Ecotoxic pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and other emerging contaminants: A review of environmental, receptor-mediated, developmental, and epigenetic toxicity with discussion of proposed toxicity to humans

References

• Aiken, C. E., and Ozanne, S. E. (2014). Transgenerational developmental programming. Hum. Reprod. Update, 20(1), 63–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society of Human Genetics, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Endocrine Society, Genetics Society of America, Society for Developmental Biology, Society for Pediatric Urology, Society for the Study of Reproduction, Society for Gynecologic Investigation. (2011). Assessing chemical risk: Societies offer expertise. Science, 331(6021), 1136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angle, B. M., Do, R. P., Ponzi, D., Stahlhut, R. W., Drury, B. E., Nagel, S. C., and Taylor, J. A. (2013). Metabolic disruption in male mice due to fetal exposure to low but not high doses of bisphenol A (BPA): Evidence for effects on body weight, food intake, adipocytes, leptin, adiponectin, insulin and glucose regulation. Reprod. Toxicol., 42, 256–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankley, G. T., Kuehl, D. W., Kahl, M. D., Jensen, K. M., Linnum, A., Leino, R. L., and Villeneuvet, D. A. (2005). Reproductive and developmental toxicity and bioconcentration of perfluorooctanesulfonate in a partial life-cycle test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24(9), 2316–2324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anway, M. D., Rekow, S. S., and Skinner, M. K. (2008). Comparative anti-androgenic actions of vinclozolin and flutamide on transgenerational adult onset disease and spermatogenesis. Reprod. Toxicol., 26(2), 100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, T. E., Marro, L., Davis, K., Fisher, M., Ayotte, P., Bélanger, P., and Fraser, W. D. (2015). Exposure to free and conjugated forms of bisphenol A and triclosan among pregnant women in the MIREC cohort. Environ. Health Perspect., 123(4), 277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, M. E., Kasturi, B. S., Barber, M., Kannan, K., Mohan Kumar, P.S., Mohan Kumar, S. M. (2003). Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats. Environ. Health Perspect., 111(12), 1485–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avissar-Whiting, M., Veiga, K. R., Uhl, K. M., Maccani, M.A., Gagne, L. A., Moen, E. L., and Marsit, C. J. (2010). Bisphenol A exposure leads to specific microRNA alterations in placental cells. Reprod. Toxicol., 29(4), 401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baquero, F., Martínez, J., and Cantón, R. (2008). Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19(3), 260–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, L., Knörr, S., Keiter, S., Rehberger, K., Volz, S., Schiller, V., and Braunbeck, T. (2014). Reversibility of endocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after discontinued exposure to the estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 278(3), 230–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellanger, M., Demeneix, B., Grandjean, P., Zoeller, R. T., and Trasande, L. (2015). Neurobehavioral deficits, diseases, and associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European union. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 100(4), 1256–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund, B. (2014). Deliberations on the impact of antibiotic contamination on dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic environments. Linköping: Linköping University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Białk-Bielińska, A., Stolte, S., Arning, J., Uebers, U., Böschen, A., Stepnowski, P., and Matzke, M. (2011). Ecotoxicity evaluation of selected sulfonamides. Chemosphere, 85(6), 928–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner, G. D., Yang, C. Z., and Stoner, M.A. (2014). Estrogenic chemicals often leach from BPA-free plastic products that are replacements for BPA-containing polycarbonate products. Environ. Health, 13(1), 41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher, J. G., Boudreau, A., Ahmed, S., and Atlas, E. (2015). In vitro effects of bisphenol A β-D-glucuronide (BPA-G) on adipogenesis in human and murine preadipocytes. Environ. Health Perspect. doi:10.1289/ehp.1409143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, G. R., Palmeri, J. M., Zhang, S., and Grimm, D. A. (2004). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Sci. Total Environ., 333(1), 137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredhult, C., Bäcklin, B., and Olovsson, M. (2007). Effects of some endocrine disruptors on the proliferation and viability of human endometrial endothelial cells in vitro. Reprod. Toxicol., 23(4), 550–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredhult, C., Sahlin, L., and Olovsson, M. (2009). Gene expression analysis of human endometrial endothelial cells exposed to bisphenol A. Reprod. Toxicol., 28(1), 18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezovšek, P., Eleršek, T., and Filipič, M. (2014). Toxicities of four anti-neoplastic drugs and their binary mixtures tested on the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis. Water Res., 52, 168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosche, S., and Backhaus, T. (2010). Toxicity of five protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics and their mixture to limnic bacterial communities. Aquat. Toxicol., 99(4), 457–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buerge, I. J., Buser, H. R., Poiger, T., and Müller, M. D. (2006). Occurrence and fate of the cytostatic drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in wastewater and surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(23), 7242–7250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calafat, A.M., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., Caudill, S. P., Ekong, J., Needham, L. L. (2005). Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environ. Health Perspect., 113(4), 391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calafat, A.M., Ye, X., Wong, L. Y., Reidy, J. A., and Needham, L. L. (2008). Exposure of the US population to Bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-Octylphenol: 2003–2004. Environ. Health Perspect., 116(1), 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspillo, N. R., Volkova, K., Hallgren, S., Olsson, P. E., and Porsch-HP., K., Hallg (2014). Short-term treatment of adult male zebrafish (Danio Rerio) with 17henol: 2003pulation.r and surface waters. a subcapitata and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 164, 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Forth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. US Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/fourthreport_updatedtables_aug2014.pdf>( accessed December 3, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen, S., Axelstad, M., Boberg, J., Vinggaard, A.M., Pedersen, G. A., and Hass, U. (2014). Low-dose effects of bisphenol A on early sexual development in male and female rats. Reproduction, 147(4), 477–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, E., Yu, X., Zhang, Y., Meng, F., Wang, S., Liu, X., and Jiang, W. (2014). EpimiR: A database of curated mutual regulation between miRNAs and epigenetic modifications. Database, 2014, bau023.
   Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J. P., Giudice, L. C., Hauser, R., Prins, G. S., Soto, A.M., and Gore, A. C. (2009). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev., 30(4), 293–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, G., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Wang, M., Xiong, D., and Sun, Y. (2013). Combined effects of PFOS and PFOA on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 64(4), 668–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do, R. P., Stahlhut, R. W., Ponzi, D., vom Saal, F. S., Taylor, J. A. (2012). Non-monotonic dose effects of in utero exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on testicular and serum testosterone and anogenital distance in male mouse fetuses. Reprod. Toxicol., 34(4), 614–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue, K. M., Miller, R., Perzanowski, M. S., Just, A. C., Hoepner, L. A., Arunajadai, S., Canfield, S., Resnick, D., Calafat, A.M., Perera, F. P., and Whyatt, R. M. (2013). Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and asthma development among inner-city children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 131(3), 736–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, T. J., Bowman, J. L., Windell, V. L., McLean, D. J., Kim, K. H. (2013). Transgenerational effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testicular germ cell associations and spermatogonial stem cells in mice. Biol. Reprod., 88(5), 112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, Y., Shi, X., Liu, C., Yu, K., and Zhou, B. (2009). Chronic effects of water-borne PFOS exposure on growth, survival and hepatotoxicity in zebrafish: A partial life-cycle test. Chemosphere, 74(5), 723–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H. J., and Lange, F. T. (2012). Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, ground-and drinking waters. In Polyfluorinated chemicals and transformation products T. P. Knepper and F. T. Lange (eds.), (pp. 73–102). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Factor-Litvak, P., Insel, B., Calafat, A.M., Liu, X., Perera, F., Rauh, V. A., and Whyatt, R. M. (2014). Persistent associations between maternal prenatal exposure to phthalates on child IQ at age 7 years. PloS one, 9(12), e114003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagin, D. (2012). The learning curve. Nature, 490(7421), 462–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Y., Yin, J., Jiao, Z., Shi, J., Li, M., Shao, B. (2012). Bisphenol AF may cause testosterone reduction by directly affecting testis function in adult male rats. Toxicol. Lett., 211(2), 201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fent, K., Weston, A. A., and Caminada, D. (2006). Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. Aquat. Toxicol., 76(2), 122–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, B., Mons, R., Vollat, B., Fraysse, B., Paxēaus, N., and Giudice, R. L. (2004). Environmental risk assessment of six human pharmaceuticals: Are the current environmental risk assessment procedures sufficient for the protection of the aquatic environment? Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23(5), 1344–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, M. M., and Eugster, E. A. (2014). What is in our environment that effects puberty? Reprod. Toxicol., 44, 7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisch, A. F., Wright, R. O., and Baccarelli, A. A. (2012). Environmental epigenetics: A role in endocrine disease? J. Mol. Endocrinol., 49(2), 61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire, P. F., Pérez Martin, J. M., Herrero, O., Peropadre, A., de la Peña, E., Hazen, M. J. (2008). In vitro assessment of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of perfluorooctanoic acid. Toxicol. in Vitro, 22(5), 1228–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Ma, J., Chen, Y., and Wang, H. S. (2015). Rapid responses and mechanism of action for low-dose bisphenol S on ex vivo rat hearts and isolated myocytes: Evidence of female-specific proarrhythmic effects. Environ. Health Perspect., 123(6), 571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Galán, M. J., González Blanco, S., López Roldán, R., Díaz-Cruz, S., Barceló, D. (2012). Ecotoxicity evaluation and removal of sulfonamides and their acetylated metabolites during conventional wastewater treatment. Sci. Total Environ., 437, 403–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg, G., and Rice, D. C. (2009). Does rapid metabolism ensure negligible risk from bisphenol A. Environ. Health Perspect., 117(11), 1639–1643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pleiter, M., Gonzalo, S., Rodea-Palomares, I., Leganés, F., Rosal, R., Boltes, K., Marco, E., and Fernández-Piñas, F. (2013). Toxicity of five antibiotics and their mixtures towards photosynthetic aquatic organisms: Implications for environmental risk assessment. Water Res., 47(6), 2050–2064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, J. E., Witorsch, R. J., McConnell, E. E., Sipes, I. G., Slayton, T. M., Yu, C. J., and Rhomberg, L. R. (2009). Weight-of-evidence evaluation of reproductive and developmental effects of low doses of bisphenol A. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 39(1), 1–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordalla, B. C., Ewers, U., and Frimmel, F. H. (2013). Hydraulic fracturing: A toxicological threat for groundwater and drinking-water? Environ. Earth Sci., 70(8), 3875–3893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, J. E., and Ojeda, S. R. (2004). Textbook of Endocrine Physiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grignard, E., Lapenna, S., and Bremer, S. (2012). Weak estrogenic transcriptional activities of bisphenol A and bisphenol S. Toxicol. in Vitro, 26(5), 727–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero-Bosagna, C., and Skinner, M. K. (2012). Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of phenotype and disease. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 354(1–2), 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider, S., and Baqri, S. (2000). β-Adrenoceptor antagonists reinitiate meiotic maturation in clarias batrachus oocytes. Comp. Biochem. Phys. A, 126(4), 517–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallare, A., Köhler, H., and Triebskorn, R. (2004). Developmental toxicity and stress protein responses in zebrafish embryos after exposure to diclofenac and its solvent, DMSO. Chemosphere, 56(7), 659–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, E. E., Nelson, J. W., Stahlhut, R. W., and Webster, T. F. (2010). Association of endocrine disruptors and obesity: perspectives from epidemiological studies. Int. J. Androl., 33(2), 324–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, T., Haston, K., Tsui, M., Hoang, A., Haeffele, C., and Vonk, A. (2003). Atrazine-induced hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): Laboratory and field evidence. Environ. Health Perspect., 111(4), 568–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, T. B., Khoury, V., Narayan, A., Nazir, M., Park, A., Brown, T., Adame, L., Chan, E., Buchholz, D., Stueve, T., and Gallipeau, S. (2010). Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107(10), 4612–4617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y., Miao, M., Herrinton, L. J., Wu, C., Yuan, W., Zhou, Z., and Li, D. (2009). Bisphenol A levels in blood and urine in a Chinese population and the personal factors affecting the levels. Environ. Res., 109(5), 629–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel, J. J., Skalla, L., Thompson, C. L., and Gray, K. A. (2015). THR-301: Preliminary data supporting the development of a systematic analysis of the strength of the association between developmental exposures to environmental chemicals and later life disease/dysfunctions. In Proceedings of Endocrine Society's 97th Annual Meeting and Expo, San Diego, March 5, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hiroi, H., Tsutsumi, O., Takeuchi, T., Momoeda, M., Ikezuki, Y., Okamura, A., and Taketani, Y. (2004). Differences in serum bisphenol a concentrations in premenopausal normal women and women with endometrial hyperplasia. Endocr. J., 51(6), 595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, P., Al-Jassim, N., Ansari, M. I., and Mackie, R. I. (2013). Environmental and public health implications of water reuse: Antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotics, 2(3), 367–399.
   Google Scholar
• Howdeshell, K. L., Hotchkiss, A. K., Thayer, K. A., Vandenbergh, J. G., and vom Saal, F. S. (1999). Environmental toxins: Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty. Nature, 401(6755), 763–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, W., Jones, P. D., Upham, B. L., Trosko, J. E., Lau, C., Giesy, J. P. (2002). Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated compounds in rat liver and dolphin kidney epithelial cell lines in vitro and sprague-dawley rats in vivo. Toxicol. Sci., 68(2), 429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, W., Shi, G., Hu, D., Nelles, J. L., Prins, G. S. (2012). Actions of estrogens and endocrine disrupting chemicals on human prostate stem/progenitor cells and prostate cancer risk. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 354(1–2), 63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggett, D., Brooks, B., Peterson, B., Foran, C., Schlenk, D. (2002). Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (B-blockers) on aquatic organisms. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43(2), 229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugo, E. R., Brandebourg, T. D., Woo, J. G., Loftus, J., Alexander, J. W., Ben-Jonathan, N. (2008). Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environ. Health Perspect., 116(12), 1642–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, K., Okada, F., Ito, R., Kato, S., Sasaki, S., Nakajima, S., and Nakazawa, H. (2004). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: Assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environ. Health Perspect., 112(11), 1204–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, H., Yokota, H., Makino, T., Yuasa, A., and Kato, S. (2001). Bisphenol A glucuronide, a major metabolite in rat bile after liver perfusion. Drug Metab. Dispos., 29(8), 1084–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, H., Yuki, G., Yokota, H., Kato, S. (2003). Bisphenol A glucuronidation and absorption in rat intestine. Biol. Reprod., 68(3), 140–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Parrella, A., Previtera, L., Rubino, M. (2005). Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products. Sci. Total Environ., 348(1–3), 93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaenisch, R., and Bird, A. (2003). Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: How the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat. Genet., 33, 245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelić, A., and Petrović, M. (2012). Pharmaceuticals in drinking water. In D. Barcelo (ed.) Emerging organic contaminants and human health (pp. 47–70). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Jeon, J. Y., Ha, K. H., and Kim, D. J. (2015). New risk factors for obesity and diabetes: Environmental chemicals. J. Diabetes Invest., 6(2), 109–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, L., Hu, X., Xu, T., Zhang, H., Sheng, D., and Yin, D. (2013). Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and their relationship with antibiotics in the Huangpu River and the drinking water sources, Shanghai, China. Sci. Total Environ., 458, 267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing, X.I.A.O., Bing, S.H.A.O., XiaoYan, W. U., XiaoJie, S.U.N., and YongNing, W. U. (2011). A study on bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol in human urine samples detected by SPE-UPLC-MS. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 24(1), 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jjemba, P. K. (2006). Excretion and ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 63(1), 113–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jjemba, P. K. (2002). The potential impact of veterinary and human therapeutic agents in manure and biosolids on plants grown on arable land: A review. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 93(1), 267–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, I., Yokota, H., Oshima, Y., Tsuruda, Y., Oe, T., Imada, N., Tadokoro, H., and Honjo, T. (2002). Effects of bisphenol A on the reproduction of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21(11), 2394–2400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kärrman, A., Ericson, I., van Bavel, B., Darnerud, P. O., Aune, M., Glynn, A., and Lindström, G. (2007). Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996–2004, in Sweden. Environ. Health Perspect., 115(2), 226–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klose, R. J., and Bird, A. P. (2006). Genomic DNA methylation: The mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem. Sci., 31(2), 89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., and Buxton, H. T. (2002). Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999–2000: A national reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(6), 1202–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopras, E., Potluri, V., Bermudez, M. L., Williams, K., Belcher, S., and Kasper, S. (2014). Actions of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on stem/progenitor cells during development and disease. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer, 21(2), 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuruto-Niwa, R., Nozawa, R., Miyakoshi, T., Shiozawa, T., and Terao, Y. (2005). Estrogenic activity of alkylphenols, bisphenol S, and their chlorinated derivatives using a GFP expression system. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 19(1), 121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankova, D., Lacina, O., Pulkrabova, J., and Hajslova, J. (2013). The determination of perfluoroalkyl substances, brominated flame retardants and their metabolites in human breast milk and infant formula. Talanta, 117, 318–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Merril, M. and Brinbaum, L. (2011). Childhood obesity and environmental chemicals. Mt Sinai J. of Med., 78(1), 22–48.
   Google Scholar
• LaRocca, J., Binder, A.M., McElrath, T. F., and Michels, K. B. (2015). First-trimester urine concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenols and placenta miRNA expression in a cohort of US women. Environ. Health Perspect. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1408409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassen, T. H., Frederiksen, H., Jensen, T. K., Petersen, J. H., Joensen, U. N., Main, K. M., Skakkebaek, N., Juul, A., Jørgensen, N., and Andersson, A.M. (2014). Urinary bisphenol A levels in young men: Association with reproductive hormones and semen quality. Environ. Health Perspect., 122(5), 478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. K., Zhou, Z., Miao, M., He, Y., Wang, J., Ferber, J., Herrinton, L., Gao, E., and Yuan, W. (2011). Urine bisphenol-A (BPA) level in relation to semen quality. Fertil. Sterility, 95(2), 625–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C., and Kannan, K. (2012). Determination of free and conjugated forms of bisphenol A in human urine and serum by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(9), 5003–5009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, A.Y.C., Panchangam, S. C., Tsai, Y. T., and Yu, T. H. (2014). Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in the aquatic environment as found in science park effluent, river water, rainwater, sediments, and biotissues. Environ. Monit. Assess., 186(5), 3265–3275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeman, B., Maass, C., Duale, N., Gützkow, K. B., Brunborg, G., and Andreassen, Å. (2012). Effects of per- and polyfluorinated compounds on adult rat testicular cells following in vitro exposure. Reprod. Toxicol., 33(4), 531–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca, M., Farré, M., Picó, Y., Müller, J., Knepper, T. P., and Barceló, D. (2012). Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in waters from Germany and Spain. Sci. Total Environ., 431, 139–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Serna, R., Jurado, A., Vázquez-Suñé, E., Carrera, J., Petrović, M., and Barceló, D. (2013). Occurrence of 95 pharmaceuticals and transformation products in urban groundwaters underlying the metropolis of Barcelona, Spain. Environ. Pollut., 174, 305–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucero, G.M.A., Marcela, G. M., Sandra, G. M., Manuel, G.O.L., and Celene, R. E. (2015). Naproxen-enriched artificial sediment induces oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Hyalella azteca. Water Air Soil Pollut., 226(6), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, M.A., Kärrman, A., Oono, S., Harada, K. H., and Koizumi, A. (2009). Polyfluorinated telomers in precipitation and surface water in an urban area of Japan. Chemosphere, 74(3), 467–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maras, M., Vanparys, C., Muylle, F., Robbens, J., Berger, U., Barber, J. L., Blust, R., and De Coen, W. (2006). Estrogen-like properties of fluorotelomer alcohols as revealed by MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(1), 100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, J. L. (2009). Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environ. Pollut., 157(11), 2893–2902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker, J.D. (2012). Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and child development. Arch. Pediatr. Adolescent Med., 166(10), 952–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzer, D., Rice, N. E., Lewis, C., Henley, W. E., and Galloway, T. S. (2010). Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: Evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PloS one, 5(1), e8673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonca, K., Hauser, R., Calafat, A.M., Arbuckle, T. E., and Duty, S. M. (2014). Bisphenol A concentrations in maternal breast milk and infant urine. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 87(1), 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maszkowska, J., Stolte, S., Kumirska, J., Łukaszewicz, P., Mioduszewska, K., Puckowski, A., and Białk-Bielińska, A. (2014). Beta-blockers in the environment: Part II. Ecotoxicity study. Sci. Total Environ., 493, 1122–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellan, K., and Halden, R. U. (2010). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived US biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey. Water Res., 44(2), 658–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro, S. C., and Boxall, A. (2009). Factors affecting the degradation of pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28(12), 2546–2554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, B. C., Roark, A.M., Kohno, S., Hamlin, H. J., and Guillette, L. J. (2012). Gene–environment interactions: The potential role of contaminants in somatic growth and the development of the reproductive system of the American alligator. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 354(1–2), 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, S., Duong, T., Dabrin, A., Coynel, A., Herlory, O., Baudrimont, M. (2008). Long-term survey of heavy-metal pollution, biofilm contamination and diatom community structure in the Riou Mort watershed, south-west France. Environ. Pollut., 151(3), 532–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachman, R. M., Fox, S. D., Golden, W. C., Sibinga, E., Veenstra, T. D., Groopman, J.D., and Lees, P.S. (2013). Urinary free bisphenol A and bisphenol A-glucuronide concentrations in newborns. J. Pediatr., 162(4), 870–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, E. E., and Skinner, M. K. (2014). Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease susceptibility. Transl. Res., 165(1), 12–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novo, A., André, S., Viana, P., Nunes, O. C., Manaia, C. M. (2013). Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial residues and bacterial community composition in urban wastewater. Water Res., 47(5), 1875–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaks, J. L., Gilbert, M., Virani, M. Z., Watson, R. T., Meteyer, C. U., Rideout, B. A., Shivaprasad, H. L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M. J., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., and Khan, A. A. (2004). Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427(6975), 630–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obata, Y., and Kono, T. (2002). Maternal primary imprinting is established at a specific time for each gene throughout oocyte growth. J. Biol. Chem., 277(7), 5285–5289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orias, F., and Perrodin, Y. (2013). Characterisation of the ecotoxicity of hospital effluents: A review. Sci. Total Environ., 454–455, 250–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott, J. L., and Blunt, B. R. (2005). Life-cycle exposure of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to an ethinylestradiol concentration below 1 ng/L reduces egg fertilization success and demasculinizes males. Environ. Toxicol., 20(2), 131–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patisaul, H. B., and Adewale, H. B. (2009). Long-term effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on reproductive physiology and behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 3, 10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda, J., Zorn, T., and Soto-Suazo, M. (2006). Migration of human and mouse primordial germ cells and colonization of the developing ovary: An ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Microsc. Res. Tech., 69(6), 386–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, F., Llorca, M., Farré, M., and Barceló, D. (2012). Automated analysis of perfluorinated compounds in human hair and urine samples by turbulent flow chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 402(7), 2369–2378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie, B., Barden, R., and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. (2015). A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res., 72, 3–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins, G. S., Hu, W., Shi, G., Hu, D., Majumdar, S., Li, G., Huang, K., Nelles, J. L., Ho, S. M., Walker, C. L., Kajdacsy-Balla, A., and van Breemen, R. B. (2014). Bisphenol A promotes human prostate stem-progenitor cell self-renewal and increases in vivo carcinogenesis in human prostate epithelium. Endocrinology, 155(3), 805–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghav, M., Eden, S., Katharine, M., and Witte, B. (2013). Contaminants of emerging concern in water. Tucson, AZ: Water Resources Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Ragugnetti, M., Adams, M. L., Guimarães, A. T., Sponchiado, G., de Vasconcelos, E. C., and de Oliveira, C.M.R. (2011). Ibuprofen genotoxicity in aquatic environment: An experimental model using Oreochromis niloticus. Water Air Soil Pollut., 218(1–4), 361–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, R. (2006). The long and the short of perfluorinated replacements. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(1), 12–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhomberg, L. R., and Goodman, J. E. (2012). Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose–Responses of endocrine disrupting chemicals: Has the case been made? Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 64(1), 130–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, C. A., Birnbaum, L. S., Farabollini, F., Newbold, R. R., Rubin, B. S., Talsness, C. E., Vandenberg, J., Walser-Kantz, D., and vomSaal, F. (2007). In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies. Reprod. Toxicol., 24(2), 199–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissman, E. F., and Adli, M. (2014). Minireview: transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on endocrine disrupting compounds. Endocrinology, 155(8), 2770–2780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo, C., Peck, J.D., Stoner, J. A., Carabin, H., Cowan, L., Koch, H. M., and Goodman, J. R. (2013). Is bisphenol-A exposure during pregnancy associated with blood glucose levels or diagnosis of gestational diabetes? J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 76(14), 865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodricks, J. V. (2006). Calculated risks: The toxicity and human health risks of chemicals in our environment, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodea-Palomares, I., Leganés, F., Rosal, R., and Fernández-Pinas, F. (2012). Toxicological interactions of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with selected pollutants. J. Hazard Mater., 201, 209–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, B. S., Murray, M. K., Damassa, D. A., King, J. C., and Soto, A.M. (2001). Perinatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects body weight, patterns of estrous cyclicity, and plasma LH levels. Environ. Health Perspect., 109(7), 675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin B. S., and Soto A.M. (2009). Bisphenol A: Perinatal exposure and body weight. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 304(1–2), 55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, B. S. (2011). Bisphenol A: An endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 127(1–2), 27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Hernandez, A., Kuo, C. C., Rentero-Garrido, P., Tang, W. Y., Redon, J., Ordovas, J. M., Navas-Acien, A., and Tellez-Plaza, M. (2015). Environmental chemicals and DNA methylation in adults: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Clin. Epigenet., 7(1), 55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, B. C., Hotchkiss, A. K., Crofton, K. M., Gray, L. E., Jr. (2010). In utero and lactational exposure to bisphenol A, in contrast to ethinyl estradiol, does not alter sexually dimorphic behavior, puberty, fertility, and anatomy of female LE rats. Toxicol. Sci., 114(1), 133–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schecter, A., Malik, N., Haffner, D., Smith, S., Harris, T. R., and Paepke, O. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA) in US food. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(24), 9425–9430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, C. W. (2013). Uncertain inheritance transgenerational effects of environmental exposures. Environ. Health Perspect., 121(10), 298–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S., Marxfeld, H., Gröters, S., Buesen, R., van Ravenzwaay, B. (2013). Vinclozolin- No transgenerational inheritance of anti-androgenic effects after maternal exposure during organogenesis via the intraperitoneal route. Reprod. Toxicol., 37, 6–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schug, T. T., Janesick, A., Blumberg, B., and Heindel, J. J. (2011). Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 127(3–5), 204–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaiger, J., Ferling, H., Mallow, U., Wintermayr, H., and Negele, R. (2004). Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac: Part I: Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol., 68(2), 141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seacat, A.M., Thomford, P. J., Hansen, K. J., Olsen, G. W., Case, M. T., Butenhoff, J. L. (2002). Subchronic toxicity studies on perfluorooctanesulfonate potassium salt in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol. Sci., 68(1), 249–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, R. M. (2010). Is it time to end concerns over the estrogenic effects of bisphenol A? Toxicol. Sci., 114(1), 1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, B. F., Jelic, A., López-Serna, R., Mozeto, A. A., Petrovic, M., Barceló, D. (2011). Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain. Chemosphere, 85(8), 1331–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., and Li, S. S. (2012). Epigenetic effects of environmental chemicals bisphenol-A and phthalates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 13(8), 10143–10153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, M. K., Manikkam, M., Guerrero-Bosagna, C. (2011). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors. Reprod. Toxicol., 31(3), 337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto, A.M., and Sonnenschein, C. (2015). Endocrine disruptors: DDT, endocrine disruption and breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 11, 507–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stackelberg, P. E., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Zaugg, S. D., Henderson, A. K., Reissman, D. B. (2004). Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant. Sci. Total Environ., 329(1), 99–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, C. N., MacManus-Spencer, L. A., Luckenbach, T., Luthy, R. G., and Epel, D. (2006). New perspectives on perfluorochemical ecotoxicology: Inhibition and induction of an efflux transporter in the marine mussel, mytilus californianus. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(17), 5580–5585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart, M., Lapworth, D., Crane, E., and Hart, A. (2012). Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. Sci. Total Environ., 416, 1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, T., and Tsutsumi, O. (2002). Serum bisphenol-A concentrations showed gender differences, possibly linked to androgen levels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 291(1), 76–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer, K. A., Heindel, J. J., Bucher, J. R., and Gallo, M.A. (2012). Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: A National Toxicology Program workshop review. Environ. Health Perspect., 120(6), 779–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeguarden, J. G., Calafat, A.M., Ye, X., Doerge, D. R., Churchwill, M. I., Gunawan, R., and Graham, M. K. (2011). Twenty-four hour human urine and serum profiles of bisphenol a during high-dietary exposure. Toxicol. Sci., 123(1), 48–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeguarden, J., Hanson-Drury, S., Fisher, J. W., and Doerge, D. R. (2013). Are typical human serum BPA concentrations measurable and sufficient to be estrogenic in the general population? Food Chem. Toxicol., 62, 949–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele-Bruhn, S. (2003). Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils–a review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166(2), 145–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. V., and Hilton, M. J. (2004). The occurrence of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in UK estuaries. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 49(5), 436–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toolaram, A. P., Kümmerer, K., and Schneider, M. (2014). Environmental risk assessment of anti-cancer drugs and their transformation products: A focus on their genotoxicity characterization-state of knowledge and short comings. Mutation Res.-Rev. Mutation Res., 760, 18–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyl, R. W. (2009). Basic exploratory research versus guideline-compliant studies used for hazard evaluation and risk assessment: Bisphenol A as a case study. Environ. Health Perspect., 117(11), 1644–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyl, R. W., Myers, C.B, Marr, M. C., Sloan, C. S., Castillo, N. P., Veselica, M. M., Seely, J. C., Dimond, S. S., Van Miller, J. P., Shiotsuka, R. N., Beyer, D., Hentges, S. G., and Waechter, J. M. (2008). Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in CD-1 (Swiss) mice. Toxicol. Sci., 104(2), 362–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda, T., Abe, K., Miura, A., Yuzuriha, M., Zubair, M., Noguchi, M., Niwa, K., Kawase, Y., Kono, T., Matsuda, Y., Fujimoto, H., Shibata, H., Hayashizaki, Y., and Sasaki, H. (2000). The paternal methylation imprint of the mouse H19 locus is acquired in the gonocyte stage during foetal testis development. Genes to Cells, 5(8), 649–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Protocol for the in vitro estrogen receptor saturation binding and competitive binding assays using rat uterine cytosol. <http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/assayvalidation/appendix1_er_ruc.pdf>( accessed November 14, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Bisphenol A alternatives in thermal paper. US EPA. <http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/bpa/bpa-report-complete.pdf>(accessed December 3, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey. (2014). Emerging contaminants in the environment [Homepage of U.S. Department of the Interior], [Online]. <http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc/(accessed May 28, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Uzumcu, M., Zama, A.M., and Oruc, E. (2012). Epigenetic mechanisms in the actions of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Gonadal effects and role in female reproduction. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 47(4), 338–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vajda, A.M., Barber, L. B., Gray, J. L., Lopez, E. M., Woodling, J.D., and Norris, D. O. (2008). Reproductive disruption in fish downstream from an estrogenic wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(9), 3407–3414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vajda AM, Barber LB, Gray JL, Lopez EM, Bolden AM, Schoenfuss HL, and Norris DO. 2011. Demasculinization of male fish by wastewater treatment plant effluent. Aquat Toxicol, 103(3):213–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, L. N., Wadia, P. R., Schaeberle, C. M., Rubin, B. S., Sonnenschein, C., and Soto, A.M. (2006). The mammary gland response to estradiol: monotonic at the cellular level, non-monotonic at the tissue-level of organization? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 101(4), 263–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, L. N., Maffini, M. V., Sonnenschein, C., Rubin, B. S., and Soto, A.M. (2009). Bisphenol-A and the great divide: A review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocrinol. Rev., 30(1), 75–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, L. N., Colborn, T., Hayes, T. B., Heindel, J. J., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., and Lee, D. (2012). Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocrinol. Rev., 33(3), 378–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas-Navarro, A., Rosas-L, E., and Reyes, J. L. (2003). The heart of daphnia magna: Effects of four cardioactive drugs. Comp. Biochem. Phys. Chem., 136(2), 127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vom Saal, F. S., Nagel, S. C., Coe, B. L., Angle, B. M., and Taylor, J. A. (2012). The estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) and obesity. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 354(1–2), 74–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. M., and Gore, A. C. (2011). Transgenerational neuroendocrine disruption of reproduction. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 7(4), 197–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, E., McClellan, K., and Halden, R. U. (2010). Occurrence and loss over three years of 72 pharmaceuticals and personal care products from biosolids–soil mixtures in outdoor mesocosms. Water Res., 44(20), 6011–6020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Ying, G. G., Chen, F., Zhang, L. J., Zhao, J. L., Lai, H. J., and Tao, R. (2012a). Monitoring of selected estrogenic compounds and estrogenic activity in surface water and sediment of the Yellow River in China using combined chemical and biological tools. Environ. Pollut., 165, 241–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Lin, A. Y., Wang, S., and Ding, W. (2012b). Determination of perfluorochemicals in human milk using Isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 59(4), 544–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, D. J., Wellenius, G. A., Butler, R. A., Bartell, S. M., Fletcher, T., and Kelsey, K. T. (2014). Associations between serum perfluoroalkyl acids and LINE-1 DNA methylation. Environ. Int., 63, 71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welshons, W. V., Thayer, K. A., Judy, B. M., Taylor, J. A., Curran, E. M., and vom Saal, F. S. (2003). Large effects from small exposures: Mechanisms for endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity. Environ. Health Perspect., 111(8), 994–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyatt, R. M., Rundle, A. G., Perzanowski, M. S., Just, A. C., Donohue, K. M., and Calafat, A.M. (2014). Prenatal phthalate and early childhood bisphenol A exposures increase asthma risk in inner-city children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 134(5), 1195–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willhite, C. C., Gwendolyn, B. L., McLellan, C. J. (2008). Derivation of a bisphenol-A oral reference dose (RfD) and drinking-water equivalent concentration. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev., 11(2), 69–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodling, J.D., Lopez, E. M., Maldonado, T. A., Norris, D. O., and Vajda, A.M. (2006). Intersex and other reproductive disruption of fish in wastewater effluent dominated Colorado streams. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 144(1), 10–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, X., and Zhong, L. (2005). Genotoxic risk and oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. Mutation Res.-Genet. Toxicol. Environ., 587(1–2), 38–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentner, G. E., and Henikoff, S. (2013). Regulation of nucleosome dynamics by histone modifications. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(3), 259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Beesoon, S., Zhu, L., and Martin, J. W. (2013). Biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl acids in human urine and estimates of biological half-life. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47(18), 10619–10627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Cai, X., Lang, X., Qiao, X., Li, X., and Chen, J. (2012). Insights into aquatic toxicities of the antibiotics oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the presence of metal: Complexation versus mixture. Environ. Pollut., 166, 48–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmers, S. M., Browne, E. P., O'Keefe, P. W., Anderton, D. L., Kramer, L., Reckhow, D. A., and Arcaro, K. F. (2014). Determination of free Bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in breast milk of US women using a sensitive LC/MS/MS method. Chemosphere, 104, 237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zounkova, R., Kovalova, L., Blaha, L., and Dott, W. (2010). Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs and their metabolites. Chemosphere, 81(2), 253–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar