7,180
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Critical review on life cycle inventories and environmental assessments of LED-lamps

&
Pages 2017-2078 | Published online: 29 Dec 2017

References

  • Abdul Hadi, S., Al Kaabi, M. R., Al Ali, M. O., and Arafat, H. A. (2013). Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of streetlight technologies for minor roads in United Arab Emirates. Energy for Sustainable Development 17, 438–450.
  • Bae, S. R., Choi, Y. G., Im, W. B., Lee, K. S., and Chung, W. J. (2013). Rare earth doped silicate–oxifluoride glass ceramics incorporating LaF3 nano–crystals for UV–LED color conversion. Optical Materials 35, 2034–2038.
  • Baldé, C. P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., and Huisman, J. (2015). The global e-waste monitor–2014. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University, IAS – SCYCLE.
  • BAN. (2002). Exporting Harm the High–Tech Trashing of Asia (Video). Basel Action Network. http://www.ban.org/ ( 07.2016).
  • Bare, J. C., Norris, G. A., Pennington, D. W., and McKone, T. (2002). TRACI The tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology 6(3–4), 49–78.
  • Baumann, H., and Tillman, A. M. (2004). The Hitch Hiker's guide to LCA: An orientation in life cycle assessment methodology and applications. Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur AB.
  • Bennich, P., Borg, N., and Scholand, M. (2015). IEA 4E SSL annex: Providing governments with the tools to accelerate market adoption of SSL products. Journal of Solid State Lighting 2, 2, DOI 10.1186/s40539-015-0021-1.
  • Binnemans, K., Jones, P. T., Blanpain, B., Van Gerven, T., Yang, Y., Walton, A., and Buchert, M. (2013). Recycling of rare earths: A critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production 51, 1–22.
  • Cangeloso, S. (2012). LED lighting: A primer to lighting the future. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly.
  • Carnegie Mellon University, Booz Allen Hamilton. (2010). Life–cycle energy consumption of solid-state lighting. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA: Carnegie Mellon University.
  • Chang, M.-H., Das, D., Varde, P. V., and Pecht, M. (2012). Light emitting diodes reliability review. Microelectronics Reliability 52, 762–782.
  • Chang, Y.-Y., Glorieux, B., Hsu, C.-H., Sun, C.-C., Yu, L.-Z., Yang, T.-H., and Chung, T.-Y. (2016). Influence of ZrO2particles on the optical properties of pc-LEDs. Optical Materials 55, 55–61.
  • China-RoHS. (2006). AeA-Advancing the Business of Technology. Industrial Standard of the People's Republic of China SJ/T 11365–2006.
  • Chung, P. T., Yang, C. T., Wang, S. H., Chen, C. W., Chiang, A. S. T., and Liu, C.-Y. (2012). ZrO2/epoxy nanocomposite for LED encapsulation. Materials Chemistry and Physics 13, 868–876.
  • Commission Regulation (EC). (2009). Commission Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 of 18 March 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps.
  • Dale, A. T., Bilec, M. M., Marriott, J., Hartley, D., Jurgens, C., and Zatcoff, E. (2011). Preliminary comparative life–cycle impacts of streetlight technology. Journal of Infrastructure Systems 17(4), 193–199.
  • De Almeida, A., Santos, B., Paolo, B., and Quicheron, M. (2014). Solid state lighting review – Potential and challenges in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 34, 30–48.
  • De Boer, R. (2011). Wissenswertes über LED. TKL Licht GmbH. http://tkl.ch/tkl/schulungsunterlagen_led.pdf ( 07.2016)
  • Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. (2009). Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy–related products (recast).
  • Dong, J., Lei, W., Cai'e, C., Yue, T., and Ping, H. (2015). Luminescence properties of Ce3+–doped and Ce3+–Tb3+ co–doped Na0.34Ca0.66Al1.66Si2.34O8 phosphor for UV–LED. Ceramics International 41, 1341–1346.
  • Dupuis, R. D., and Krames, M. R. (2008). History, development, and applications of high-brightness visible light emitting diodes, Journal of Lightwave Technology 26, 1154–1171.
  • EAK Elektroaltgeräte Koordinierungsstelle Austria GmbH. (2015). Personal communication.
  • Jungbluth, N., Stucki, M., and Frischknecht, R. (2009). Photovoltaics. In R. Dones et al. (Ed.), Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. Ecoinvent report No. 6–XII. Dübendorf, CH: Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.
  • ERECON. (2015). (eds.). Strengthening the European rare earths supply chain: Challenges and policy options. Kooroshy, J., G. Tiess, A. Tukker, and A. Walton A Report by the European Rare Earths Competency Network (ERECON).
  • En.lighten. (2016). En.lighten: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)–Global Environment Facility (GEF) initiative; Global lighting map. http://map.enlighten-initiative.org/ ( 04.02.2016)
  • Franz, M., and Nicolics, J. (2015). Environmental aspects of white LED lighting systems: Energy statistics, study parameters, rare earths. Proceedings of the 38th Int. Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology. IEEE Xplore, 396–402.
  • Fraunhofer/IZT. Angerer, G., Marscheider-Weidemann, F., Lüllmann, A., Erdmann, L., Scharp, M., Handke, V., and Marwede, M. (2009). Rohstoffe für zukunftstechnologien. Einfluss des branchenspezifischen Rohstoffbedarfs in rohstoffintensiven Zukunftstechnologien auf die zukünftige Rohstoffnachfrage. Stuttgart, Germany: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
  • Friedel, R., Spindler, E. A. (Eds.) (2016). Zertifizierung als erfolgsfaktor: nachhaltiges wirtschaften mit vertrauen. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Gabler.
  • Fulmek, P., Nicolics, J., Nemitz, W., Schweitzer, S., Sommer, C., Hartmann, P., Schrank, F., and Wenzl, F. P. (2016). The impact of the thermal conductivities of the color conversion elements of phosphor converted LEDs under different current driving schemes. Journal of Luminescence 169, 559–568.
  • Fulmek, P., Sommer, C., Hartmann, P., Pachler, P., Hoschopf, H., Langer, G., Nicolics, J., and Wenzl F. P. (2013). On the thermal load of the color conversion elements of phosphor based white light emitting diodes, Advance Optical Material 1, 753–762.
  • GaBi. (2016). Life cycle assessment software. http://www.gabi-software.com/ ( 10/2016)
  • Gassmann, A., Zimmermann, J., Gauß, R., Stauber, R., and Gutfleisch, O. (2016). LED Lamps Recycling Technology for a Circular Economy. LED professional Review. Trends & Technologies for Future Lighting Solutions, July/August 2016, Issue 56, pp. 74–81.
  • GE Lighting. (2011). GE CMH chromafit lamps. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: General Electric Company.
  • George, N. C., Denault, K. A., and Seshadri, R. (2013). Phosphors for Solid-state white lighting. Annual Review of Materials Research 43, 481–501.
  • Grandell, L., Lehtilä, A., Kivinen, M., Koljonen, T., Kihlman, S., Lauri, and L. S.. (2016). Role of critical metals in the future markets of clean energy technologies. Renewable Energy 95, 53–62.
  • Greenpeace. (2012). Greener Electronics. http://www.greenpeace.org/ ( 07.2016).
  • Gunn, G. (Ed.) (2014). Critical metals handbook, New York: Wiley.
  • Han, J. K., Choi, J. I., Piquette, A., Hannah, M., Anc, M., Galvez, M., Talbot, J. B., and McKittrick, J. (2013). Phosphor development and integration for near-UV LED solid state lighting, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2, R3138–R3147.
  • Hartley, D., Jurgens, C., and Zatcoff, E. (2009). Life cycle assessment of streetlight technologies. Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 72 p. http://www.pitt.edu/news2010/Streetlight_Report.pdf ( 07.2016).
  • Hecht, J. (2016). The early–adopter blues. pp. 44–50. North American: Spectrum IEEE.
  • Hendrickson, C. T., Matthews, D. H., Ashe, M., Jaramilloand, P., and McMichael, F. C. (2010). Reducing environmental burdens of solid–state lighting through end–of–life design. Environmental Research Letters 5, 014016.
  • Hischier, R., Classen, M., Lehmann, M., and Scharnhorst, W. (2007). Life cycle inventories of electric and electronic equipment: Production, use and disposal. Data v2.0. Ecoinvent report No. 18, St. Gallen / Dübendorf. http://www.ecoinvent.org/
  • IEA International Energy Agency. (2006). Light's labour's lost. Policies for energy–efficient lighting. Paris, France: International Energy Agency (IEA).
  • IEA International Energy Agency. (2014). Life cycle assessment of solid state lighting, Solid state lighting annex. France: International Energy Agency 4E Solid State Lighting Annex.
  • India-RoHS. (2014). Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change HSM Division. No. 12–85/2014–HSMD. Guidelines for implementation of Reduction in the use of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) provision as prescribed in Rule 13 of e–waste Rules.
  • ISO 14040. (2006a). Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework.
  • ISO 14044. (2006b). Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines.
  • Jaadane, I., Boulenguez, P., Chahory, S., Carre, S., Savoldelli, M., Jonet, L., and Behar-Cohen, F. (2015). Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs). Free Radical Biology and Medicine 84, 373–384.
  • JRC (Joint Research Centre).. (2008). European reference life cycle database (ELCD), version 2.0. http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ ( 07.2016)
  • Jungbluth, N., Stucki, M., and Frischknecht, R. (2009). Photovoltaics. In R. Dones et al. (Ed.), Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. Ecoinvent report No. 6–XII. Dübendorf, CH: Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.
  • Jüstel, T. (2013). Optimale Leuchtstoffe für LED-Applikationen. 9. Tagung: LED in der Lichttechnik, Essen, 12.–13. March 2013. Germany: Münster University of Applied Sciences.
  • Khanna, V. (2014). Fundamentals of solid-state lighting: LEDs, OLEDs, and their applications in illumination and displays. USA: CRC Press.
  • Kingsnorth, D. J. (2012). Centre for Research in Energy and Minerals Economics, Curtin University, Western Australia, and Industrial Minerals Company of Australia Pty Ltd (IMCOA). The Global Rare Earths Industry: A Delicate Balancing Act. Berlin: Deutsche Rohstoffagentur.
  • Klöpffer, W., and Grahl, B. (2009). Ökobilanz (LCA): Ein Leitfaden für Ausbildung und Beruf. Wiley–VCH. ( English version: Life cycle assessment (LCA): A guide to best practice. Wiley–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
  • Kölper, C., Bergbauer, W., Strassburg, M., Linder, N. (2011). Die Licht(r)evolution. Weiße LEDs für die Allgemeinbeleuchtung. Phys. Unserer Zeit. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA., p. 92–98.
  • Koltun, P., and Tharumarajah, A. (2014). Life cycle impact of rare earth elements. London, UK: Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Metallurgy.
  • Krigel, A., Berdugo, M., Picard, E., Levy-Boukris, R., Jaadane, I., Jonet, L., Dernigoghossian, M., Andrieu-Soler, C., Torriglia, A., and Behar-Cohen, F. (2016). Light-induced retinal damage using different light sources, protocols and rat strains reveals LED phototoxicity. Neuroscience 339, 296–307.
  • Kübler, R. (2009). Der perfekte Schnitt. Mediendienst der Fraunhofer–Gesellschaft Nr. 8–2009.
  • LEDinside, a Business Division of TrendForce Corp. (2014). Global LED lighting market to reach US $25.7 billion in 2015, November. 6, 2014 – 18:14 – likchinlow. http://www.ledinside.com/intelligence/2014/11/global_led_lighting_market_to_reach_us_25_7_billion_in_2015 (02.05.2016).
  • Li, J., Yan, J., Wen, D., Khan, W. U., Shi, J., Wu, M., Su, Q., and Tanner, P. A. (2016). Advanced red phosphors for white light-emitting diodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, 8611–8623.
  • Lin, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., Zhu, X., Lai, J., and Heynderickx, I. (2014). Model predicting discomfort glare caused by LED road lights. Optics Express 22, 18056.
  • Lim, S. R., Kang, D., Ogunseitan, O. A., and Schoenung, J. M. (2011). Potential environmental impacts of light–emitting diodes (LEDs): Metallic resources, toxicity, and hazardous waste classification. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 320–327.
  • Lim, S. R., Kang, D., Ogunseitan, O. A., and Schoenung, J. M. (2013). Potential environmental impacts from the metals in incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs. Environmental Science & Technology 47, 1040–1047.
  • Liu, L., Tan, X., Teng, D., Wu, M., and Wang, G. (2015). Simultaneously enhancing the angular-color uniformity, luminous efficiency, and reliability of white light-emitting diodes by ZnO@SiO2 modified silicones. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 5, 599–605.
  • Luginbuhl, C. B., Boley, P. A., and Davis, D. R. (2014). The impact of light source spectral power distribution on sky glow. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 139, 21–26.
  • Market survey October. (2016). Short consumer market survey about retrofit LED–lamps in Amazon.de (Osram/Philips) and IKEA.
  • Matthews, D. H., Matthews, H. S., Jaramillo, P., and Weber, C. L. (2009). Energy consumption in the production of high-brightness light-emitting diode, 2009. IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology, 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/ISSST.2009.5156691.
  • McKinsey & Company: Baumgartner, T., Wunderlich, F., Jaunich, A., Sato, T., Bundy, G., Grießmann, N., Kowalski, J., Burghardt, S., and Hanebrink, J. (Eds.) (2012). Lighting the way: Perspectives on global lighting market. Second edition. New York, USA: McKinsey & Company.
  • McKittrick, J., Hannah, M. E., Piquette, A., Han, J. K., Choi, J. I., Anc, M., Galvez, M., Lugauer, H., Talbot, J. B., and Mishra, K. C. (2013). Phosphor selection considerations for near-UV LED solid state lighting. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2, R3119–R3131.
  • McKittrick, J., and Shea-Rohwer, L. E. (2014). Down conversion materials for solid-state lighting. Journal of the American Ceramical Society 97, 1327–1352.
  • Mehr, M. Y., van Driel, W. D., and Zhang, G. Q. (2015). Progress in understanding color maintenance in solid-state lighting systems. Engineering 1, 170–178.
  • Mont, F. W., Kim, J. K., Schubert, M. F., Schubert, E. F., and Siegel, R. W. (2008). High-refractive-index TiO2-nanoparticle-loaded encapsulants for light-emitting diodes. Journal of Applied Physics 103, 083120.
  • Nakamura, S. (2015). Background story of the invention of efficient blue InGaN light emitting diodes (Nobel Lecture). Annalen der Physik 527, 335–349.
  • Navigant Consulting Europe, Ltd.. (2009). Life–cycle assessment of ultra–efficient lamps. A research report completed for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DEFRA, London, UK.
  • Navigant U.S. Department of Energy. (2012). Life–cycle assessment of energy and environmental impacts of LED lighting products. Part I–II. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C., USA.
  • Neslen, A. (2015). Big brands ‘cheating’ consumers with false lightbulb efficiency claims. The Guardian, Thursday 17 December, 12.44 GMT (online). (04.02.2016)
  • Osram, Siemens Corporate Technology. (2009). Life-cycle assessment of illuminants – A comparison of light bulbs, compact fluorescent lamps and LED lamps, Executive Summary. Osram Opto Semiconductiors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany.
  • Park, H. A, Yl Kwon, L., Won, B. I., Jong, H., and Woon, J. C. (2015). Phosphor in glass with Eu3+ and Pr3+–doped silicate glasses for LED color conversion. Optical Materials 41, 67–70.
  • Patent. (2010). Lichtquelle mit einem lichtemittierenden Element. Light source comprising a light–emitting element. EP 1 352 431 B1.
  • Patent. (2014). Led light and filament thereof. US 20140369036 A1.
  • Pavel, C. C., Marmier, A., Tzimas, E., Schleicher, T., Schueler, D., Buchert, M., and Blagoeva, D. (2016). Critical raw materials in lighting applications: Substitution opportunities and implication on their demand. Physics Status Solidi A213, 2937–2946.
  • Pradal, N., Chadeyron, G., Potdevin, A., Deschamps, J., and Mahou, R. (2013). Elaboration and optimization of Ce–doped Y3Al5O12 nanopowders dispersion. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33, 1935–1945.
  • Principi, P., and Fioretti, R. (2014). A comparative life cycle assessment of luminaires for general lighting for the office – compact fluorescent (CFL) vs Light Emitting Diode (LED) – a case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 83, 96–107.
  • Quirk, I. (2009). Life-cycle assessment and policy implications of energy efficient lighting technologies. http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/es196/projects/2009final/QuirkI_2009.pdf ( 07.2016)
  • Raukas, M., Kelso, J., Zheng, Y., Bergenek, K., Eisert, D., Linkov, A., and Jermann, F. (2013). Ceramic phosphors for light conversion in LEDs. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 2, R3168–R3176.
  • RoHS 2. (2011). European Commission: Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (recast).
  • Sangwan, K. S., Bhakar, V., Naik, S., and Andrat, S. N. (2014). Life cycle assessment of incandescent, fluorescent, compact fluorescent and light emitting diode lamps in an Indian scenario. Procedia CIRP 15, 467–472.
  • Schmidt, M., and Häuslein, A. (Eds.) (1996). Ökobilanzierung mit Computerunterstützung. Produktbilanzen und betriebliche Bilanzen mit dem Programm Umberto. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 242.
  • SimaPro. (2016). Life cycle assessment software. https://www.pre-sustainability.com/ ( 10/2016)
  • Sommer, C., Reil, F., Krenn, J. R., Hartmann, P., Pachler, P., Hoschopf, H., and Wenzl, F. P. (2011). The impact of light-scattering on the radiant flux of phosphor-converted high power white light-emitting diodes. Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, 2285–2291.
  • Tähkämö, L., Bazzana, M., Ravel, P., Grannec, F., Martinsons, C., and Zissis, G. (2013). Life cycle assessment of light–emitting diode downlight luminaire – a case study; International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18, 1009–1018.
  • Tähkämö, L., and Halonen, L. (2015). Life cycle assessment of road lighting luminaires – Comparison of light–emitting diode and high–pressure sodium technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production 93, 234–242.
  • Tan, S. T., Sun, X. W., Demir, H. V., and DenBaars, S. P. (2012). Advances in the LED Materials and Architectures for Energy-Saving Solid-State Lighting Toward “Lighting Revolution”. IEEE Photonics Journal 4(2), 613–619.
  • Tang, Y., Zhou, S., Chen, C., Yi, X., Feng, Y., Lin, H., and Zhang, S. (2015). Composite phase ceramic phosphor of Al2O3-Ce:YAG for high efficiency light emitting. Optics Express 23(14), 17923.
  • Ticleanu, C., and Littlefair, P. (2015). A summary of LED lighting impacts on health. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 1, 5–11.
  • U.S. Department of Energy DOE. (2016). Solid–State Lighting R & D Plan. June 2016. DOE SSL Program, “R&D Plan,” edited by James Brodrick, Ph.D.
  • Villa, C., Bremond, R., Saint-Jacques, E. (2016). Assessment of pedestrian discomfort glare from urban LED lighting. Lighting Research Technology 1–26.
  • Von Nauckhoff, M. (2011). Strategische metalle und seltene erden. Munich, Germany: Finanzbuch Verlag.
  • Wang, L., Dong, J., Cui, C., Tian, Y., and Huang, P. (2015). Luminescence properties of a single-component Na0.34Ca0.66Al1.66Si2.34O8:Ce3+, Sm3+ phosphor with tunable color tone for UV–pumped LEDs. Optical Materials 46, 373–377.
  • WEEE. (2012). European Commission: Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (recast).
  • Welz, T., Hischier, R., and Hilty, L. M. (2011). Environmental impacts of lighting technologies – Life cycle assessment and sensitivity analysis. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 31(3), 334–343.
  • Wenzl, F. P., Fulmek, P., Sommer, C., Schweitzer, S., Nemitz, W., Hartmann, P., Pachler, P., Hoschopf, H., Schrank, F., Langer, G., and Nicolics, J. (2014). Impact of extinction coefficient of phosphor on thermal load of color conversion elements of phosphor converted LEDs. Journal of Rare Earths 32, 201–206.
  • Wilburn, D. R. (2012). Byproduct metals and rare-earth elements used in the production of light–emitting diodes – Overview of principal sources of supply and material requirements for selected markets. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 5215, pp. 15.http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5215/.
  • Wolf, M. A., Pant, R., Chomkhamsri, K., Sala, S., and Pennington, D. (2012). The international reference life cycle data system (ILCD) handbook. JRC Reference Reports, European Union, Ispra, Italy.
  • Ye, S., Xiao, F., Pan, Y. X., Ma, Y. Y., and Zhang, Q. Y. (2010). Phosphors in phosphor-converted white light emitting diodes: Recent advances in materials, techniques and properties. Materials Science and Engineering R71, 1–34.
  • Yi, S., Chung, W. J., and Heo, J. (2015). Phosphor-in-glasses composites containing light diffusers for high color uniformity of white-light-emitting diodes. Journal of Solid State Lighting 2, 8.
  • Zheng, H., Liu, S., Zou, X., Lei, X., and Guo, X. (2015). Improvement of optical performances of LEDs by dual–layer structure of nano–TiO2 and phosphor. 2015 IEEE 16th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology, pp. 1051–1053.
  • Zissis, G. (2016). Quality and health aspects of led lamps for the european residential lighting market. LED professional Review. Trends & Technologies for Future Lighting Solutions, July/August 2016, Issue 56, pp. 40–56.