Google Scholar
• Jiemin, C., and Wong, M.H. (2008). Effect of earthworm (Pheretima sp.) density on revegetation of lead/zinc metal mine tailings amended with soil. Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 6, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Jolicoeur, S., Ildefonse, P., and Bouchard, M. (2000). Kaolinite and gibbsite weathering of biotite within saprolites and soils of central Virginia. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 1118–1129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaokaew, S., Chaney, R.L., Landrot, G., Ginder-Vogel, M., and Sparks, D.L. (2011). Speciation and release kinetics of cadmium in an alkaline paddy soil under various flooding periods and draining conditions. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 4249–4255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaokaew, S., Landrot, G., Chaney, R.L., Pandya, K., and Sparks, D.L. (2012). Speciation and release kinetics of zinc in contaminated paddy soils. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 3957–3963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumpiene, J., Fitts, J.P., and Mench, M. (2012) Arsenic fractionation in mine spoils 10 years after aided phytostabilization. Environmental Pollution 166, 82–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, A.B., and Elder, L.W. (1931). The electromotive activation of oxygen. Journal of the American Chemical Society 53, 137–163.
   Google Scholar
• Lasaga, A.C., Soler, J.M., Ganor, J., Burch, T.E., and Nagy, K.L. (1994). Chemical-weathering rate laws and global geochemical cycles. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2361–2386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal-Mejía, H., and Melgarejo, J.C. (2008). Ore mineral paragenesis of the gramalote gold deposit, Colombia. Revista de la SEM 9, 139–140.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C.S., You, Y.H., and Robinson, G.R. (2002). Secondary succession and natural habitat restoration in abandoned rice fields of central Korea. Restoration Ecology 10, 306–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. F., Huang, L. B., Bond, P. L., Lu, Y., and Vink, S. (2014). Bacterial diversity in response to direct revegetation in the Pb-Zn-Cu tailings under subtropical and semi-arid conditions. Ecological Engineering 68, 233–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., You, F., Huang, L., Strounina, E., and Edraki, M. (2013). Dynamics in leachate chemistry of Cu-Au tailings in response to biochar and woodchip amendments: a column leaching study. Environmental Sciences Europe 25, 32.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X.F., Huang, Y.Z., Ma, Y.B., Sun, J.W., and Cui, H.J. (2010a). Leaching impacts Ni toxicity differently among soils but increases its predictability according to nitrification assay. Journal of Soils and Sediments 10, 579–589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X.F., Sun, J.W., Huang, Y.Z., Ma, Y.B., and Zhu, Y.G. (2010b). Copper toxicity thresholds in Chinese soils based on substrate-induced nitrification assay. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, 294–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, J. (1998). Rates of weathering and chemical depletion in soils across a chronosequence of Lake Michigan sand dunes. Geoderma 85, 255–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfein, J., Qualls, R.G., Uselman, S.M., and Bridgham, S.D. (2003). Soil formation and organic matter accretion in a young andesitic chronosequence at Mt. Shasta, California. Geoderma 116, 249–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, M.B.J., Wakeman, K.D., Rowe, O.F., Grail, B.M., Ptacek, C.J., Blowes, D.W., and Johnson, D.B. (2011). Microbiology and geochemistry of mine tailings amended with organic carbon for passive treatment of pore water. Geomicrobiology Journal 28, 229–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loganathan, P., Vigneswaran, S., Kandasamy, J., and Naidu, R. (2012). Cadmium sorption and desorption in soils: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42, 489–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowson, R.T. (1982). Aqueous oxidation of pyrite by molecular-oxygen. Chemical Reviews 82, 461–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., Dickinson, N.M., and Wong, M.H. (2002). Toxicity of Pb/Zn mine tailings to the earthworm Pheretima and the effects of burrowing on metal availability. Biology and Fertility of Soils 36, 79–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, A., and Scullion, J. (1998). Soil development on restored opencast coal sites with particular reference to organic matter and aggregate stability. Soil Use and Management 14, 234–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmstrom, M.E., Gleisner, M., and Herbert, R.B. (2006). Element discharge from pyritic mine tailings at limited oxygen availability in column experiments. Applied Geochemistry 21, 184–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manceau, A., Boisset, M.C., Sarret, G., Hazemann, R.L., Mench, M., Cambier, P., and Prost, R. (1996). Direct determination of lead speciation in contaminated soils by EXAFS spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology 30, 1540–1552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manskinen, K., Nurmesniemi, H., and Pöykiö, R. (2011). Total and extractable non-process elements in green liquor dregs from the chemical recovery circuit of a semi-chemical pulp mill. Chemical Engineering Journal 166, 954–961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marleau, J.N., Jin, Y., Bishop, J.G., Fagan, W.F., and Lewis, M.A. (2011). A stoichiometric model of early plant primary succession. American Naturalist 177, 233–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurice, C., Mäkitalo, M., Villain, L., and Öhlander, B. (2010). Green liquor dregs for the amendment of tailings. In International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings, May 3–6, 2010, Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Mcintosh, R.P., and Odum, E.P. (1969). Ecological succession. Science 166, 403–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeinkuirt, W., Pokethitiyook, P., Kruatrachue, M., Tanhan, P., and Chaiyarat, R. (2012). Phytostabilization of a Pb-contaminated mine tailing by various tree species in pot and field trial experiments. International Journal of Phytoremediation 14, 925–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, M.O., Glenn, E.R., and Maier, R.M. (2007). Phytostabilization potential of quailbush for mine tailings: Growth, metal accumulation, and microbial community changes. Journal of Environmental Quality 36, 245–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, M.O., and Maier, R.M. (2008). Phytostabilization of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environments - an emerging remediation technology. Environmental Health Perspectives 116, 278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, M.O., Neilson, J.W., and Maier, R.M. (2008). Characterization of a bacterial community in an abandoned semiarid lead-zinc mine tailing site. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, 3899–3907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, D.R. (1980). Nutritional problems associated with the establishment of vegetation on tailings from an asbestos mine. Environmental Pollution Series A – Ecological and Biological 23, 287–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, M.Z., Chen, J., Wang, J.P., Wei, G.H., and Fayek, M. (2005). Mineral paragenesis and textures associated with sandstone-hosted roll-front uranium deposits, NW China. Ore Geology Reviews 26, 51–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D.G., Morgan, J.D., Vigers, G.A., and Chapman, P.M. (1985). Acute toxicity of mine tailings to 4 marine species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16, 450–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moraza, C.J., Iglesias, N., and Palencia, I. (2006). Application of sugar foam to a pyrite-contaminated soil. Minerals Engineering 19, 399–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, L., and Neretnieks, I. (2006). Long-term environmental impact of tailings deposits. Hydrometallurgy 83, 176–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, G., Ostergren, J.D., Juillot, F., Ildefonse, P., Calas, G., and Brown, G.E. (1999). XAFS determination of the chemical form of lead in smelter-contaminated soils and mine tailings: Importance of adsorption processes. American Mineralogist 84, 420–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses, C.O., and Herman, J.S. (1991). Pyrite oxidation at circumneutral pH. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 471–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses, C.O., Nordstrom, D.K., Herman, J.S., and Mills, A.L. (1987). Aqueous pyrite oxidation by dissolved-oxygen and by ferric iron. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1561–1571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostaghel, M.A. (1984). Sphalerite mineralogy and trace element geochemistry in the South Pennine Orefield. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society 45, 207–218.
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, B., Rao, M.G., and Karunakaran, C. (1969). Genesis of kaolin deposits of Birbhum, West Bengal, India. Clay Minerals 8, 161–170.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, P.N., and Oades, J.M. (1998). Organic matter, sodicity and soil structure. In M.E. Summer and R. Naidu (Eds.), Sodic soils: Distribution, properties, management and environmental consequences. Topics in Sustainable Agronomy (pp. 51–75). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, R.V., Gillham, R.W., and Reardon, E.J. (1988). Pyrite oxidation in carbonate-buffered solution.1. Experimental kinetics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 1077–1085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, R.V., Gillham, R.W., and Reardon, E.J. (1990). Pyrite oxidation in carbonate-buffered solution.2. Rate control by oxide coatings. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 395–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oades, J.M. (1984). Soil organic-matter and structural stability - mechanisms and implications for management. Plant and Soil 76, 319–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, D.C., Barton, M.D., and Sarangi, A.K. (2009). Deciphering a multistage history affecting U-Cu(-Fe) mineralization in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, eastern India, using pyrite textures and compositions in the Turamdih U-Cu(-Fe) deposit. Mineralium Deposita 44, 61–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, J., Chan, G.S.Y., Zhang, J., Liang, J., and Wong, M.H. (2003). Physiological aspects of vetiver grass for rehabilitation in abandoned metalliferous mine wastes. Chemosphere 52, 1559–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, W.J., Stewart, J.W.B., and Cole, C.V. (1988). Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils - a model. Biogeochemistry 5, 109–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascaud, G., Leveque, T., Soubrand, M., Boussen, S., Joussein, E., and Dumat, C. (2014). Environmental and health risk assessment of Pb, Zn, As and Sb in soccer field soils and sediments from mine tailings: Solid speciation and bioaccessibility. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, 4254–4264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, G., John, M., Kathy, M., and Bob, S. (1998). Plant growth and soil development on mine tailings in the north island, New Zealand. In 16th World Congress of Soil Science, August 20–26, 1998, Montpellier, France.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, T. (1984). Rehabilitation of mine tailings: A case of complete ecosystem reconstruction and revegetation of industrially stressed lands in the Sudbury Area, Ontario, Canada. In P. Sheehan, D.R. Miller, G.C. Butler, and Ph. Bourdeau (Eds.), Effects of pollutants at the ecosystem level (pp. 403–421). Wiley: Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Picaud, F., and Petit, D.P. (2007). Primary succession of Orthoptera on mine tailings: Role of vegetation. Annales De La Societe Entomologique De France 43, 69–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piha, M.I., Vallack, H.W., Reeler, B.M., and Michael, N. (1995). A low-input approach to vegetation establishment on mine and coal ash wastes in semiarid regions.1. Tin mine tailings in Zimbabwe. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 372–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond, A.P., White, S.A., Milczarek, M., and Thompson, T.L. (2005). Accelerated weathering of biosolid-amended copper mine tailings. Journal of Environmental Quality 34, 1293–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujol, N., Schamuells, S., Melgarejo, J.-C., and Leal-Mejía, H. (2012). Mineralogy of Au mineralization at the Quebradona Creek, Jericó (Antioquia, Colombia). Revista de la SEM 16, 256–257.
   Google Scholar
• Quastel, J.H. (1952). Influence of organic matter on aeration and structure of soil. Soil Science 73, 419–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirk, J.P., and Schofield, R.K. (1955). The effect of electrolyte concentration on soil permeability. Journal of Soil Science 6, 163–178.
   Google Scholar
• Renault, S., and Green, S. (2005). Phytoremediation and revegetation of mine tailings and bio-ore production: Effects of paper mill sludge on plant growth in tailings from Central Manitoba (Au) minesite (NTS 52L13). Report of Activities 2005, Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, pp. 167–169.
   Google Scholar
• Renault, S., Markham, J., Davis, L., Sabra, A., and Szczerski, C. (2007). Revegetation of tailings at the Gunnar minesite, Manitoba (NTS 52L14): Plant growth in tailings amended with paper-mill sludge. Report of Activities 2007, Manitoba Science, Technology, Energy and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, pp. 161–165.
   Google Scholar
• Rengasamy, P., and Olsson, K.A. (1991). Sodicity and Soil Structure. Australian Journal of Soil Research 29, 935–952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, D., and Luther, G.W. (2007). Chemistry of iron sulfides. Chemical Reviews 107, 514–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, L., Ruizb, E., Alonso-Azcárate, J., and Rincón, J. (2009). Heavy metal distribution and chemical speciation in tailings and soils around a Pb–Zn mine in Spain. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 1106–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabater, S. (2000). Diatom communities as indicators of environmental stress in the Guadiamar River, S-W. Spain, following a major mine tailings spill. Journal of Applied Phycology 12, 113–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf, W., Bens, O., Fischer, A., Gerke, H.H., Gerwin, W., Grunewald, U., Hollander, H.M., Kogel-Knabner, I., Mutz, M., Schloter, M., Schulin, R., Veste, M., Winter, S., and Huttl, R.F. (2011). Patterns and processes of initial terrestrial-ecosystem development. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 174, 229–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaider, L., Senn, D.B., Brabander, D.J., McCarthy, K.D., and Shine, J.P. (2007). Characterization of zinc, lead, and cadmium in mine waste: Implications for transport, exposure, and bioavailability. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 4164–4171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, C.J., Dwyer, F.J., and Finger, S.E. (1984). Bioavailability of Pb and Zn from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic-acid dehydratase (Ala-D) activity in suckers (Pisces, Catostomidae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41, 1030–1040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer, M. (1991). Soil organic-matter - the next 75 years. Soil Science 151, 41–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, P., Zhu, D., and Banks, M.K. (2007). Heavy metal leaching from mine tailings as affected by organic amendments. Bioresource Technology 98, 2935–2941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevilla, A., Fernández-Gálvez, J., and Mingorance, M.D. (2011). Compost and Fe oxides as soil amendments for mine tailing reclamation: Organic matter mineralization and nutrient availability. Geophysical Research Abstracts 13, EGU2011–12385.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, K.-H., Kim, J.-Y., and Kim, K.-W. (2007). Earthworm toxicity test for the monitoring arsenic and heavy metal-containing mine tailings. Environmental Engineering Science 24, 1257–1265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P.C., and Stumm, W. (1970a). Direct oxidation by adsorbed oxygen during acidic mine drainage. Science 169, 98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P.C., and Stumm, W. (1970b). Acidic mine drainage: The rate-determining step. Science 167, 1121–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, S.C., Jha, A.K., and Singh, J.S. (1989). Changes with time in soil biomass C, N and P of mine spoils in a dry tropical environment. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, 849–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltz, E., and Greger, M. (2006). Influences of wetland plants on weathered acidic mine tailings. Environmental Pollution 144, 689–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott, D.E., Kennedy, A.C., and Cambardella, C.A. (1999). Impact of soil organisms and organic matter on soil structure. Soil Quality and Soil Erosion, 57–73.
   Google Scholar
• Stouraiti, C., Xenidis, A., and Paspaliaris, I. (2002). Reduction of Pb, Zn and Cd availability from tailings and contaminated soils by the application of lignite fly ash. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2002, 247–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm, W., and Lee, G.F. (1961). Oxygenation of Ferrous Iron. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 53, 143–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suriyanarayanan, S., Mailappa, A.S., Jayakumar, D., Nanthakumar, K., Karthikeyan, K., and Balasubramanian, S. (2010). Studies on the characterization and possibilities of reutilization of solid wastes from a waste paper based paper industry. Global Journal of Environmental Research 4, 18–22.
   Google Scholar
• Taberima, S., Mulyanto, B., Gilkes, R.J., and Husin, Y. (2010). Fertility status of soils developed on an inactive mine tailings deposition area in Papua. In 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, August 1–6, 2010, Brisbane.
   Google Scholar
• Temperton, V.M., Hobbs, R.J., Nuttle, T., and Halle, S. (2004). Assembly rules and restoration ecology : Bridging the gap between theory and practice (p. 410–422). Washington, DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tolcin, A.C., Kuck, P.H., Smith, G.R., and Edelstein, D.L. (2000). Metal output and consumption. Retrieved from http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/metals/statindx.html: U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.
   Google Scholar
• Tordoff, G.M., Baker, A.J.M., and Willis, A.J. (2000). Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. Chemosphere 41, 219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tscherko, D., Rustemeier, J., Richter, A., Wanek, W., and Kandeler, E. (2003). Functional diversity of the soil microflora in primary succession across two glacier forelands in the Central Alps. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 685–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdugo, C., Sanchez, P., Santibanez, C., Urrestarazu, P., Bustamante, E., Silva, Y., Gourdon, D., and Ginocchio, R. (2011). Efficacy of lime, biosolids, and mycorrhiza for the phytostabilization of sulfidic copper tailings in Chile: A greenhouse experiment. International Journal of Phytoremediation 13, 107–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek, P.M., and Howarth, R.W. (1991). Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea - how can it occur. Biogeochemistry 13, 87–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, V.N.L. (2007). The effects of salinity and sodicity on soil organic carbon stocks and fluxes. Australian National University: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, B., Shu, W.S., Ye, Z.H., Lan, C.Y., and Wong, M.H. (2003). Growth and metal accumulation in vetiver and two Sesbania species on lead/zinc mine tailings. Chemosphere 52, 1593–1600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z.Y., Yuan, J.G., Xin, G.R., Chang, H.T., and Wong, M.H. (1997). Germination, growth, and nodulation of Sesbania rostrata grown in Pb/Zn mine tailings. Environmental Management 21, 617–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Z.H., Shu, W.S., Zhang, Z.Q., Lan, C.Y., and Wong, M.H. (2002). Evaluation of major constraints to revegetation of lead/zinc mine tailings using bioassay techniques. Chemosphere 47, 1103–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Z.H., Wong, J.W.C., and Wong, M.H. (2000). Vegetation response to lime and manure compost amendments on acid lead/zinc mine tailings: A greenhouse study. Restoration Ecology 8, 289–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Z.H., Wong, J.W.C., Wong, M.H., Lan, C.Y., and Baker, A.J. M. (1999). Lime and pig manure as ameliorants for revegetating lead/zinc mine tailings: A greenhouse study. Bioresource Technology 69, 35–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanuzzi, A., Arocena, J.M., van Mourik, J.M., and Cano, A.F. (2009). Amendments with organic and industrial wastes stimulate soil formation in mine tailings as revealed by micromorphology. Geoderma 154, 69–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H.B., Shi, W., Yang, M.X., Sha, T., and Zhao, Z.W. (2007). Bacterial diversity at different depths in lead-zinc mine tailings as revealed by 16S rRNA gene libraries. Journal of Microbiology 45, 479–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar