Distribution of Natural Uranium in Surface and Groundwater Resources: A Review

REFERENCES

• Abdelouas, A. (2006). Uranium mill tailings: geochemistry, mineralogy, and environmental impact. Elements, 2, 335–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2013). Toxicological profile for uranium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
   Google Scholar
• Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. (2004). Drinking water specifications in India. Mumbai, India: Department of Atomic Energy, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.
   Google Scholar
• Akram, M., Khattak, N.U., Qureshi, A.A., Iqbal, A., Tufail, M.I., and Qureshi, E. (2004). Fission track estimation of uranium concentrations in drinking water from Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Health Physics, 86, 96–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akyil, S., Aytas, S., Turkozu, D.A., Aslani, M.A. A., Yusan, S., and Eral, M. (2009). Radioactivity levels in surface water of lakes around Izmir/Turkey. Radiation Measurements, 44, 390–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akyil, S., and Yusof, A.M. (2007). The distribution of uranium and thorium in samples taken from different polluted marine environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 144, 564–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, R.M. R., Lauria, D.C., Ferreira, A.C., and Sracek, O. (2004). Groundwater radon, radium and uranium concentrations in Regiao dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 73, 323–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrakabi, M., Singh, G., Bhalla, A., Kumar, S., Srivastava, A., Rai, B., Singh, N., Shahi, J.S., and Mehta, D. (2012). Study of uranium contamination of groundwater in Punjab state in India using X-ray fluorescence technique. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 294, 221–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arabi, S.A., Funtua, I.I., Dewu, B.B. M., Alagbe, S.A., Kwaya, M.Y., Garba, M.L., and Baloga, A.D. (2013). Activity concentration of uranium in groundwater from uranium mineralized areas and its neighborhood. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 295, 135–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arogunjo, A.M., Hollriegl, V., Giussani, A., Leopold, K., Gerstmann, U., Veronese, I., and Oeh, U. (2009). Uranium and thorium in soils, mineral sands, water and food samples in a tin mining area in Nigeria with elevated activity. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100, 232–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auvinen, A., Kurttio, P., Pekkanen, J., Pukkala, E., Ilus, T., and Salonen, L. (2002). Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia: a case-cohort study in Finland. Cancer Causes & Control, 13, 825–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auvinen, A., Salonen, L., Pekkanen, J., Pukkala, E., Ilus, T., and Kurttio, P. (2005). Radon and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of stomach cancer: a case-cohort study in Finland. International Journal of Cancer, 114, 109–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakac, M., and Kumru, M.N. (2000). Uranium, radium and field measurements in the water of Gediz river. Turk J Engin Environ Sci, 24, 229–236.
   Google Scholar
• Banning, A., Demmel, T., Rüde, T.R., and Wrobel, M. (2013). Groundwater uranium origin and fate control in a river valley aquifer. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 13941–13948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhard, G., Geipel, G., Brendler, V., and Nitsche, H. (1998). Uranium speciation in waters of different uranium mining areas. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 271, 201–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birke, M., Rauch, U., and Lorenz, H. (2009). Uranium in stream and mineral water of the Federal Republic of Germany. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31, 693–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birke, M., Rauch, U., Lorenz, H., and Kringel, R. (2010). Distribution of uranium in German bottled and tap water. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 107, 272–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bister, S., Koenn, F., Bunka, M., Birkhan, J., Lullau, T., Riebe, B., and Michel, R. (2010). Uranium in water of the Mulde River. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 286, 367–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosshard, E., Zimmerli, B., and Schlatter, C. (1992). Uranium in the diet: Risk assessment of its nephro- and radiotoxicity. Chemosphere, 24, 309–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindha, K., and Elango, L. (2013). Environmental assessment of water quality in Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir, India. Earth Resources, 1, 33–36.
   Google Scholar
• Brindha, K., Elango, L., and Nair, R.N. (2011). Spatial and temporal variation of uranium in a shallow weathered rock aquifer in southern India. Journal of Earth System Science, 120, 911–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, P., Wood, P.J., and Reid, I. (2012). The impairment of river systems by metal mine contamination: a review including remediation options. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 2017–2077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho, A., Devesa, R., Valles, I., Serrano, I., Soler, J., Blazquez, S., Ortega, X., and Matia, L. (2010). Distribution of uranium isotopes in surface water of the Llobregat river basin (Northeast Spain). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101, 1048–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, M.B., de Azevedo, H., Nascimento, M.R. L., Roque, C.V., and Rodgher, S. (2011). Environmental assessment of water from a uranium mine (Caldas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil) in a decommissioning operation. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62, 857–863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canu, I.G., Laurent, O., Pires, N., Laurier, D., and Dublineau, I. (2011). Health effects of naturally radioactive water ingestion: the need for enhanced studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1676–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevychelov, A.P., D'yachkovskii, A.P., Sobakin, P.I., and Kuznetsova, L.I. (2010). Surface water radioactive pollution in South Yakutia anthropogenic landscapes. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 3, 381–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choppin, G.R., and Stout, B.E. (1989). Actinide behavior in natural-waters. Science of the Total Environment, 83, 203–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowart, J.B. (1982). Uranium isotopes and 226Ra content in the deep groundwaters of the tri-state region, U.S.A. Developments in Water Science, 16, 185–193.
   Google Scholar
• Ćurković, M., Sipos, L., Puntarić, D., Dodig-Ćurković, K., Pivac, N., and Kralik, K. (2013). Detection of thallium and uranium in well water and biological specimens of an eastern croatian population. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 64, 385–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva, M.L., and Bonotto, D.M. (2015). Uranium isotopes in groundwater occurring at Amazonas State, Brazil. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 97, 24–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabous, A.A., Osmond, J.K., and Dawood, Y.H. (2002). Uranium/thorium isotope evidence for ground-water history in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments, 50, 343–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djogic, R., Pizeta, I., and Branica, M. (2001). Electrochemical determination of dissolved uranium in Krka river estuary. Water Research, 35, 1915–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Coucnil. (1998). Directive 98/38/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal L 330, 05/12/1998 P. 0032–0054.
   Google Scholar
• Faanu, A., Ephraim, J.H., Darko, E.O., Kpeglo, D.O., Lawluvi, H., and Adukpo, O. (2010). Determination of the concentrations of physicochemical parameters in water and soil from a gold mining area in Ghana. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 3, 177–186.
   Google Scholar
• Fakeha, A.A., Hamidalddin, S.Q., Alamoudy, Z.M., and Al-Amri, A.M. A. (2011). Concentrations of natural radioactivity and their contribution to the absorbed dose from water samples from the Western Province, Saudi Arabia. JKAu: Sci, 23, 17–30.
   Google Scholar
• Falck, W.E., and Wymer, D. (2006). Uranium in phosphate fertilizer production. In B. Merkel and A. Hasche-Berger (Eds.), Uranium in the environment (pp. 857–866). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fisenne, I.M., and Perry, P.M. (1985). Isotopic-U concentration in human-blood from New York City donors. Health Physics, 49, 1272–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisbie, S.H., Mitchell, E.J., Mastera, L.J., Maynard, D.M., Yusuf, A.Z., Siddiq, M.Y., Ortega, R., Dunn, R.K., Westerman, D.S., Bacquart, T., and Sarkar, B. (2009). Public health strategies for western bangladesh that address arsenic, manganese, uranium, and other toxic elements in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gascoyne, M. (1992). Geochemistry of the actinides and their daughters. In Uranium series disequilibrium: Applications to environmental problems. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gegner, M., and Irlweck, K. (2005). Uranium concentrations and isotopic ratios in Austrian drinking waters. Radioactivity in the Environment, 7, 135–139.
   Google Scholar
• Gharbi, F., Baccouche, S., Abdelli, W., Samaali, M., Oueslati, M., and Trabelsi, A. (2010). Uranium isotopes in Tunisian bottled mineral waters. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101, 589–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddings, M. (2005). Uranium in drinking water: background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/118, World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Giri, S., Singh, G., and Jha, V.N. (2011). Evaluation of radionuclides in groundwater around proposed uranium mining sites in Bagjata and Banduhurang, Jharkhand (India). Radioprotection, 46, 39–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy, J.M., and Godoy, M.L. (2006). Natural radioactivity in Brazilian groundwater. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 85, 71–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, D.J., and Wilder, R.J. (1987). Groundwater contamination near a uranium tailings disposal site in Colorado. Groundwater, 25, 545–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakam, O.K., Choukri, A., Moutia, Z., Chouak, A., Cherkaoui, R., Reyss, J.L., and Lferde, M. (2001). Uranium and radium in groundwater and surface water samples in Morocco. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 61, 653–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakonson-Hayes, A.C., Fresquez, P.R., and Whicker, F.W. (2002). Assessing potential risks from exposure to natural uranium in well water. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 59, 29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2010). Water talk: uranium in drinking water. Minister of Health, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Hudcova, H., Badurova, J., Rozkosny, M., Sova, J., Funkova, R., and Svobodova, J. (2013). Quality and mutagenicity of water and sediment of the streams impacted by the former uranium mine area Olsi-Drahonin (Czech Republic). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 116, 159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidou, A., Samaropoulos, I., Efstathiou, M., and Pashalidis, I. (2011). Uranium in groundwater samples of Northern Greece. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 289, 551–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha, S.K., Lenka, P., Gothankar, S., Tripathi, R.M., Puranik, V.D., and Khating, D.T. (2009). Radiological assessment of surface water quality around proposed uranium mining site in India. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100, 505–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobbágy, V., Chmielewska, I., Kovács, T., and Chałupnik, S. (2009). Uranium determination in water samples with elevated salinity from Southern Poland by micro coprecipitation using alpha spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, 93, 200–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose, R.M., Sunil, A., Ben, B.S., Pereira, C.E., Vaidyan, V.K., and Jojo, P.J. (2011). Heterogeneity of uranium in water from south peninsular India. International Journal of Fundamental physical Sciences, 1, 11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Juanjuan, S., Zhigang, Y., Bochao, X., Wenhua, D., Dong, X., and Xueyan, J. (2014). Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved uranium in the Yellow River estuary: seasonal variation and anthropogenic (water-sediment regulation scheme) impact. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 128, 38–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansal, S., Mehra, R., and Singh, N.P. (2011). Uranium concentration in groundwater samples belonging to some areas of Western Haryana, India using fission track registration technique. JPHE, 3, 352–357.
   Google Scholar
• Katsoyiannis, I.A., Hug, S.J., Ammann, A., Zikoudi, A., and Hatziliontos, C. (2007). Arsenic speciation and uranium concentrations in drinking water supply wells in Northern Greece: correlations with redox indicative parameters and implications for groundwater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 383, 128–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata, Y., Yamamoto, M., Aparin, V., Ko, S., Shiraishi, K., Nagai, M., and Katayama, Y. (2006). Uranium pollution of water in the western part of Uzbekistan. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 270, 137–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.S., Park, H.S., Kim, J.Y., Park, S.K., Cho, B.W., Sung, I.H., and Shin, D.C. (2004). Health risk assessment for uranium in Korean groundwater. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 77, 77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Rout, S., Narayanan, U., Mishra, M.K., Tripathi, R.M., Singh, J., Kumar, S., and Kushwaha, H.S. (2011a). Geochemical modelling of uranium speciation in the subsurface aquatic environment of Punjab State in India. Journal of Geology and Mining Research, 3, 137–146.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Usha, N., Sawant, P.D., Tripathi, R.M., Raj, S.S., Mishra, M., Rout, S., Supreeta, P., Singh, J., Kumar, S., and Kushwaha, H.S. (2011b). Risk assessment for natural uranium in subsurface water of Punjab State, India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 17, 381–393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, M., Kumar, A., Singh, S., Mahajan, R.K., and Walia, T.P. S. (2003). Uranium content measurement in drinking water samples using track etch technique. Radiation Measurements, 36, 479–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumru, M.N. (1997). Possible uranium rich areas in the Aegean region of Turkey. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 48, 295–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurttio, P., Auvinen, A., Salonen, L., Saha, H., Pekkanen, J., Makelainen, I., Vaisanen, S.B., Penttila, I.M., and Komulainen, H. (2002). Renal effects of uranium in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 337–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurttio, P., Harmoinen, A., Saha, H., Salonen, L., Karpas, Z., Komulainen, H., and Auvinen, A. (2006). Kidney toxicity of ingested uranium from drinking water. American journal of kidney diseases, 47, 972–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurttio, P., Komulainen, H., Leino, A., Salonen, L., Auvinen, A., and Saha, H. (2005). Bone as a possible target of chemical toxicity of natural uranium in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurttio, P., Salonen, L., Ilus, T., Pekkanen, J., Pukkala, E., and Auvinen, A. (2006b). Well water radioactivity and risk of cancers of the urinary organs. Environmental Research, 102, 333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landstetter, C., and Katzlberger, C. (2009). Determination of 3H, 226Ra, 222Rn and 238U in Austrian ground- and drinking water. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 282, 467–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larivière, D., Tolmachev, S.Y., Kochermin, V., and Johnson, S. (2013). Uranium bone content as an indicator of chronic environmental exposure from drinking water. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 121, 98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, L.N., Kipp, G.G., Mott, H.V., and Stone, J.J. (2012). Sediment pore-water interactions associated with arsenic and uranium transport from the North Cave Hills mining region, South Dakota, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 27, 879–891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M.H., Choi, G.S., Cho, Y.H., Lee, C.W., and Shin, H.S. (2001). Concentrations and activity ratios of uranium isotopes in the groundwater of the Okchun Belt in Korea. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 57, 105–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind, O.C., Stegnar, P., Tolongutov, B., Rosseland, B.O., Stromman, G., Uralbekov, B., Usubalieva, A., Solomatina, A., Gwynn, J.P., Lespukh, E., and Salbu, B. (2013). Environmental impact assessment of radionuclide and metal contamination at the former U site at Kadji Sai, Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 123, 37–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, R.N., Segovia, N., Cisiega, M.G., Lopez, M.B. E., Armienta, M.A., Seidel, J.L., Pena, P., Godinez, L., and Tamez, E. (2002). Determination of radon, major and trace elements in water samples from springs and wells of northern Mexico State, Mexico. Geofsica Internacional, 41, 407–414.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano, J.C., Rodriguez, B.P., and Tomé, F.V. (2002). Distribution of long-lived radionuclides of the 238U in the sediments of a small river in a uranium mineralized region of Spain. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 63, 153–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, Y., Desmeules, M., Schaubel, D., Berube, D., Dyck, R., Brule, D., and Thomas, B. (1995). Inorganic components of drinking water and microalbuminuria. Environmental Research, 71, 135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markich, S.J. (2002). Uranium speciation and bioavailability in aquatic systems: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2, 707–729.
   Google Scholar
• Martinezaguirre, A., and Garcialeon, M. (1992). Uranium and radium isotopes in the Guadalquivir River, Southern Spain. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 45, 249–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra, R., Singh, S., and Singh, K. (2007). Uranium studies in water samples belonging to Malwa region of Punjab, using track etching technique. Radiation Measurements, 42, 441–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michard, A., Beaucaire, C., and Michard, G. (1987). Uranium and rare-earth elements in Co2-rich waters from Vals-Les-Bains (France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 901–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misdaq, M.A., Ouabi, H., and Merzouki, A. (2007). Analysis of radon, uranium 238 and thorium 232 in potable waters: Dose to adult members of the Moroccan urban population. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 263, 105–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montúfar, B., Carlos, J., Reyes, C., Cortés, M.R., Alfonso, I., Valdez, E., Socorro, M., Garza, H.d. l., Raúl, O., Ronquillo, N., Pamela, D., Peraza, H., Villalobos, E.R., Cabrera, M.M., and Elena, M. (2012). Uranium-series isotopes transport in surface, vadose and groundwaters at San Marcos uranium bearing basin, Chihuahua, Mexico. Applied Geochemistry, 27, 1111–1122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morss, L.R., Edelstein, N.M., Fuger, J., and Katz, J.J. (2011). The chemistry of the actinide and transactinide elements. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Muscatello, J.R., Belknap, A.M., and Janz, D.M. (2008). Accumulation of selenium in aquatic systems downstream of a uranium mining operation in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Environmental Pollution, 156, 387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council. (2011). Australian drinking water guidelines paper 6. Canberra, Australia: Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Neiva, A.M. R., Carvalho, P.C. S., Antunes, I.M. H. R., Silva, M.M. V. G., Santos, A.C. T., Cabral Pinto, M.M. S., and Cunha, P.P. (2014). Contaminated water, stream sediments and soils close to the abandoned Pinhal do Souto uranium mine, central Portugal. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 136, 102–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves, O., and Matias, M.J. (2008). Assessment of groundwater quality and contamination problems ascribed to an abandoned uranium mine (Cunha Baixa region, Central Portugal). Environmental Geology, 53, 1799–1810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikic, Z., Kovacevic, J., and Papic, P. (2008). Uranium in the groundwater of Permo-Triassic aquifers of the Visok region, Stara Planina, eastern Serbia. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 192, 47–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nriagu, J., Nam, D.H., Ayanwola, T.A., Dinh, H., Erdenechimeg, E., Ochir, C., and Bolormaa, T.A. (2012). High levels of uranium in groundwater of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Science of the Total Environment, 414, 722–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSDWQ-Pak. (2008). National standards for drinking water quality. Health Services Academy, Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Oguma, K., Suzuki, T., and Saito, K. (2011). Determination of uranium in seawater by flow-injection preconcentration on dodecylamidoxime-impregnated resin and spectrophotometric detection. Talanta, 84, 1209–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orloff, K.G., Mistry, K., Charp, P., Metcalf S., Marino, R., Shelly, T., Melaro, E., Donohoe, A.M., and Jones, R.L. (2004). Human exposure to uranium in groundwater. Environmental Research, 94, 319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmond, J.K., and Ivanovich, M. (1992). Uranium-series mobilisation and surface hydrology. In M.a. H. Ivanovich, R.S. (Ed.), Uranium series disequilibrium: applications to environmental problems (pp. 259–289). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, M.R., and Edmond, J.M. (1993). Uranium in river water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 4947–4955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, B.R., Elder, R.G., Meyer, J.S., Sanchez, D.A., Pennak, R.W., and Waller, W.T. (1984). An environmental-hazard evaluation of uranium in a rocky-mountain stream. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 3, 113–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, Y., Zheng, M.H., Gao, L., Zhang, B., Liu, W., Jiao, W., Zhao, X., and Xiao, K. (2005). Heavy metal contamination and its environmental risk assessment in surface sediments from Lake Dongting, People's Republic of China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75, 204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radespiel-Troger, M., and Meyer, M. (2012). Association between drinking water uranium content and cancer risk in Bavaria, Germany. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana, B.K., Tripathi, R.M., Sahoo, S.K., Sethy, N.K., Sribastav, V.S., Shukla, A.K., and Puranik, V.D. (2010). Assessment of natural uranium and 226Ra concentration in groundwater around the uranium mine at Narwapahar, Jharkhand, India and its radiological significance. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 285, 711–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rani, A., Singh, S., Duggal, V., and Balaram, V. (2013). Uranium estimation in drinking water samples from some areas of Punjab and Himachal pradesh, India using ICP-MS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 157, 146–151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad, M.H., Tamboul, J.Y., and Yousef, M. (2014). Uranium content measurement in drinking water for some region in Sudan using laser fluorometry technique. Life Science Journal, 11, 117–121.
   Google Scholar
• Salbu, B., Burkitbaev, M., Stromman, G., Shishkov, I., Kayukov, P., Uralbekov, B., and Rosseland, B.O. (2013). Environmental impact assessment of radionuclides and trace elements at the Kurday U mining site, Kazakhstan. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 123, 14–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmiento, A.M., Olias, M., Nieto, J.M., Canovas, C.R., and Delgado, J. (2009). Natural attenuation processes in two water reservoirs receiving acid mine drainage. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 2051–2062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlich, K., Wenzel, A. and Shemotyuk, L. (2014). Environmental Quality Standard Uranium, Federal Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Rolau, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. (2005). Investigation of dissolved uranium content in the watershed of Seine River (France). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 78, 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiler, R.L. (2004). Temporal changes in water quality at a childhood leukemia cluster. Groundwater, 42, 446–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seldén, A.I., Lundholm, C., Edlund, B., Högdahl, C., Ek, B.M., Bergström, B.E., and Ohlson, C.G. (2009). Nephrotoxicity of uranium in drinking water from private drilled wells. Environmental Research, 109, 486–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shacklette, H.T., and Erdman, J.A. (1982). Uranium in spring water and bryophytes at basin creek in central idaho. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 17, 221–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H., Singh, J., Singh, S., and Bajwa, B.S. (2009a). Uranium concentration in drinking water samples using the SSNTDs. Indian Journal of Physics, 83, 1039–1044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J., Singh, H., Singh, S., and Bajwa, B.S. (2008). Estimation of uranium and radon concentration in some drinking water samples. Radiation Measurements, 43, S523–S526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J., Singh, H., Singh, S., and Bajwa, B.S. (2009b). Estimation of uranium and radon concentration in some drinking water samples of Upper Siwaliks, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154, 15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J., Singh, L., and Kher, S. (2003a). A comparison of fission track and laser fluorometry techniques for uranium analysis in water samples. Radiation Measurements, 36, 517–519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, P., Rana, N.P. S., Azam, A., Naqvi, A.H., and Srivastava, D.S. (1996). Levels of uranium in waters from some Indian cities determined by fission track analysis. Radiation Measurements, 26, 683–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., Malhotra, R., Kumar, J., Singh, B., and Singh, L. (2001). Uranium analysis of geological samples, water and plants from Kulu Area, Himachal Pradesh, India. Radiation Measurements, 34, 427–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., Rani, A., Mahajan, R.K., and Walia, T.P. S. (2003b). Analysis of uranium and its correlation with some physico-chemical properties of drinking water samples from Amritsar, Punjab. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 5, 917–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedley, P.L., Smith, B., Abesser, C., and Lapworth, D. (2006). Uranium occurrence and behaviour in British groundwater. CR/60/050N. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham.
   Google Scholar
• Stalder, E., Blanc, A., Haldimann, M., and Dudler, V. (2012). Occurrence of uranium in Swiss drinking water. Chemosphere, 86, 672–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, J.J., Stetler, L.D., and Schwalm, A. (2007). Final report: North Cave Hills abandoned uranium mines impact investigation. Rapid City, SD: South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Swarzenski, P.W., and Baskaran, M. (2007). Uranium distribution in the coastal waters and pore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida. Marine Chemistry, 104, 43–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah, H., Khattak, N.U., Fozia, Ali, N., Akram, M., Rehman, A., Waseem, A., and Ahmad, I. (2013). Estimation of uranium concentration in drinking water sources of Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using fission track technique. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 35, 999–1003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uralbekov, B.M., Smodis, B., and Burkitbayev, M. (2011). Uranium in natural waters sampled within former uranium mining sites in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 289, 805–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). National primary drinking water regulations - Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR Part 141. 141.55, 141.66.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenhove, H., Sweeck, L., Mallants, D., Vanmarcke, H., Aitkulov, A., Sadyrov, O., Savosin, M., Tolongutov, B., Mirzachev, M., Clerc, J.J., Quarch, H., and Aitaliev, A. (2006). Assessment of radiation exposure in the uranium mining and milling area of Mailuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 88, 118–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesterbacka, P., Mäkeläinen, I., and Arvela, H. (2005). Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 113, 223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa-Alfageme, M., Manjon, G., Hurtado, S., and Garcia-Tenorio, R. (2011). Uranium pollution in an estuary affected by pyrite acid mine drainage and releases of naturally occurring radioactive materials. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 1521–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vintro, L.L., Mitchell, P.I., Omarova, A., Burkitbayev, M., Jimenez Napoles, H., and Priest, N.D. (2009). Americium, plutonium and uranium contamination and speciation in well waters, streams and atomic lakes in the Sarzhal region of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100, 308–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vongunten, H.R., and Benes, P. (1995). Speciation of radionuclides in the environment. Radiochimica Acta, 69, 1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, S.E., Burch, J.B., Bottai, M., Puett, R., Porter, D., Bolick-Aldrich, S., Temples, T., Wilkerson, R.C., Vena, J.E., and Hebert, J.R. (2011). Groundwater uranium and cancer incidence in South Carolina. Cancer Causes & Control: CCC, 22, 41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Liu, J., Li, H.C., Song, G., Chen, Y.H., Xiao, T.F., Qi, J.Y., and Zhu, L. (2012). Surface water contamination by uranium mining/milling activities in Northern Guangdong Province, China. Clean-Soil Air Water, 40, 1357–1363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.K., Chen, J.P., Hung, Y.-T. and Shammas, N.K. (Ed.) (2009) Heavy Metals in the Environment, CRC Press: Boca Raton, page 23.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, R., Meadows, J., Sojda, S., Price, V., Temples, T., Arai, Y., Fleisher, C., Crawford, B., and Stone, P. (2011). Mineralogic investigation into occurrence of high uranium well waters in upstate South Carolina, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 26, 777–788.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinhold, B. (2012). Unknown quantity regulating radionuclides in tap water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, A350–A356.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1993). Guidelines for drinking water quality (1st ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2004a). Guidelines for drinking water quality (3rd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2004b). Uranium in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for drinking water quality (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2012). Uranium in drinking water; background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Witmans, M.R., McDuffie, H.H., Karunanayake, C., Kerrich, R., and Pahwa, P. (2008). An exploratory study of chemical elements in drinking water and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 90, 1227–1247.
   Google Scholar
• Wrenn, M.E., Durbin, P.W., Howard, B., Lipsztein, J., Rundo, J., Still, E.T., and Willis, D.L. (1985). Metabolism of Ingested U and Ra. Health Physics, 48, 601–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M., Tomita, J., Sakaguchi, A., Ohtsuka, Y., Hoshi, M., and Apsalikov, K. (2010). Uranium isotopes in well water samples as drinking sources in some settlements around the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 284, 309–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora, M.L., Tracy, B.L., Zielinski, J.M., Meyerhof, D.P., and Moss, M.A. (1998). Chronic ingestion of uranium in drinking water: A study of kidney bioeffects in humans. Toxicological Sciences, 43, 68–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora, M.L., Zielinski, J.M., Moodie, G.B., Falcomer, R.A. F., Hunt, W.C., and Capello, K. (2009). Uranium in drinking water: renal effects of long-term ingestion by an Aboriginal community. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 64, 228–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuo, W., Iida, T., and Yang, X. (2001). Occurrence of 222Rn, 226Ra, 228Ra and U in groundwater in Fujian Province, China. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 53, 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouridakis, N., Ochsenkuhn, K.M., and Savidou, A. (2002). Determination of uranium and radon in potable water samples. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 61, 225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar