Do Pharmaceuticals Pose a Threat to Primary Producers?

REFERENCES

• Amin, S.A., Parker, M.S., and Armbrust, E.V. (2012). Interactions between diatoms and bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76, 667–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhaus, T., Altenburger, R., Boedeker, W., Faust, M., Scholze, M., and Grimme, L.H. (2000). Predictability of the toxicity of a multiple mixture of dissimilarly acting chemicals to Vibrio fischeri. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 2348–2356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhaus, T., Porsbring, T., Arrhenius, A., Brosche, S., Johansson, P., and Blanck, H. (2011). Single-substance and mixture toxicity of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products to marine periphyton communities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, 2030–2040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptista, M.S., Stoichev, T., Basto, M.C. P., Vasconcelos, V.M., and Vasconcelos, M.T. S. D. (2009). Fate and effects of octylphenol in a Microcystis aeruginosa culture medium. Aquatic Toxicology 92, 59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Abdelmelek, S., Greaves, J., Ishida, K.P., Cooper, W.J., and Song, W. (2011). Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products from reverse osmosis retentate using advanced oxidation processes. Environmental Science and Technology 45, 3665–3671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutin, C., Strandberg, B., Carpenter, D., Mathiassen, S.K., Thomas, P.J. (2014). Herbicide impact on non-target plant reproduction: What are the toxicological and ecological implications? Environment Pollution 185, 295–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxall, A.B. A. (2004). The environmental side effects of medication - How are human and veterinary medicines in soils and water bodies affecting human and environmental health? Embo Reports 5, 1110–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxall, A.B. A., Kolpin, D., Halling Sørensen, B., and Tolls, J. (2003). Are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks? Environmental Science and Technology 37, 286A–294A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxall, A.B. A., Rudd, M.A., Brooks, B.W., Caldwell, D.J., Choi, K., Hickmann, S., Innes, E., Ostapyk, K., Staveley, J.P., Verslycke, T., Ankley, G.T., Beazley, K.F., Belanger, S.E., Berninger, J.P., Carriquiriborde, P., Coors, A., DeLeo, P.C., Dyer, S.D., Ericson, J.F., Gagne, F., Giesy, J.P., Gouin, T., Hallstrom, L., Karlsson, M.V., Larsson, D.G. J., Lazorchak, J.M., Mastrocco, F., McLaughlin, A., McMaster, M.E., Meyerhoff, R.D., Moore, R., Parrott, J.L., Snape, J.R., Murray-Smith, R., Servos, M.R., Sibley, P.K., Straub, J.O., Szabo, N.D., Topp, E., Tetreault, G.R., Trudeau, V.L., and Van Der Kraak, G. (2012). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions? Environmental Health Perspectives 120, 1221–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain, R.A., Hanson, M.L., Solomon, K.R., and Brooks, B.W. (2008). Aquatic plants exposed to pharmaceuticals: effects and risks. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 192, 67–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brander, S.M., Cole, B.J., and Cherr, G.N. (2012). An approach to detecting estrogenic endocrine disruption via choriogenin expression in an estuarine model fish species. Ecotoxicology 21, 1272–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Business Services Organisation. (2011). Prescription cost analysis. Retrieved from http://www.hscbusiness.hscni.net/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Capper, A., Flewelling, L.J., and Arthur, K. (2013). Dietary exposure to harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins in the endangered manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Florida, USA. Harmful Algae 28, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmona, E., Andreu, V., and Pico, Y. (2014). Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: From waste to drinking water, Science of the total environment 484, 53–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrara, C., Ptacek, C.J., Robertson, W.D., Blowes, D.W., Moncur, M.C., and Sverko Backus, S. (2008). Fate of pharmaceutical and trace organic compounds in three septic system plumes, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Science and Technology 42, 2805–2811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassani, S., Kovarich, S., Papa, E., Roy, P.P., Wal, L.V. D., and Gramatica, P. (2013). Daphnia and fish toxicity of (benzo)triazoles: Validated QSAR models and interspecies quantitative activity-activity modeling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 258, 50–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J.Q., and Guo, R.X. (2012). Access the toxic effect of the antibiotic cefradine and its UV light degradation products on two freshwater algae. Journal of Hazardous Materials 209, 520–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleuvers, M. (2003). Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects. Toxicology Letters 142, 185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleuvers, M. (2005). Initial risk assessment for three beta-blockers found in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 59, 199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collado, N., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Gros, M., Rubirola, A., Barcelo, D., Comas, J., Rodriguez-Roda, I., and Buttiglieri, G. (2014). Pharmaceuticals occurrence in a WWTP with significant industrial contribution and its input into the river system. Environmental Pollution 185, 202–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, J., Winter, M.J., and Tyler, C.R. (2010). Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 40, 287–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn, K.E., Lowe, K.S., Drewes, J.E., Hoppe-Jones, C., and Tucholke, M.B. (2010). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and consumer product chemicals in raw wastewater and septic tank effluent from single-family homes. Environmental Engineering Science 27, 347–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2005). Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbert, R., Green, R.E., Prakash, V., Saini, M., and Taggart, M.A. (2012). The impact and role of NSAIDs on vulture populations in the Indian subcontinent. Toxicology Letters 211, S31–S31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLorenzo, M.E., and Fleming, J. (2008). Individual and mixture effects of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54, 203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggar, B.M. (2006). Aureomycin: a product of the continuing search for new antibiotics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1241, 188–181.
   Google Scholar
• Drugbank. (2013). Open data drug & drug target database. Retrieved from http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01076
   Google Scholar
• Environment Agency. (2013). Monitoring of pesticides and trace organics in water (1992–2008). Retrieved from http://www.geostore.com/environment-agency/WebStore?xml=environment-agency/xml/dataLayers_MPTOW.xml
   Google Scholar
• Escher, B.I., Baumgartner, R., Koller, M., Treyer, K., Lienert, J., and McArdell, C.S. (2011). Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water Research 45, 75–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. (2006). Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use. Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP). Retrieved from http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/10/WC500003978.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. (2008). Revised guideline on environmental impact assessment for veterinary medicinal products. Committee for medicinal products for veterinary use (CVMP). Retrieved from http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/10/WC500004386.pdf
   Google Scholar
• FASS. (2012). Environmental informations for pharmaceuticals. Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.fass.se
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari, B., Paxeus, N., Lo Giudice, R., Pollio, A., and Garric, J. (2003). Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 55, 359–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fire, S.E., Wang, Z., Byrd, M., Whitehead, H.R., Paternoster, J., and Morton, S.L. (2011). Co-occurrence of multiple classes of harmful algal toxins in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranding during an unusual mortality event in Texas, USA. Harmful Algae 10, 330–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangl, D., Zedler, J.A. Z., Wlodarczyk, A., Jensen, P.E., Purton, S., and Robinson, C. (2014). Expression and membrane-targeting of an active plant cytochrome P450 in the chloroplast of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Phytochemistry, 110, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Goncalves, F.C. S., Nunes, B.A., de Melo Henriques-Almeida, J.M., and Guilhermino, L. (2007). Acute toxicity of oxytetracycline and florfenicol to the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii and to the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67, 452–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschall, N., Topp, E., Metcalfe, C., Edwards, M., Payne, M., Kleywegt, S., Russell, P., and Lapen, D.R. (2012). Pharmaceutical and personal care products in groundwater, subsurface drainage, soil, and wheat grain, following a high single application of municipal biosolids to a field. Chemosphere 87, 194–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson, L., Jauhiainen, A., Kristiansson, E., Nerman, O., and Larsson, D.G. J. (2008). Evolotionary conservation of human drug targets in organisms used for environmental risk assessments. Environment Science and Technology 42, 5807–5813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halling-Sorensen, B. (2000). Algal toxicity of antibacterial agents used in intensive farming. Chemosphere 40, 731–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halling-Sorensen, B., Nielsen, S.N., Lanzky, P.F., Ingerslev, F., Lutzhoft, H.C. H., and Jorgensen, S.E. (1998). Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment - A review. Chemosphere 36, 357–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Parrella, A., Previtera, L., and Rubino, M. (2005a). Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products. Science of the Total Environment 348, 93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Pascarella, L., and Parrella, A. (2005b). Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms. Science of the Total Environment 346, 87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S.M., Zvyaga, T., Johnson, S.R., Hurley, J., Wagner, A., Burrell, R., Turley, W., Leet, J.E., Philip, T., and Rodrigues, A.D. (2011). Studies to further investigate the inhibition of human liver microsomal CYP2C8 by the acyl-beta-glucuronide of gemfibrozil. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 39, 2421–2430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, J.Y., Xing, Y.J., Ma, Z.T., Cai, J., Zheng, P., and Lu, H.F. (2013). Toxicity assessment of anaerobic digestion intermediates and antibiotics in pharmaceutical wastewater by luminescent bacterium. Journal of Hazardous Materials 246, 319–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Genome Institute. (2014). Chlamydomonas reinhardtti rescources at the Joint Genome Institute. Retrieved from http://genome.jgi-psf.org/chlamy/chlamy.info.html
   Google Scholar
• Juurlink, D.N., Mamdani, M., Kopp, A., Laupacis, A., and Redelmeier, D.A. (2003). Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 289, 1652–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, S., and Roy, K. (2010). QSAR modeling of toxicity of diverse organic chemicals to Daphnia magna using 2D and 3D descriptors. Journal of Hazardous Materials 177, 344–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, B.G., Griffin, D.W., McMahon, P.B., Harden, H.S., Wade, E., Hicks, R.W., and Chanton, J.P. (2010). Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfields overlying a karst aquifer. Journal of Environmental Quality 39, 1181–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, P., Blackwell, P.A., and Boxall, A.B. A. (2004). Fate of veterinary antibiotics in a macroporous tile drained clay soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1136–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuester, A., Alder, A.C., Escher, B.I., Duis, K., Fenner, K., Garric, J., Hutchinson, T.H., Lapen, D.R., Pery, A., Roembke, J., Snape, J., Ternes, T., Topp, E., Wehrhan, A., and Knacker, T. (2010). Environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in the European Union: A case study with the beta-blocker atenolol. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 6, 514–523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai, H.-T., Hou, J.-H., Su, C.-I., and Chen, C.-L. (2009). Effects of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol on growth of algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis chui. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, 329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, B.M., Rujan, T., Martin, W., and Croteau, R. (2000). Isoprenoid biosynthesis: The evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 13172–13177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larned, S.T. (2010). A prospectus for periphyton: recent and future ecological research. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29, 182–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, D.G. J., de Pedro, C., and Paxeus, N. (2007). Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Hazardous Materials 148, 751–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laycock, M.V., Anderson, D.M., Naar, J., Goodman, A., Easy, D.J., Donovan, M.A., Li, A., Quilliam, M.A., Jamali, E.A., and Alshihi, R. (2012). Laboratory desalination experiments with some algal toxins. Desalination 293, 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, A.Y., and Tsai, Y.T. (2009). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Taiwan's surface waters: Impacts of waste streams from hospitals and pharmaceutical production facilities, Science of the Total Environment 407, 3793–3802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, A.Y., Yu, T.H., and Lin, C.F. (2008). Pharmaceutical contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural waste streams: Risks to aqueous environments in Taiwan, Chemosphere 74, 131–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Gao, B., Yue, Q., Guan, Y., Wang, Y., and Huang, L. (2012). Influences of two antibiotic contaminants on the production, release and toxicity of microcystins. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 77, 79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEneff, G., Barron, L., Kellerher, B., Paull, B., and Quinn, B. (2014). A year-long study of the spatial occurrence and relative distribution of pharmaceutical residues in sewage effluent, receiving marine waters and marine bivalves. Science of the Total Environment 476, 317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, C.D., Alder, A.C., Halling-Sorensen, B., Krogh, K., Fenner, K., Larsbo, M., Straub, J.O., Ternes, T.A., Topp, E., Lapen, D.R., and Boxall, A.B. A. (2008). Exposure assessment methods for veterinary and human-use medicines in the environment: PEC vs. MEC comparision. In K. Kummerer (Ed.), Pharmaceuticals in the environment ( Chapter 11, pp. 147–171). Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Monteiro, S.C., and Boxall, B.A. A. (2010). Occurrence and fate of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 202, 53–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Gonzalez, R., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Gros, M., Perez-Canovas, E., Barcelo, D., and Leon, V.M. (2014). Input of pharmaceuticals through coastal surface watercourses into a Mediterranean lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain): sources and seasonal variations. Science of the Total Environment 490, 59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschet, C., Vermeirssen, E.L. M., Singer, H., Stamm, C., and Hollender, J. (2014). Evaluation of in-situ calibration of chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers, Water Research 10, 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• National Office of Animal Health. (2011). Compendium of data sheets for animal medicines. Retrieved from . http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/Compendium-datasheets_by_AI/Active_Ingredients/-24462.html
   Google Scholar
• Nentwig, G. (2007). Effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic invertebrates. Part 2: The antidepressant drug fluoxetine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52, 163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuwoehner, J., and Escher, B.I. (2011). The pH-dependent toxicity of basic pharmaceuticals in the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus can be explained with a toxicokinetic ion-trapping model. Aquatic Toxicology 101, 266–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-201-alga-growth-inhibition-test_9789264069923-en
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz De Garcia, S., Pinto, G., Garcia, E.P., and Mata, R.I. (2013). Consumption and occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the aquatic environment in Spain. Science of the Total Environment 444, 451–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival, S.L., Knottenbelt, D.C., and Cochrane, C.A. (2011). Biofilms and veterinary medicine. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Porsbring, T., Blanck, H., Tjellstrom, H., and Backhaus, T. (2009). Toxicity of the pharmaceutical clotrimazole to marine microalgal communities. Aquatic Toxicology 91, 203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, V., Bishwakarma, M.C., Chaudhary, A., Cuthbert, R., Dave, R., Kulkarni, M., Kumar, S., Paudel, K., Ranade, S., Shringarpure, R., and Green, R.E. (2012). The population decline of Gyps vultures in India and Nepal has slowed since veterinary use of diclofenac was banned. PLoS One 7, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pro, J., Ortiz, J.A., Boleas, S., Fernandez, C., Carbonell, G., and Tarazona, J.V. (2003). Effect assessment of antimicrobial pharmaceuticals on the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70, 290–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, H., Li, J., Pan, X., Sun, Z., Ye, C., Jin, G., and Fu, Z. (2012). Effects of streptomycin on growth of algae Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa. Environmental Toxicology 27, 229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, H., Chen, L., Lu, N., Zhao, Y., and Yuan, X. (2012). Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on Scenedesmus obliquus. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering 6, 107–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyhanian, N., Volkova, K., Hallgren, S., Bollner, T., Olsson, P-E., Olsen, H., and Hallstrom, I.P. (2011). 17 alpha-Ethinyl estradiol affects anxiety and shoaling behavior in adult male zebra fish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 105, 41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos, V., Gunnarsson, L., Fick, J., Larsson, D.G. J., and Ruden, C. (2012). Prioritising pharmaceuticals for environmental risk assessment: Toward adequate and feasible first-tier selection. Science of the Total Environment 421, 102–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Fortun, S., Marva, F., Rouco, M., Costas, E., and Lopez-Rodas, V. (2009). Toxic effect and adaptation in Scenedesmus intermedius to anthropogenic chloramphenicol contamination: genetic versus physiological mechanisms to rapid acquisition of xenobiotic resistance. Ecotoxicology 18, 481–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, H., Johnson, D.J., Reitsma, T., Brain, R.A., Wilson, C.J., and Solomon, K.R. (2004). Ranking and prioritization of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 39, 158–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, H., and Thomsen, M. (2009). Comparative analysis of pharmaceuticals versus industrial chemicals acute aquatic toxicity classification according to the United Nations classification system for chemicals. Assessment of the (Q)SAR predictability of pharmaceuticals acute aquatic toxicity and their predominant acute toxic mode-of-action. Toxicology Letters 187, 84–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, L.H. M. L. M., Araujo, A.N., Fachini, A., Pena, A., Delerue-Matos, C., and Montenegro, M.C. B. S. M. (2010). Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials 175, 45–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, F., and Szewzyk, U. (2008). Environment relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals influence the initial adhesion of bacteria. Aquatic Toxicology 87, 227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim, W.-J., Lee, J.-W., Lee, E.-S., Shin, S.-K., Hwang, S.-R., and Oh, J.-E. (2011). Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures. Chemosphere 82, 179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E.M., Iftikar, F.I., Higgins, S., Irshad, A., Jandoc, R., Lee, M., and Wilson, J.Y. (2012). In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated reactions by gemfibrozil, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and fluoxetine in fish liver microsomes. Aquatic Toxicology 109, 259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, S.A. (2008). Occurrence, treatment, and toxicological relevance of EDCs and pharmaceuticals in water. Ozone-Science and Engineering 30, 65–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoichev, T., Baptista, M.S., Basto, M.C. P., Vasconcelos, V.M., and Vasconcelos, M.T. S. D. (2011). Effects of minocycline and its degradation products on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74, 219–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Hertfordshire. (2013). The PPDB: Pesticide Properties Database. Retrieved from http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/index2.htm
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Estimation program interface suite. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
   Google Scholar
• Van der Grinten, E., Pikkemaat, M.G., van den Brandhof, E.-J., Stroomberg, G.J., and Kraak, M.H. S. (2010). Comparing the sensitivity of algal, cyanobacterial and bacterial bioassays to different groups of antibiotics. Chemosphere 80, 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, B.A., Smith, V.H., Denoyelles, F., and Larive, C.K. (2003). Effects of three pharmaceutical and personal care products on natural freshwater algal assemblages. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 1713–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, H., Wang, Y-Y., and Cheng, Y-Y. (2007). Mode of action-based local QSAR modeling for the prediction of acute toxicity in the fathead minnow. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 26, 327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, S., Jiang, X., Xia, X., Zhang, H., and Zheng, S. (2013). Detection, occurrence and fate of 22 psychiatric pharmaceuticals in psychiatric hospital and municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 90, 2520–2525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Zhang, M., Lin, K., Sun, W., Xiong, B., Guo, M., Cui, X., and Fu, R. (2012). Eco-toxicological effect of Carbamazepine on Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 33, 344–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar