865
Views
61
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Critical Review: Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms

&
Pages 1176-1241 | Published online: 25 Feb 2015

REFERENCES

  • Adams, W.J., Blust, R., Borgmann, U., Brix, K.V., DeForest, D.K., Green, A.S., Meyer, J.S., McGeer, J.C., Paquin, P.R., Rainbow, P.S., and Wood, C.M. (2011). Utility of tissue residues for predicting effects of metals on aquatic organisms. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 7, 75–98.
  • Adams, W.J., Stewart, A.R., Kidd, K.A., Brix, K.V., and DeForest, D.K. (2005). Case histories of dietborne exposure to mercury and selenium in aquatic ecosystems. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 263–274). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Ahmed, A.R., Jha, A.N., and Davies, S.J. (2012). The efficacy of chromium as a growth enhancer for mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L): An integrated study using biochemical, genetic, and histological responses. Biological Trace Element Research 148, 187–197.
  • Ahsanullah, M., and Williams, A.R. (1991). Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Marine Biology 108, 59–65.
  • Ajani, E.K., and Akpoilih, B.U. (2012). Growth response and ionic regulation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after chronic dietary copper exposure and recovery. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture 4, 13–21.
  • Alsop, D., Brown, S., and Van Der Kraak, G. (2007). The effects of copper and benzo[a]pyrene on retinoids and reproduction in zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology 82, 281–295.
  • Arnold, W.R. (2005). Effects of dissolved organic carbon on copper toxicity: Implications for saltwater copper criteria. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 1, 34–39.
  • Ayyat, M.S., Safaa, M.S., Fayza, S.A., and El-Marakby, H.I. (2010). Reductions of dietary lead toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotius). Retrieved from http://en.engormix.com/MA-aquaculture/articles/reductions-dietary-lead-toxicity_1502.htm.
  • Baker, R.T.M., Handy, R.D., Davies, S.J., and Snook, J.C. (1998). Chronic dietary exposure to copper affects growth, tissue lipid peroxidation, and metal composition of the grey mullet, Chelon labrosus. Marine Environmental Research 45, 357–365.
  • Ball, A.L., Borgmann, U., and Dixon, D.G. (2006). Toxicity of a cadmium-contaminated diet to Hyalella azteca. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 2526–2532.
  • Barwick, M., and Maher, W. (2003). Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium, copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystsem from Lake Macquarie Estuary, NSW, Australia. Marine Environmental Research 56, 471–502.
  • Berntssen, M.H.G., Hylland, K., Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., and Maage, A. (1999a). Toxic levels of dietary copper in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. Aquatic Toxicology 46, 87–99.
  • Berntssen, M.H.G., and Lundebye, A.-K. (2001). Energetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fed elevated dietary cadmium. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 128, 311–323.
  • Berntssen, M.H.G., Lundebye, A.-K., and Maage, A. (1999b). Effects of elevated dietary copper concentrations on growth, feed utilization and nutritional status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry. Aquaculture 174, 167–181.
  • Berntssen, M.H.G., Waagbø, R., Toften, H., and Lundebye, A.-K. (2003). Effects of dietary cadmium on calcium homeostasis, Ca mobilization and bone deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. Aquaculture Nutrition 9, 175–183.
  • Bervoets, L., Meregalli, G., De Cooman, W., Goddeeris, B., and Blust, R. (2004). Caged midge larvae (Chironomus riparius) for the assessment of metal bioaccumulation from sediments in situ. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 443–454.
  • Bervoets, L., Voets, J., Covaci, A., Chu, S., Qadah, D., Smolders, R., Schepens, P., and Blust, R. (2005). Use of transplanted zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) to assess the bioavailability of microcontaminants in Flemish surface waters. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 1492–1505.
  • Besser, J.M., Brumbaugh, W.G., Brunson, E.L, and Ingersoll, C.G. (2005). Acute and chronic toxicity of lead in water and diet to the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 1807–1815.
  • Bielmyer, G.K., Gatlin, D., Isely, J.J., Tomasso, J., and Klaine, S.J. (2005). Responses of hybrid striped bass to waterborne and dietary copper in freshwater and saltwater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 140, 131–137.
  • Bielmyer, G.K., Grosell, M., and Brix, K.V. (2006). Toxicity of silver, zinc, copper, and nickel to the copepod Acartia tonsa exposed via a phytoplankton diet. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 2063–2068.
  • Bowen, L., Werner, I., and Johnson, M.L. (2006). Physiological and behavioral effects of zinc and temperature on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Hydrobiologia 559, 161–168.
  • Boyle, D., Amlund, H., Lundebye, A.-K., Hogstrand, C., and Bury, N.R. (2010). Bioavailability of a natural lead-contaminated invertebrate diet to zebrafish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, 708–714.
  • Boyle, D., Brix, K.V., Amlund, H., Lundebye, A.-K., Hogstrand, C., and Bury, N.R. (2008). Natural arsenic contaminated diets perturb reproduction in fish. Environmental Science and Technology 42, 5354–5360.
  • Brix, K.V., DeForest, D.K., and Adams, W.J. (2011). The sensitivity of aquatic insects to divalent metals: A comparative analysis of laboratory and field data. Science of the Total Environment 409, 4187–4197.
  • Brix, K.V., Gillette, P., Pourmand, A., Capo, T.R., and Grosell, M. (2012). The effects of dietary silver on larval growth in the echinoderm Lytechinus variegatus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63, 95–100.
  • Buchwalter, D.B., Cain, D.J., Clements, W.H., and Luoma, S.N. (2007). Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 4821–4828
  • Buchwalter, D.B., Cain, D.J., Martin, C.A., Xie, L., Luoma, S.N., and Garland, T. (2008). Aquatic insect ecophysiological traits reveal phylogenetically based differences in dissolved cadmium susceptibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 10, 8321–8326.
  • Campbell, P.G.C., Clearwater, S.J., Brown, P.B., Fisher, N.S., Hogstrand, C., Lopez, G.R., Mayer, L.M., and Meyer, J.S. (2005). Digestive physiology, chemistry, and nutrition. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 13–57). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Cardwell, R.D., DeForest, D.K., Brix, K.V., and Adams, W.J. (2013). Do Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn biomagnify in aquatic ecosystems? Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 226, 101–122.
  • Chapman, P.M., Adams, W.J., Brooks, M.L., Delos, C.G., Luoma, S.N., Maher, W.A., Ohlendorf, H.M., Presser, T.S., and Shaw, D.P. (Eds.). (2010). Ecological assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Cheung, M.-S., Fok, E.M.W., Ng, T.Y.-T., Yen, Y.-F., and Wang, W.-X. (2006). Subcellular cadmium distribution, accumulation, and toxicity in a predatory gastropod, Thais clavigera, fed different prey. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 174–181.
  • Cheung, M.S., and Wang, W.-X. (2008). Analyzing biomagnifications of metals in different marine food webs using nitrogen isotopes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56, 2082–2105.
  • Chou, C.L., Uthe, J.F., Castell, J.D., and Kean, J.C. (1987). Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, survival, and tissue concentrations of cadmium, zinc, copper and silver in juvenile American lobster (Homarus americanus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, 1443–1450.
  • Clearwater, S.J., Farag, A.M., and Meyer, J.S. (2002). Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 132, 269–313.
  • Clearwater, S.J., Handy, R.D., and Hogstrand, C. (2005). Interactions of dietborne metals with digestive processes in fishes. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 205–225). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Cockell, K.A., and Bettger, W.J. (1993). Investigations of the gallbladder pathology associated with dietary exposure to disodium arsenate heptahydrate in juvenile rainbow trout. Toxicology 77, 233–248.
  • Cockell, K.A., and Hilton, J.W. (1988). Preliminary investigation on the comparative chronic toxicity of four dietary arsenicals to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquatic Toxicology 12, 73–82.
  • Cockell, K.A., Hilton, J.W., and Bettger, W.J. (1991). Chronic toxicity of dietary di-sodium arsenate heptahydrate to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21, 518–527.
  • Cockell, K.A., Hilton, J.W., and Bettger, W.J. (1992). Hepatobiliary and hematological effects of dietary disodium arsenate heptahydrate in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 103, 453–458.
  • Couillard, Y., Grapentine, L.C., Borgmann, U., Doyle, P., and Masson, S. (2008). The amphipod Hyalella azteca as a biomonitor in field deployment studies for metal mining. Environmental Pollution 156, 1314–1324.
  • Croteau, M.-N., Luoma, S.N., and Stewart, A.R. (2005). Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature. Limnology and Oceanography 50, 1511–1519.
  • Dai, W., Fu, L., Du, H., and Jin, C. (2009). Changes in growth performance, metabolic enzyme activities, and content of Fe, Cu, and Zn in liver and kidney of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to dietary Pb. Biological Trace Element Research 128, 176–183.
  • Dang, F., Rainbow, P.S., and Wang, W.-X. (2012a). Dietary toxicity of field-contaminated invertebrates to marine fish: Effects of metal doses and subcellular metal distribution. Aquatic Toxicology 120–121, 1–10.
  • Dang, F., and Wang, W.-X. (2009). Assessment of tissue-specific accumulation and effects of cadmium in a marine fish fed contaminated commercially produced diet. Aquatic Toxicology 95, 248–255.
  • Dang, F., Wang, W.-X., and Rainbow, P.S. (2012b). Unifying prolonged copper exposure, accumulation, and toxicity from food and water in a marine fish. Environmental Science and Technology 46, 3465–3471.
  • DeForest, D., Church, B., and Currie, S. (2012). Ambient background concentrations of trace elements (aluminum, boron, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, zinc) and dissolved organic carbon in estuarine, coastal, and open marine waters. Draft report. Prepared for the Ecotoxicity Technical Advisory Panel (ETAP).
  • DeForest, D.K., and Van Genderen, E.J. (2012). Application of U.S. EPA guidelines in a bioavailability-based assessment of ambient water quality criteria for zinc in freshwater. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31, 1264–1272.
  • De Jonge, M., Dreesen, F., De Paepe, J., Blust, R., and Bervoets, L. (2009). Do acid volatile sulfides (AVS) influence the accumulation of sediment-bound metals to benthic invertebrates under natural field conditions? Environmental Science and Technology 43, 4510–4516.
  • Deleebeeck, N.M.E., De Schamphelaere K.A.C., and Janssen, C.R. (2009). Effects of Mg2+ and H+ on the toxicity of Ni2+ to the unicellular green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: Model development and validation with surface waters. Science of the Total Environment 407, 1901–1914.
  • Depew, D.C., Basu, N., Burgess, N.M., Campbell, L.M., Devlin, E.W., Drevnick, P.E., Hammerschmidt, C.R., Murphy, C.A., Sandheinrich, M.B., and Wiener, J.G. (2012). Toxicity of dietary methylmercury to fish: Derivation of ecologically meaningful threshold concentrations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31, 1536–1547.
  • De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Canli, M., Van Lierde, V., Forrez, I., Vanhaecke, F., and Janssen, C.R. (2004). Reproductive toxicity of dietary zinc to Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 70, 233–244.
  • De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Forrez, I., Dierckens, K., Sorgeloos, P., and Janssen, C.R. (2007). Chronic toxicity of dietary copper to Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 81, 409–418.
  • De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., and Janssen, C.R. (2004). Effects of chronic dietary copper exposure on growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 2038–2047.
  • De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Vandenbrouck, T., Muyssen, B.T.A., Soetaert, A., Blust, R., De Coen, W., and Janssen, C.R. (2008). Integration of molecular with higher-level effects of dietary zinc exposure in Daphnia magna. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D Genomics and Proteomics 3, 307–314.
  • Ebenso, I.E., and Ologhobo, A.D. (2009). Effects of lead pollution against juvenile Achatina achatina fed on contaminated artificial diet. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 82, 583–585.
  • ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). (2008). European Union risk assessment report: Nickel. Ispra, Italy: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, European Chemicals Bureau.
  • ECHA (European Chemical Agency). (2013). Divanadium pentaoxide. Ecotoxicological information. Retrieved from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-9c7faa0b-a5e9-00e9-e044-00144f67d249/AGGR-ac206e9e-7e3e-408e-8f67-6d172b52447f_DISS-9c7faa0b-a5e9-00e9-e044-00144f67d249.html#AGGR-ac206e9e-7e3e-408e-8f67-6d172b52447f
  • Eid, A.E., and Ghonim, S.I. (1994). Dietary zinc requirement of fingerling Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 119, 259–264.
  • Erickson, R.J., Mount, D.R., Highland, T.L., Hockett, J.R., and Jenson, C.T. (2011). The relative importance of waterborne and dietborne arsenic exposure on survival and growth of juvenile rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology 104, 108–115.
  • Erickson, R.J., Mount, D.R., Highland, T.L., Hockett, J.R., Leonard, E.N., Mattson, V.R., Dawson, T.D., and Lott, K.G. (2010). Effects of copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic in a live diet on juvenile fish growth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, 1816–1826.
  • Ettajani, H., Berthet, B., Amiard, J.C., and Chevolet, L. (2001). Determination of cadmium partitioning in microalgae and oysters: Contribution to the assessment of trophic transfer. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40, 209–221.
  • Evens, R., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Balcaen, L., Wang, Y., De Roy, K., Resano, M., Flórez, M., Boon, N., Vanhaecke, F., and Janssen, C.R. (2012a). The use of liposomes to differentiate between the effects of nickel accumulation and altered food quality in Daphnia magna exposed to dietary nickel. Aquatic Toxicology 109, 80–89.
  • Evens, R., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Balcaen, L., Wang, Y., De Roy, K., Resano, M., Flórez, M. del R., Van der Meeren, P., Boon, N., Vanhaecke, F., and Janssen, C.R. (2011). Liposomes as an alternative delivery system for investigating dietary metal toxicity to Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 105, 661–668.
  • Evens, R., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., De Samber, B., Silversmit, G., Schoonjans, T., Vekemans, B., Balcaen, L., Vanhaecke, F., Szaloki, I., Rickers, K., Falkenberg, G., Vincze, L., and Janssen, C.R. (2012b). Waterborne versus dietary zinc accumulation and toxicity in Daphnia magna: A synchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence imaging approach. Environmental Science and Technology 46, 1178–1184.
  • Evens, R.E., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., De Laender, F., and Janssen, C. (2012c). The effects of Zn-contaminated diets on Daphnia magna reproduction may be related to Zn-induced changes of the dietary P content rather than to the dietary Zn content itself. Aquatic Toxicology 110–111, 9–16.
  • Evens, R.E., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., and Janssen, C.R. (2009). The effects of dietary nickel exposure on growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 94, 138–144.
  • Farag, A.M., Woodward, D.F., Brumbaugh, W., Goldstein, J.N., MacConnell, E., Hogstrand, C., and Barrows, F.T. (1999). Dietary effects of metals-contaminated invertebrates from the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho, on cutthroat trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128, 578–592.
  • Ferard, J.F., Jouany, J.M., Truhaut, R., and Vasseur, P. (1983). Accumulation of cadmium in a freshwater food chain experimental model. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 7, 43–52.
  • Fisher, N.S., Stupakoff, I., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S., Wang, W.-X., Teyssié, J.-L., Fowler, S.W., and Crusius, J. (2000). Trace metals in marine copepods: A field test of a bioaccumulation model coupled to laboratory uptake kinetics data. Marine Ecology Progress Series 194, 211–218.
  • Fort, D.J., Propst, T.L., Stover, E.L., Murray, F.J., and Strong, P.L. (1999). Adverse effects from low dietary and environmental boron exposure on reproduction, development, and maturation in Xenopus laevis. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 12, 175–185.
  • Fort, D.J., Stover, E.L., Rogers, R.L., Copley, H.F., Morgan, L.A., and Foster, E.R. (2000). Chronic boron or copper deficiency induces limb teratogenesis in Xenopus. Biological Trace Element Research 77, 173–187.
  • Franklin, N.M., Glover, C.N., Nicol, J.A., and Wood, C.M. (2005). Calcium/cadmium interactions at uptake surfaces in rainbow trout: Waterborne versus dietary routes of exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 2954–2964.
  • Galvez, F., Hogstrand, C., McGeer, J.C., and Wood, C.M. (2001). The physiological effects of a biologically incorporated silver diet in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology 55, 95–112.
  • Galvez, F., and Wood, C.M. (1999). The physiological effects of dietary silver sulphide exposure in rainbow trout. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 84–88.
  • Gatlin III, D.M., and Wilson, R.P. (1986). Dietary copper requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture 54, 277–285.
  • Geffard, O., Geffard, A., Chaumot, A., Vollat, B., Alvarez, C., Tusseau-Vuillemin, M.H., and Garric, J. (2008). Effects of chronic dietary and waterborne cadmium exposures on the contamination level and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27, 1128–1134.
  • Gensemer, R.W., and Playle, R.C. (1999). The bioavailability and toxicity of aluminum in aquatic environments. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 29, 315–450.
  • Goettl, Jr., J.P., and Davies, P.H. (1978). Water pollution studies. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Job Progress Report, Federal Aid Project F-33-R-13. 45 pp.
  • Golding, L.A., Borgmann, U., and Dixon, D.G. (2011). Modeling chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity from periphyton to Hyalella azteca. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, 1709–1720.
  • Haesloop, U., and Schirmer, M. (1985). Accumulation of orally administered cadmium by the eel (Anguilla anguilla). Chemosphere 14, 1627–1634.
  • Handy, R.D. (1993a). The effect of acute exposure to dietary Cd and Cu on organ toxicant concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology 27, 1–14.
  • Handy, R.D. (1993b). The accumulation of dietary aluminium by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, at high exposure concentrations. Journal of Fish Biology 42, 603–606.
  • Handy, R.D., McGeer, J.C., Allen, H.E., Drevnik, P.E., Gorsuch, J.W., Green, A.S., Haldorsen, A.-K.L., Hook, S.E., Mount, D.R., and Stubblefield, W.A. (2005). Toxic effects of dietborne metals: Laboratory studies. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 59–112). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Handy, R.D., Sims, D.W., Giles, A., Campbell, H.A., and Musonda, M.M. (1999). Metabolic trade-off between locomotion and detoxification for maintenance of blood chemistry and growth parameters by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during chronic dietary exposure to copper. Aquatic Toxicology 47, 23–41.
  • Hansen, J.A., Lipton, J., Welsh, P.G., Cacela, D., and MacConnell, B. (2004). Reduced growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a live invertebrate diet pre-exposed to metal-contaminated sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1902–1911.
  • Hatakeyama, S., and Yasuno, M. (1981). The effects of cadmium-accumulated Chlorella on the reproduction of Moina macrocopa (Cladocera). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 5, 341–350.
  • Hatakeyama, S., and Yasuno, M. (1982). Accumulation and effects of cadmium on guppy (Poecilia reticulata) fed cadmium-dosed cladocera (Moina macrocopa). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29, 159–166.
  • Hatakeyama, S., and Yasuno, M. (1987). Chronic effects of Cd on the reproduction of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) through Cd-accumulated midge larvae (Chironomus yoshimatsui). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 14, 191–207.
  • Hilton, J.W., and Bettger, W.J. (1988). Dietary vanadium toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout: A preliminary study. Aquatic Toxicology 12, 63–71.
  • Hodson, P.V., Blunt, B.R., and Spry, D.J. (1978). Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Lake Ontario water. Water Research 12, 869–878.
  • Hook, S.E., and Fisher, N.S. (2001a). Sublethal effects of silver in zooplankton: Importance of exposure pathways and implications for toxicity testing. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 568–574.
  • Hook, S.E., and Fisher, N.S. (2001b). Reproductive toxicity of metals in calanoid copepods. Marine Biology 138, 1131–1140.
  • Hook, S.E., and Fisher, N.S. (2002). Relating the reproductive toxicity of five ingested metals in calanoid copepods with sulfur affinity. Marine Environmental Research 53, 161–174.
  • Hoyle, I., Shaw, B.J., and Handy, R.D. (2007). Dietary copper exposure in the African walking catfish, Clarias gariepinus: Transient osmoregulatory disturbances and oxidative stress. Aquatic Toxicology 83, 62–72.
  • Huang, X., Guo, F., Ke, C., and Wang, W.-X. (2010). Responses of abalone Haliotis diversicolor to sublethal exposure of waterborne and dietary silver and cadmium. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73, 1130–1137.
  • HydroQual Inc., EcoTox Inc., and Gorsuch Environmental Management Services, Inc. (2007). 2007 Draft update of ambient water quality criteria for silver. Unpublished report. East Syracuse, NY: HydroQual Inc., 51 pp.
  • Irving, E.C., Baird, D.J., and Culp, J.M. (2003). Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus to dietary and waterborne cadmium: Implications for toxicity testing. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, 1058–1064.
  • Jain, K.K., Sinha, A., Srivastava, P.P., and Berendra, D.K. (1994). Chromium: An efficient growth enhancer in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 9, 49–54.
  • Jara-Marini, M.E., Soto-Jiménez, M.F., and Páez-Osuna, F. (2009). Trophic relationships and transference of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in a subtropical coastal lagoon food web from SE Gulf of California. Chemosphere 77, 1366–1373.
  • Jeng, S.S., and Sun, L.T. (1981). Effects of dietary zinc levels on zinc concentrations in tissues of common carp. Journal of Nutrition 111, 134–140.
  • Julshamn, K., Andersen, K.-J., Ringdal, O., and Brenna, J. (1988). Effect of dietary copper on the hepatic concentration and subcellular distribution of copper and zinc in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 73, 143–155.
  • Kamunde, C., Grosell, M., Lott, J.N.A., and Wood, C.M. (2001). Copper metabolism and gut morphology in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during chronic sublethal dietary copper exposure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, 293–305.
  • Kamunde, C., Grosell, M., Higgs, D., and Wood, C.M. (2002). Copper metabolism in actively growing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Interactions between dietary and waterborne copper uptake. Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 279–290.
  • Kamunde, C., and Wood, C.M. (2003). The influence of ration size on copper homeostasis during sublethal dietary copper exposure in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology 62, 235–254.
  • Kang, J.-C., Kim, S.-G., and Jang, S.W. (2005). Growth and hematological changes of rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) exposed to dietary Cu and Cd. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 36, 188–195.
  • Kim, S.-G., and Kang, J.-C. (2004). Effect of dietary copper exposure on accumulation, growth and hematological parameters of the juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Marine Environmental Research 58, 65–82.
  • Kim, S.-G., Kim, J.-W., and Kang, J.-C. (2004). Effect of dietary cadmium on growth and hematological parameters of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). Aquaculture Research 35, 80–86.
  • Kjoss, V.A., Grosell, M., and Wood, C.M. (2005). The influence of dietary Na on Cu accumulation in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to combined dietary and waterborne Cu in soft water. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49, 520–527.
  • Kjoss, V.A., Wood, C.M., and McDonald, D.G. (2006). Effects of different ligands on the bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration of dietary Cu and Zn in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, 412–422.
  • Knox, D., Cowey, C.B., and Adron, J.W. (1984). Effects of dietary zinc intake upon copper metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 40, 199–207.
  • Kolts, J.M., Boese, C.J., and Meyer, J.S. (2009). Effects of dietborne copper and silver on reproduction by Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 71–85.
  • Lanno, R.P., Slinger, S.J., and Hilton, J.W. (1985a). Maximum tolerable and toxicity levels of dietary copper in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture 49, 257–268.
  • Lanno, R.P., Slinger, S.J., and Hilton, J.W. (1985b). Effect of ascorbic acid on dietary copper toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture 49, 269–287.
  • Lapointe, D., Pierron, F., and Couture, P. (2011). Individual and combined effects of heat stress and aqueous or dietary copper exposure in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Aquatic Toxicology 104, 80–85.
  • Lauer, M.M., and Bianchini, A. (2010). Chronic copper toxicity in the estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa at different salinities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, 2297–2303.
  • Lin, Y.H., Shie, Y.Y., and Shiau, S.Y. (2008). Dietary copper requirements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Aquaculture 274, 161–165.
  • Loewengart, G. (2001). Toxicity of boron to rainbow trout: A weight-of-the-evidence assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 796–803.
  • Lundebye, A.-K., Berntssen, M.H.G., Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., and Maage, A. (1999). Biochemical and physiological responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following dietary exposure to copper and cadmium. Marine Pollution Bulletin 39, 137–144.
  • Luoma, S.N., and Rainbow, P.S. (2005). Why is metal bioaccumulation so variable? Biodynamics as a unifying concept. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 1921–1931.
  • Luoma, S.N., and Rainbow P.S. (2008). Metal contamination in aquatic environments: Science and lateral management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maage, A., and Julshamn, K. (1993). Assessment of zinc status in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by measurement of whole body and tissue levels of zinc. Aquaculture 117, 179–191.
  • Mai, K., Li, H., Ai, Q., Duan, Q., Xu, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., Tan, B., and Liufu, Z. (2006). Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of Japanese seabass. Aquaculture Research 37, 1063–1069.
  • Marín-Guirao, L., Lloret, J., and Marin, A. (2008). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and metal concentration in food webs from a mining-impacted coastal lagoon. Science of the Total Environment 393, 118–130.
  • Matida, Y., Kumada, H., Kimura, S., Saiga, Y., Nose, T., Yokote, M., and Kawatsu, H. (1971). Toxicity of mercury compounds to aquatic organisms and accumulation of the compounds by the organisms. Bulletin of the Freshwater Fish Research Laboratory 21, 197–227.
  • McGeer, J.C., Brix, K.V., Skeaff, J.M., DeForest, D.K., Brigham, S.I., Adams, W.J., and Green, A. (2003). Inverse relationship between bioconcentration factor and exposure concentration for metals: Implications for hazard assessment of metals in the aquatic environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, 1017–1037.
  • Meyer, J.S., Adams, W.J., Brix, K.V., Luoma, S.N., Mount, D.R., Stubblefield, W.A., and Wood, C.M. (Eds.). (2005a). Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Meyer, J.S., Adams, W.J., Brix, K.V., Luoma, S.N., Mount, D.R., Stubblefield, W.A., and Wood, C.M. (2005b). Workshop summary and conclusions. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 191–201). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Morris, J.M., Collyard, S.A., and Meyer, J.S. (2003). Effects of chronic copper exposure on the nutritional composition of Hyalella azteca. Aquatic Toxicology 63, 197–206.
  • Mount, D.R. (2005). Introduction. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 1–11). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Mount, D.R., Barth, A.K., Garrison, T.D., Barten, K.A., and Hockett, J.R. (1994). Dietary and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium, lead and zinc using a live diet. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13, 2031–2041.
  • Munger, C., and Hare, L. (1997). Relative importance of water and food as cadmium sources to an aquatic insect (Chaoborus punctipennis): Implications for predicting Cd bioaccumulation in nature. Environmental Science and Technology 31, 891–895.
  • Murai, T., Andrews, J.W., and Smith, R.G. (1981). Effects of dietary copper on channel catfish. Aquaculture 22, 353–357.
  • Ng, T.Y.-T., and Wood, C.M. (2008). Trophic transfer and dietary toxicity of Cd from the oligochaete to the rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology 87, 47–59.
  • Ng, T.Y.-T., Klinck, J.S., and Wood, C.M. (2009). Does dietary Ca protect against toxicity of a low dietborne Cd exposure to the rainbow trout? Aquatic Toxicology 91, 75–86.
  • Oberholster, P.J., Myburgh, J.G., Ashton, P.J., Coetzee, J.J., and Botha, A.-M. (2012). Bioaccumulation of aluminium and iron in the food chain of Lake Loskop, South Africa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 75, 134–141.
  • Overnell, J., Fletcher, T.C., and McIntosh, R. (1988). The apparent lack of effect of supplementary dietary zinc on zinc metabolism and metallothionein concentrations in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus). Journal of Fish Biology 33, 563–570.
  • Overnell, J., and McIntosh, R. (1988). The effect of supplementary dietary copper on copper and metallothionein levels in the fish, dab, Limanda limanda. Marine Environmental Research 26, 237–247.
  • Park, C.W., and Shimizu, C. (1989). Quantitative requirements of aluminium and iron in the formulated diets and its interrelation with other minerals in young eel. Nippon Suisan Gakkashi 55, 111–116.
  • Pedroso, M.S., Bersano, J.G.F., and Bianchini, A. (2007). Acute silver toxicity in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa: Influence of salinity and food. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, 2158–2165.
  • Pereira, A.A., van Hattum, B., de Boer, J., van Bodegom, P.M., Rezende, C.E., and Salomons, W. (2010). Trace elements and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in organisms from a tropical coastal lagoon. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59, 464–477.
  • Pinho, G.L.L., Pedroso, M.S., Rodrigues, S.C., De Souza, S.S., and Bianchini, A. (2007). Physiological effects of copper in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa: Waterborne versus waterborne plus dietborne exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 84, 62–70.
  • Poston, H.A. (1991). Effects of dietary aluminium on growth and composition of young Atlantic salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53, 7–10.
  • Powell, M.L., Jones, W.T., Gibbs, V.K., Hammer, H.S., Lawrence, J.M., Fox, J., Lawrence, A.L., and Watts, S.A. (2010). Dietary copper affects survival, growth, and reproduction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Journal of Shellfish Research 29, 1043–1049.
  • Ptashynski, M.D., Pedlar, R.M., Evans, R.E., Baron, C.L., and Klaverkamp, J.F. (2002). Toxicology of dietary nickel in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Aquatic Toxicology 58, 229–247.
  • Rainbow, P.S., Luoma, S.N., and Wang, W.-X. (2011). Trophically available metal - a variable feast. Environmental Pollution 159, 2347–2349.
  • Rainbow, P.S., Poirier, L., Smith, B.D., Brix, K.V., and Luoma, S.N. (2006). Trophic transfer of trace metals from the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor to the polychaete N. virens and the decapod crustacean Palaemonetes varians. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321, 167–181.
  • Reynders, H., Campenhout, K.V., Bervoets, L., De Coen, W.M., and Blust, R. (2006). Dynamics of cadmium accumulation and effects in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during simultaneous exposure to water and food (Tubifex tubifex). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 1558–1567.
  • Richardson, N.L., Higgs, D.A., Beames, R.M., and McBride, J.R. (1985). Influence of dietary calcium, phosphorus, zinc and sodium phytate level on cataract incidence, growth and histopathology in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of Nutrition 115, 553–567.
  • Roberts, D.A., Poore, A.G.B., and Johnston, E.L. (2006). Ecological consequences of copper contamination in macroalgae: Effects on epifauna and associated herbivores. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 2470–2479.
  • Rodgher, S., Lombardi, A.T., and Melão, M.G.G. (2009). Evaluation onto life cycle parameters of Ceriodaphnia silvestrii submitted to 36 days dietary copper exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, 1748–1753.
  • Rowe, C.L., Heyes, A., and Hopkins, W. (2009). Effects of dietary vanadium on growth and lipid storage in a larval anuran: Results from studies employing ad libitum and rationed feeding. Aquatic Toxicology 91, 179–186.
  • Ruangsomboon, S., and Wongrat, L. (2006). Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain involving phytoplankton (Chlorella vulgaris), zooplankton (Moina macrocopa), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus × C. gariepinus. Aquatic Toxicology 78, 15–20.
  • Sabatini, S.E., Chaufan, G., Juárez, Á.B., Coalova, I., Bianchi, L., Eppis, M.R., and del Carmen Ríos de Molina, M. (2009). Dietary copper effects in the estuarine crab, Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata, maintained at two different salinities. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 150, 521–527.
  • Saiki, M.K., Jennings, M.R., and Brumbaugh, W.G. (1993). Boron, molybdenum, and seleniumin in aquatic food chains from the lower San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24, 307–319.
  • Schlekat, C.E., Kidd, K.A., Adams, W.J., Baird, D.J., Farag, A.M., Maltby, L., and Stewart, A.R. (2005). Toxic effects of dietborne metals: Field studies. In J.S. Meyer, W.J. Adams, K.V. Brix, S.N. Luoma, D.R. Mount, W.A. Stubblefield, and C.M. Wood (Eds.), Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms (pp. 113–152). Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press.
  • Shaw, B.J., and Handy, R.D. (2006). Dietary copper exposure and recovery in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquatic Toxicology 76, 111–121.
  • Shiau, S.-Y., and Lin, S.-F. (1993). Effect of supplemental dietary chromium and vanadium on the utilization of different carbohydrates in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × 0. aureus. Aquaculture 110, 321–330.
  • Sofyan, A., Price, D.J., and Birge, W.J. (2007a). Effects of aqueous, dietary and combined exposures of cadmium to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Science of the Total Environment 385, 108–116.
  • Sofyan, A., Rosita, G., Price, D.J., and Birge, W.J. (2007b). Cadmium uptake by Ceriodaphnia dubia from different exposures: Relevance to body burdens and toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, 470–477.
  • Sofyan, A., Shaw, J.R., and Birge, W.J. (2006). Metal trophic transfer from algae to cladocerans and the relative importance of dietary metal exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 1034–1041.
  • Spry, D.J., Hodson, P.V., and Wood, C.M. (1988). Relative contributions of dietary and waterborne zinc in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, 32–41.
  • Stanley, Jr., T.R., Smith, G.J., Hoffman, D.J., Heinz, G.H., and Rosscoe, R. (2006). Effects of boron and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 1124–1132.
  • Steen-Redeker, E., Bervoets, L., and Blust, R. (2004). Dynamic model for the accumulation of cadmium and zinc from water and sediment by the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 6193–6200.
  • Steen-Redeker, E., and Blust, R. (2004). Accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex: A kinetic modeling approach. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 537–543.
  • Szczerbik, P., Mikołajczyk, T., Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk, M., Socha, M., Chyb, J., and Epler, P. (2006). Influence of long-term exposure to dietary cadmium on growth, maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carrassium auratus gibelio B.). Aquatic Toxicology 77, 126–135.
  • Tacon, A.G.J., and Beveridge, M.M. (1982). Effects of dietary trivalent chromium on rainbow trout. Nutrition Reports International 25, 49–56.
  • Takeda, H., and Shimma, Y. (1977). Effects of toxic amounts of dietary zinc on the growth and body components of rainbow trout at two levels of calcium. Bulletin of Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory 27, 103–109.
  • Tan, X.-Y., Luo, Z., Zhang, G.-Y., Liu, X.-J., and Jiang, M. (2010). Effect of dietary cadmium level on the growth, body composition and several hepatic enzymatic activities of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Aquaculture Research 41, 1022–1029.
  • UK Environment Agency. (2009). Interim report on derivation of a marine environmental quality standard for zinc. Almondsbury, Bristol, UK, 31 pp.
  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1980). Ambient water quality criteria for silver. EPA 440/5-80-071. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1997a). Mercury study report to Congress. Volume III: Fate and transport of mercury in the environment. EPA-452/R-97-005. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and Office of Research and Development.
  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1997b). Mercury study report to Congress. Volume VII: Characterization of human health and wildlife risks from mercury exposure in the United States. EPA-452/R-97-009. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and Office of Research and Development.
  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2001). 2001 update of ambient water quality criteria for cadmium. EPA-822-R-01-001. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water.
  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2004). Draft aquatic life water quality criteria for selenium – 2004. EPA-822-D-04-001. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water.
  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2009). National recommended water quality criteria. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/current/
  • Wallace, W.G., Brouwer, T.M.H., Brouwer, M., and Lopez, G.R. (2000). Alterations in prey capture and induction of metallothioneins in grass shrimp fed cadmium-contaminated prey. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 962–971.
  • Wang, W.-X. (2002). Interactions of trace metals and different marine food chains. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243, 295–309.
  • Wang, W.-X. (2013a). Dietary toxicity of metals in aquatic animals: Recent studies and perspectives. Chinese Science Bulletin 58, 203–213.
  • Wang, W.-X. (2013b). Prediction of metal toxicity in aquatic organisms. Chinese Science Bulletin 58, 194–202.
  • Wang, W.-X., and Fisher, N.S. (1999). Delineating metal accumulation pathways for marine invertebrates. Science of the Total Environment 237–238, 459–472.
  • Wang, W.-X., and Rainbow, P.S. (2006). Subcellular partitioning and the prediction of cadmium toxicity to aquatic organisms. Environmental Chemistry 3, 395–399.
  • Wang, Z., Yan, C., and Hyne, R.V. (2010). Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on reproduction of saltwater cladoceran Moina monogolica Daday: Implications in water quality criteria. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, 365–372.
  • Wang, Z.-S., Kong, H.-N., and Wu, D.-Y. (2007). Reproductive toxicity of dietary copper to a saltwater cladoceran, Moina monogolica Daday. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, 126–131.
  • Ward, T.J., Boeri, R.L., Hogstrand, C., Kramer, J.R., Lussier, S.M., Stubblefield, W.A., Wyskiel, D.C., and Gorsuch, J.W. (2006). Influence of salinity and organic carbon on the chronic toxicity of silver to mysids (Americamysis bahia) and silversides (Menidia beryllina). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 1809–1816.
  • Watanabe, T., Kiron, V., and Satoh, S. (1997). Trace metals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture 151, 185–207.
  • Wood, C.M., and Alsop, D.H. (2012). Evaluating the relative contributions of waterborne and dietary lead to toxicity in rainbow trout. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University. Prepared for the International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Durham, NC, USA.
  • Woodward, D.F., Brumbaugh, W.G., DeLonay, A.J., Little, E.E., and Smith, C.E. (1994). Effects on rainbow trout fry of a metals-contaminated diet of benthic invertebrates from the Clark Fork River, Montana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123, 51–62.
  • Woodward, D.F., Farag, A.M., Bergman, H.L., Delonay, A.J., Little, E.E., Smith, C.E., and Barrows, F.T. (1995). Metals-contaminated benthic invertebrates in the Clark Fork River, Montana: Effects on age-0 brown trout and rainbow trout. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, 1994–2004.
  • Xie, L., Funk, D.H., and Buchwalter, D.B. (2010). Trophic transfer of Cd from natural periphyton to the grazing mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer in a life cycle test. Environmental Pollution 158, 272–277.
  • Xie, L., Lambert, D., Martin, C.A., Cain, D.J., Luoma, S.N., and Buchwalter, D.B. (2008). Cadmium biodynamics in the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and its implications for trophic transfer. Aquatic Toxicology 86, 265–271.
  • Yaqub, S., and Javed, M. (2012). Acute toxicity of water—borne and dietary cadmium and cobalt for fish. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 14, 276–280.
  • Zhang, W., Huang, L., and Wang, W.-X. (2012). Biotransformation and detoxification of inorganic arsenic in a marine juvenile fish Terapon jarbua after waterborne and dietborne exposure. Journal of Hazardous Materials 221–222, 162–169.
  • Zhao, C.-M., and Wang, W.-X. (2011). Comparison of acute and chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate to Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, 885–892.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.