900
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Toward N-nitrosamines free water: Formation, prevention, and removal

ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 2448-2489 | Published online: 15 Feb 2018

References

  • Adebisi, G.A., Chowdhury, Z.Z., and Alaba, P.A. (2017). Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of lead ion and zinc ion adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Cleaner Production 148, 958–968.
  • Alaba, P.A., Sani, Y.M., and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2015a). Kaolinite properties and advances for solid acid and basic catalyst synthesis. RSC Advances 5(122), 101127–101147.
  • Alaba, P.A., Sani, Y.M., and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2015b). Synthesis and characterization of hierarchical nanoporous HY zeolites from acid-activated kaolin. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 36(11), 1846–1851.
  • Alaba, P.A., Sani, Y.M., and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2016a). Efficient biodiesel production via solid superacid catalysis: a critical review on recent breakthrough. RSC Advances 6(82), 78351–78368.
  • Alaba, P.A., Sani, Y.M., Mohammed, I.Y., Abakr, Y.A., and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2016b). Synthesis and application of hierarchical mesoporous HZSM-5 for biodiesel production from shea butter. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 59, 405–412.
  • Alaba, P.A., Sani, Y.M., Mohammed, I.Y., Abakr, Y.A., and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2017). Synthesis of hierarchical nanoporous HY zeolites from activated kaolin, a central composite design optimization study. Advanced Powder Technology 28(5), 1399–1410.
  • Alaba, P.A., Sani, Y.M., Mohammed, I.Y., Daud, W., and Ashri, W.M. (2016c). Insight into catalyst deactivation mechanism and suppression techniques in thermocatalytic deoxygenation of bio-oil over zeolites. Reviews in Chemical Engineering 32(1), 71–91.
  • Amy Kampa, P.W. (2015). Photocatalytic oxidation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine by UV-LED light. (BSc). Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
  • Aqeel, A., Kim, C.-J., and Lim, H.-J. (2016). Effect of pH on UV Photodegradation of N-Nitrosamines in water. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 32(4), 357–366.
  • Asami, M., Oya, M., and Kosaka, K. (2009). A nationwide survey of NDMA in raw and drinking water in Japan. Science of the Total Environment 407(11), 3540–3545.
  • Bradley, P.M., Carr, S.A., Baird, R.B., and Chapelle, F.H. (2005). Biodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in soil from a water reclamation facility. Bioremediation Journal 9(2), 115–120.
  • Callura, J.C. (2014). Activated carbon catalyzed nitrosamine formation via amine nitrosation. Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
  • Cao, Y., Yun, Z.Y., Yang, J., Dong, X., Zhou, C.F., Zhuang, T.T., Yu, Q., Liu, H.D., and Zhu, J.H. (2007). Removal of carcinogens in environment: adsorption and degradation of N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in zeolites. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 103(1), 352–362.
  • Carter, K.E., and Farrell, J. (2008). Oxidative destruction of perfluorooctane sulfonate using boron-doped diamond film electrodes. Environmental Science & Technology 42(16), 6111–6115.
  • Carvalho, M., Duque, A., Gonçalves, I., and Castro, P. (2007). Adsorption of fluorobenzene onto granular activated carbon: Isotherm and bioavailability studies. Bioresource Technology 98(18), 3424–3430.
  • Chaplin, B.P., Roundy, E., Guy, K.A., Shapley, J.R., and Werth, C.J. (2006). Effects of natural water ions and humic acid on catalytic nitrate reduction kinetics using an alumina supported Pd− Cu catalyst. Environmental Science & Technology 40(9), 3075–3081.
  • Chaplin, B.P., Schrader, G., and Farrell, J. (2009). Electrochemical oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine with boron-doped diamond film electrodes. Environmental Science & Technology 43(21), 8302–8307.
  • Chaplin, B.P., Schrader, G., and Farrell, J. (2010). Electrochemical destruction of N-nitrosodimethylamine in reverse osmosis concentrates using boron-doped diamond film electrodes. Environmental Science & Technology 44(11), 4264–4269.
  • Charrois, J.W., and Hrudey, S.E. (2007). Breakpoint chlorination and free-chlorine contact time: Implications for drinking water N-nitrosodimethylamine concentrations. Water Research 41(3), 674–682.
  • Chen, C., Leavey, S., Krasner, S.W., and Suffet, I.M. (2014). Applying polarity rapid assessment method and ultrafiltration to characterize NDMA precursors in wastewater effluents. Water Research 57, 115–126.
  • Chen, C., Zhang, X.-J., Zhu, L.-X., Liu, J., and He, W.-J. (2008). Disinfection by-products and their precursors in a water treatment plant in North China: seasonal changes and fraction analysis. Science of the Total Environment 397(1), 140–147.
  • Chen, H., Li, T., Jiang, F., and Wang, Z. (2016a). Enhanced catalytic reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine over bimetallic Pd-Ni catalysts. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 421, 167–177.
  • Chen, X., Chen, G., Gao, F., and Yue, P.L. (2003). High-performance Ti/BDD electrodes for pollutant oxidation. Environmental Science & Technology 37(21), 5021–5026.
  • Chen, Z., Fang, J., Fan, C., and Shang, C. (2016b). Oxidative degradation of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine by the ozone/UV process: Kinetics and pathways. Chemosphere 150, 731–739.
  • Chen, Z., and Valentine, R.L. (2007). Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from humic substances in natural water. Environmental Science & Technology 41(17), 6059–6065.
  • Chen, Z., and Valentine, R.L. (2008). The influence of the pre-oxidation of natural organic matter on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Environmental Science & Technology 42(14), 5062–5067.
  • Choi, J., and Valentine, R.L. (2002). Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloramine: a new disinfection by-product. Water Research 36(4), 817–824.
  • Choi, J., and Valentine, R.L. (2003). N-nitrosodimethylamine formation by free-chlorine-enhanced nitrosation of dimethylamine. Environmental Science & Technology 37(21), 4871–4876.
  • Chow, Y., Lau, M., Perry, R., and Tam, J. (1972). Photoreactions of nitroso compounds in solution. XX. Photoreduction, photoelimination, and photoaddition of nitrosamines. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 50(7), 1044–1050.
  • Chung, J., Ahn, C.-H., Chen, Z., and Rittmann, B.E. (2008). Bio-reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. Chemosphere 70(3), 516–520.
  • Control, C.F.D., and Prevention. (2012). Vital signs: risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief-United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 61(26), 493.
  • Dai, X., Zou, L., Yan, Z., and Millikan, M. (2009). Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons. Journal of Hazardous Materials 168(1), 51–56.
  • Das, P., Williams, C.J., Fulthorpe, R.R., Hoque, M.E., Metcalfe, C.D., and Xenopoulos, M.A. (2012). Changes in bacterial community structure after exposure to silver nanoparticles in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology 46(16), 9120–9128.
  • Davie, M.G., Reinhard, M., and Shapley, J.R. (2006). Metal-catalyzed reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with hydrogen in water. Environmental Science & Technology 40(23), 7329–7335.
  • Davie, M.G., Shih, K., Pacheco, F.A., Leckie, J.O., and Reinhard, M. (2008). Palladium− indium catalyzed reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine: Indium as a promoter metal. Environmental Science & Technology 42(8), 3040–3046.
  • Donaghue, A., and Chaplin, B.P. (2013). Effect of select organic compounds on perchlorate formation at boron-doped diamond film anodes. Environmental Science & Technology 47(21), 12391–12399.
  • Dotson, A., Westerhoff, P., and Krasner, S. (2009). Nitrogen enriched dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates and their affinity to form emerging disinfection by-products. Water Science and Technology 60(1), 135–143.
  • Farré, M.J., Döderer, K., Hearn, L., Poussade, Y., Keller, J., and Gernjak, W. (2011). Understanding the operational parameters affecting NDMA formation at Advanced Water Treatment Plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials 185(2), 1575–1581.
  • Fleming, E.C., Pennington, J.C., Wachob, B.G., Howe, R.A., and Hill, D.O. (1996). Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine from waters using physical-chemical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials 51(1–3), 151–164.
  • Fournier, D., Hawari, J., Streger, S.H., McClay, K., and Hatzinger, P.B. (2006). Biotransformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72(10), 6693–6698.
  • Frierdich, A.J., Joseph, C.E., and Strathmann, T.J. (2009). Catalytic reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with nanophase nickel–boron. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 90(1), 175–183.
  • Frierdich, A.J., Shapley, J.R., and Strathmann, T.J. (2007). Rapid reduction of N-nitrosamine disinfection byproducts in water with hydrogen and porous nickel catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology 42(1), 262–269.
  • Fujioka, T., Khan, S.J., McDonald, J.A., Roux, A., Poussade, Y., Drewes, J.E., and Nghiem, L.D. (2014). Modelling the rejection of N-nitrosamines by a spiral-wound reverse osmosis system: mathematical model development and validation. Journal of Membrane Science 454, 212–219.
  • Fujioka, T., Masaki, S., Kodamatani, H., and Ikehata, K. (2017). Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine by UV-Based advanced oxidation processes for Potable Reuse: A short review. Current Pollution Reports 3(2), 79–87.
  • Gerecke, A.C., Canonica, S., Müller, S.R., Schärer, M., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. (2001). Quantification of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) mediated phototransformation of phenylurea herbicides in lakes. Environmental Science & Technology 35(19), 3915–3923.
  • Gerecke, A.C., and Sedlak, D.L. (2003). Precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology 37(7), 1331–1336.
  • Gui, L., Gillham, R.W., and Odziemkowski, M.S. (2000). Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with granular iron and nickel-enhanced iron. 1. Pathways and kinetics. Environmental Science & Technology 34(16), 3489–3494.
  • Gunnison, D., Zappi, M.E., Teeter, C., Pennington, J.C., and Bajpai, R. (2000). Attenuation mechanisms of N-nitrosodimethylamine at an operating intercept and treat groundwater remediation system. Journal of Hazardous Materials 73(2), 179–197.
  • Gunten, U.V., Salhi, E., Schmidt, C.K., and Arnold, W.A. (2010). Kinetics and mechanisms of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation upon ozonation of N, N-dimethylsulfamide-containing waters: bromide catalysis. Environmental Science & Technology 44(15), 5762–5768.
  • Han, Y., Chen, Z.-L., Shen, J.-M., Wang, J.-H., Li, W.-W., Li, J., Wang, B.-Y., and Tong, L.-N. (2017). The role of Cu (II) in the reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with iron and zinc. Chemosphere 167, 171–177.
  • Han, Y., Chen, Z.L., Shen, J.M., and Liu, Y. (2011). Effect of liquid properties on the reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Zinc (0). In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 243, pp. 4757–4760). Trans Tech Publications.
  • Hanigan, D., Ferrer, I., Thurman, E.M., Herckes, P., and Westerhoff, P. (2017). LC/QTOF-MS fragmentation of N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors in drinking water supplies is predictable and aids their identification. Journal of Hazardous Materials 323, 18–25.
  • Hanigan, D., Thurman, E.M., Ferrer, I., Zhao, Y., Andrews, S., Zhang, J., Herckes, P., and Westerhoff, P. (2015). Methadone contributes to N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in surface waters and wastewaters during chloramination. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2(6), 151–157.
  • Hatzinger, P.B., Condee, C., McClay, K.R., and Togna, A.P. (2011). Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor. Water Research 45(1), 254–262.
  • He, Y., and Cheng, H. (2016). Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in mineral micropores induced by microwave irradiation. Water Research 94, 305–314.
  • Hollender, J., Zimmermann, S.G., Koepke, S., Krauss, M., McArdell, C.S., Ort, C., Singer, H., von Gunten, U., and Siegrist, H. (2009). Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environmental Science & Technology 43(20), 7862–7869.
  • Huang, C.-H., Padhye, L.P., and Wang, Y.-L. (2013). Catalytic impact of activated Carbon on the formation of Nitrosamines from different Amine Precursors. In Interactions of Nanomaterials with Emerging Environmental Contaminants (pp. 79–100). American Chemical Society.
  • Jeon, D., Kim, J., Shin, J., Hidayat, Z.R., Na, S., and Lee, Y. (2016). Transformation of ranitidine during water chlorination and ozonation: Moiety-specific reaction kinetics and elimination efficiency of NDMA formation potential. Journal of Hazardous Materials 318, 802–809.
  • Kamaloo, E., Deskins, N.A., Kazantzis, N., and Thompson, R.W. (2013). Molecular modeling of adsorbed NDMA and water in MFI zeolites. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 182, 198–206.
  • Kawamura, Y., Yoshida, H., Asai, S., and Tanibe, H. (1997). Breakthrough curve for adsorption of mercury (II) on polyaminated highly porous chitosan beads. Water Science and Technology 35(7), 97–105.
  • Khan, S., and McDonald, J. (2010). Quantifying human exposure to contaminants for multiple-barrier water reuse systems. Water Science and Technology 61(1), 77–83.
  • Kim, J.O., Jung, J.T., Kim, M., Lee, Y.W., and Chung, J. (2012). Removal of N‐nitrosodimethylamine by ultraviolet treatment and anodizing TiO2 membrane processes. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 31(3), 407–414.
  • Kommineni, S., Ela, W.P., Arnold, R.G., Huling, S.G., Hester, B.J., and Betterton, E.A. (2003). NDMA treatment by sequential GAC adsorption and Fenton-driven destruction. Environmental Engineering Science 20(4), 361–373.
  • Krasner, S.W. (2009). The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367(1904), 4077–4095.
  • Krasner, S.W., Mitch, W.A., McCurry, D.L., Hanigan, D., and Westerhoff, P. (2013). Formation, precursors, control, and occurrence of nitrosamines in drinking water: a review. Water Research 47(13), 4433–4450.
  • Krasner, S.W., Mitch, W.A., Westerhoff, P., and Dotson, A. (2012). Formation and control of emerging C-and N-DBPs in drinking water. Journal: American Water Works Association 104(11), 33.
  • Krasner, S.W., Westerhoff, P., Chen, B., Rittmann, B.E., and Amy, G. (2009). Occurrence of disinfection byproducts in United States wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environmental Science & Technology 43(21), 8320–8325.
  • Krauss, M., Longrée, P., Van Houtte, E., Cauwenberghs, J., and Hollender, J. (2010). Assessing the fate of nitrosamine precursors in wastewater treatment by physicochemical fractionation. Environmental Science & Technology 44(20), 7871–7877.
  • Lam, M.W., Tantuco, K., and Mabury, S.A. (2003). PhotoFate: a new approach in accounting for the contribution of indirect photolysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Environmental Science & Technology 37(5), 899–907.
  • Le Roux, J., Gallard, H., and Croué, J.-P. (2011). Chloramination of nitrogenous contaminants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides): NDMA and halogenated DBPs formation. Water Research 45(10), 3164–3174.
  • Lee, C., Choi, W., Kim, Y.G., and Yoon, J. (2005). UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine. Environmental Science & Technology 39(7), 2101–2106.
  • Lee, C., Lee, Y., Schmidt, C., Yoon, J., and Von Gunten, U. (2008). Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters. Water Research 42(1), 433–441.
  • Lee, C., Schmidt, C., Yoon, J., and Von Gunten, U. (2007). Oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors with ozone and chlorine dioxide: kinetics and effect on NDMA formation potential. Environmental Science & Technology 41(6), 2056–2063.
  • Lee, J., Choi, W., and Yoon, J. (2005). Photocatalytic degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine: mechanism, product distribution, and TiO2 surface modification. Environmental Science & Technology 39(17), 6800–6807.
  • Li, S., Zhang, X., Bei, E., Yue, H., Lin, P., Wang, J., Zhang, X., and Chen, C. (2017). Capability of cation exchange technology to remove proven N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors. Journal of Environmental Sciences 58, 331–339.
  • Li, Y., Wan, M., and Zhu, J. (2013). Pollution Diseases, Remediation and Recycling, Environmental chemistry for a sustainable world 4. In E. Lichtfouse, et al. (Ed.), Carcinogenic nitrosamines: remediation by zeolites (pp. 433–477). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Liao, X., Bei, E., Li, S., Ouyang, Y., Wang, J., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Krasner, S.W., and Suffet, I.M. (2015). Applying the polarity rapid assessment method to characterize nitrosamine precursors and to understand their removal by drinking water treatment processes. Water Research 87, 292–298.
  • Liao, X., Wang, C., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Chen, C., Krasner, S.W., and Suffet, I. (2014). Nitrosamine precursor and DOM control in effluent-affected drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc 106(7), 8.
  • Liao, X., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Li, X., Wang, C., and Chen, C. (2013). Application of conventional and O3-BAC processes to treat organic matter and antibiotic pollutants in a lake in East China. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 13(6), 1470–1477.
  • Liu, Y.D., Selbes, M., Zeng, C., Zhong, R., and Karanfil, T. (2014). Formation Mechanism of NDMA from ranitidine, trimethylamine, and other tertiary amines during chloramination: A computational study. Environmental Science & Technology 48(15), 8653–8663.
  • Livermore, J.A., Jin, Y.O., Arnseth, R.W., LePuil, M., and Mattes, T.E. (2013). Microbial community dynamics during acetate biostimulation of RDX-contaminated groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology 47(14), 7672–7678.
  • Lv, J., Li, Y., and Song, Y. (2013). Reinvestigation on the ozonation of N-nitrosodimethylamine: Influencing factors and degradation mechanism. Water Research 47(14), 4993–5002.
  • Mallik, M., and Tesfai, K. (1981). Transformation of nitrosamines in soil andin vitro by soil microorganisms. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27(1), 115–121.
  • Marselli, B., Garcia-Gomez, J., Michaud, P.-A., Rodrigo, M., and Comninellis, C. (2003). Electrogeneration of hydroxyl radicals on boron-doped diamond electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 150(3), D79–D83.
  • Martijn, B.J., Fuller, A.L., Malley, J.P., and Kruithof, J.C. (2010). Impact of IX-UF pretreatment on the feasibility of UV/H2O2 treatment for degradation of NDMA and 1, 4-dioxane. Ozone: Science & Engineering 32(6), 383–390.
  • McCurry, D.L., Krasner, S.W., Von Gunten, U., and Mitch, W.A. (2015). Determinants of disinfectant pretreatment efficacy for nitrosamine control in chloraminated drinking water. Water Research 84, 161–170.
  • Mcnab, W.W., Ruiz, R., and Reinhard, M. (2000). In-situ destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater using catalytic reductive dehalogenation in a reactive well: Testing and operational experiences. Environmental Science & Technology 34(1), 149–153.
  • Mitch, W.A., Gerecke, A.C., and Sedlak, D.L. (2003). A N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursor analysis for chlorination of water and wastewater. Water Research 37(15), 3733–3741.
  • Mitch, W.A., and Sedlak, D.L. (2002). Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from dimethylamine during chlorination. Environmental Science & Technology 36(4), 588–595.
  • Mitch, W.A., Sharp, J.O., Trussell, R.R., Valentine, R.L., Alvarez-Cohen, L., and Sedlak, D.L. (2003). N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environmental Engineering Science 20(5), 389–404.
  • Naje, A.S., Chelliapan, S., Zakaria, Z., Ajeel, M.A., and Alaba, P.A. (2016). A review of electrocoagulation technology for the treatment of textile wastewater. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 33(3):263–292.
  • Najm, I., and Trussell, R.R. (2001). NDMA formation in water and wastemater. Journal (American Water Works Association) 93(2), 92–99.
  • Nawrocki, J., and Andrzejewski, P. (2011). Nitrosamines and water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 189(1), 1–18.
  • Nerenberg, R., and Rittmann, B. (2004). Hydrogen-based, hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor for reduction of perchlorate and other oxidized contaminants. Water Science and Technology 49(11–12), 223–230.
  • Odziemkowski, M.S., Gui, L., and Gillham, R.W. (2000). Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with granular iron and nickel-enhanced iron. 2. Mechanistic studies. Environmental Science & Technology 34(16), 3495–3500.
  • Padhye, L., Wang, P., Karanfil, T., and Huang, C.-H. (2010). Unexpected role of activated carbon in promoting transformation of secondary amines to N-nitrosamines. Environmental Science & Technology 44(11), 4161–4168.
  • Padhye, L.P., Hertzberg, B., Yushin, G., and Huang, C.-H. (2011). N-nitrosamines formation from secondary amines by nitrogen fixation on the surface of activated carbon. Environmental Science & Technology 45(19), 8368–8376.
  • Park, S.-H., Wei, S., Mizaikoff, B., Taylor, A.E., Favero, C., and Huang, C.-H. (2009). Degradation of amine-based water treatment polymers during chloramination as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors. Environmental Science & Technology 43(5), 1360–1366.
  • Philibert, M., Rosario-Ortiz, F., and Suffet, M. (2012). Comparison of two polarity measurements of hydrophobic organic matter for the evaluation of water treatment processes: XAD resin and PRAM. Water Science and Technology 66(11), 2418–2424.
  • Pinisakul, A., Kritayakornupong, C., and Ruangpornvisuti, V. (2008). Molecular modeling of nitrosamines adsorbed on H-ZSM-5 zeolite: An ONIOM study. Journal of Molecular Modeling 14(11), 1035–1041.
  • Pisarenko, A.N., Marti, E.J., Gerrity, D., Peller, J.R., and Dickenson, E.R. (2015). Effects of molecular ozone and hydroxyl radical on formation of N-nitrosamines and perfluoroalkyl acids during ozonation of treated wastewaters. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1(5), 668–678.
  • Pisarenko, A.N., Stanford, B.D., Yan, D., Gerrity, D., and Snyder, S.A. (2012). Effects of ozone and ozone/peroxide on trace organic contaminants and NDMA in drinking water and water reuse applications. Water Research 46(2), 316–326.
  • Qian, Y., Wu, M., Wang, W., Chen, B., Zheng, H., Krasner, S.W., Hrudey, S.E., and Li, X.-F. (2015). Determination of 14 nitrosamines at nanogram per liter levels in drinking water. Analytical Chemistry 87(2), 1330–1336.
  • Reyes-Contreras, C., Domínguez, C., and Bayona, J.M. (2012). Determination of nitrosamines and caffeine metabolites in wastewaters using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ionic liquid stationary phases. Journal of Chromatography A 1261, 164–170.
  • Rittmann, B.E., Nerenberg, R., Lee, K.-C., Najm, I., Gillogly, T.E., Lehman, G.E., and Adham, S.S. (2004). Hydrogen-based hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) for removing oxidized contaminants. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 4(1), 127–133.
  • Rosario-Ortiz, F.L., Snyder, S., and Suffet, I. (2007). Characterization of the polarity of natural organic matter under ambient conditions by the polarity rapid assessment method (PRAM). Environmental Science & Technology 41(14), 4895–4900.
  • Roux, J.L., Gallard, H., Croué, J.-P., Papot, S., and Deborde, M. (2012). NDMA formation by chloramination of ranitidine: kinetics and mechanism. Environmental Science & Technology 46(20), 11095–11103.
  • Russell, C.G., Blute, N.K., Via, S., Wu, X., and Chowdhury, Z. (2012). Nationwide assessment of nitrosamine occurrence and trends. Journal: American Water Works Association 104(3).
  • Sakai, H., Kosaka, K., and Takizawa, S. (2012). Effect of Wavelength on the UV-Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine. Ozone: Science & Engineering 34(2), 115–119.
  • Schmidt, C.K., and Brauch, H.-J. (2008). N, N-dimethylsulfamide as precursor for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation upon ozonation and its fate during drinking water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology 42(17), 6340–6346.
  • Schreiber, I.M., and Mitch, W.A. (2005). Influence of the order of reagent addition on NDMA formation during chloramination. Environmental Science & Technology 39(10), 3811–3818.
  • Schreiber, I.M., and Mitch, W.A. (2006). Nitrosamine formation pathway revisited: the importance of chloramine speciation and dissolved oxygen. Environmental Science & Technology 40(19), 6007–6014.
  • Shah, A.D., and Mitch, W.A. (2011). Halonitroalkanes, halonitriles, haloamides, and N-nitrosamines: a critical review of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation pathways. Environmental Science & Technology 46(1), 119–131.
  • Sharp, J.O., Wood, T.K., and Alvarez‐Cohen, L. (2005). Aerobic biodegradation of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by axenic bacterial strains. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 89(5), 608–618.
  • Sharpless, C.M., and Linden, K.G. (2003). Experimental and model comparisons of low-and medium-pressure Hg lamps for the direct and H2O2 assisted UV photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in simulated drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology 37(9), 1933–1940.
  • Shen, R., and Andrews, S.A. (2011). Demonstration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection. Water Research 45(2), 944–952.
  • Shen, R., and Andrews, S.A. (2013a). Formation of NDMA from ranitidine and sumatriptan: The role of pH. Water Research 47(2), 802–810.
  • Shen, R., and Andrews, S.A. (2013b). NDMA formation from amine-based pharmaceuticals–impact from prechlorination and water matrix. Water Research 47(7), 2446–2457.
  • Singer, P.C., Schneider, M., Edwards-Brandt, J., and Budd, G.C. (2007). MIEX for removal of DBP precursors: pilot-plant findings. American Water Works Association. Journal 99(4), 128.
  • Stefan, M.I., and Bolton, J.R. (2002). UV direct photolysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA): Kinetic and product study. Helvetica Chimica Acta 85(5), 1416–1426.
  • Strazisar, B.R., Anderson, R.R., and White, C.M. (2003). Degradation pathways for monoethanolamine in a CO2 capture facility. Energy & Fuels 17(4), 1034–1039.
  • Su, X., Bromberg, L., Tan, K.-J., Jamison, T.F., Padhye, L.P., and Hatton, T.A. (2017). Electrochemically mediated reduction of Nitrosamines by Hemin-Functionalized Redox electrodes. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 4(4), 161–167.
  • Sun, X.D., Lin, W.G., Wang, L.-J., Zhou, B., Lv, X.L., Wang, Y., Zheng, S.-J., Wang, W.-M., Tong, Y.-G., and Zhu, J.H. (2014). Liquid adsorption of tobacco specific N-nitrosamines by zeolite and activated carbon. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 200, 260–268.
  • Svendsen, H.F., and Asif, N. (2013). Destruction of nitrosoamines with UV-light. Energy Procedia 37, 743–750.
  • Swaim, P., Smith, T., Royce, A., Assouline, J., Maloney, T., and Carter, B. (2006). Effectiveness of UV advanced oxidation for destruction of micro-pollutants. Proceedings of the 2006 American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference.
  • Taguchi, V.J., SDW, Wang, D.T., Palmentier, J.P.F.P., and Reiner, E.J. (1994). Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine by isotope dilution, high-resolution mass spectrometry. Can. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 39, 87–93.
  • Tate, III, R.L., and Alexander, M. (1975). Stability of Nitrosamines in samples of Lake Water, Soil, and Sewage 2. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 54(2), 327–330.
  • USEPA. (1993). N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CASRN 62-75-9) – Integrated risk information system (IRIS). from http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0045.htm
  • USEPA. (2014). N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA). from http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_ndma_january2014_final.pdf
  • Wang, C., Shi, H., Adams, C.D., Timmons, T., and Ma, Y. (2013). Investigation of removal of N-nitrosamines and their precursors in water treatments using activated carbon nanoparticles. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 16(1–2), 34–48.
  • Wang, C., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Liu, S., Chen, C., and Xie, Y. (2013). Effects of organic fractions on the formation and control of N-nitrosamine precursors during conventional drinking water treatment processes. Science of the Total Environment 449, 295–301.
  • Wang, L., Li, Y., Shang, X., and Shen, J. (2014). Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants in and around Shanghai. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 8(4), 519–530.
  • Wang, W., Hu, J., Yu, J., and Yang, M. (2010). Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Environmental Sciences 22(10), 1508–1512.
  • Webster, T.S., Condee, C., and Hatzinger, P.B. (2013). Ex situ treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in groundwater using a fluidized bed reactor. Water Research 47(2), 811–820.
  • Weidhaas, J.L., Zigmond, M.J., and Dupont, R.R. (2012). Aerobic biotransformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrodimethylamine by benzene-, butane-, methane-, propane-, and toluene-fed cultures. Bioremediation Journal 16(2), 74–85.
  • West, D.M., Wu, Q., Donovan, A., Shi, H., Ma, Y., Jiang, H., and Wang, J. (2016). N-nitrosamine formation by monochloramine, free chlorine, and peracetic acid disinfection with presence of amine precursors in drinking water system. Chemosphere 153, 521–527.
  • Wilczak, A., Assadi-Rad, A., Lai, H.H., Hoover, L.L., Smith, J.F., Berger, R., Rodigari, F., Beland, J.W., Lazzelle, L.J., and Kincannon, E.G. (2003). Formation of NDMA in chloraminated water coagulated with DADMAC cationic polymer. Journal (American Water Works Association) 95(9), 94–106.
  • Wolff, S.E., Veldhoen, N., Helbing, C.C., Ramirez, C.A., Malpas, J.M., and Propper, C.R. (2015). Estrogenic environmental contaminants alter the mRNA abundance profiles of genes involved in gonadal differentiation of the American bullfrog. Science of the Total Environment 521, 380–387.
  • Xiaodong, D., Guoping, L., Zhiheng, Z., Linda, Z., and Zifeng, Y. (2012). N‐nitrosodimethylamine adsorption in aqueous phase by activated carbons with different porous and surface structures. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 7(2), 266–273.
  • Xu, B., Chen, Z., Qi, F., Ma, J., and Wu, F. (2009). Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 168(1), 108–114.
  • Xu, B., Chen, Z., Qi, F., Ma, J., and Wu, F. (2010). Comparison of N-nitrosodiethylamine degradation in water by UV irradiation and UV/O 3: efficiency, product and mechanism. Journal of Hazardous Materials 179(1), 976–982.
  • Xu, B., Chen, Z., Qi, F., Shen, J., and Wu, F. (2009). Factors influencing the photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China 3(1), 91–97.
  • Xu, B., Chen, Z., Qi, F., and Xu, Z. (2009). Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water by UV/O3. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 58(2), 135–145.
  • Yang, W., Gan, J., Liu, W., and Green, R. (2005). Degradation of-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Landscape Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 34(1), 336–341.
  • Yoon, S., Nakada, N., and Tanaka, H. (2012). A new method for quantifying N-nitrosamines in wastewater samples by gas chromatography—triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 97, 256–261.
  • Zeng, T., and Mitch, W.A. (2015). Contribution of N-nitrosamines and their precursors to domestic sewage by greywaters and blackwaters. Environmental Science & Technology 49(22), 13158–13167.
  • Zhai, H., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., Liu, J., and Ji, M. (2014). Formation of brominated disinfection byproducts during chloramination of drinking water: new polar species and overall kinetics. Environmental Science & Technology 48(5), 2579–2588.
  • Zhang, A., Li, Y., Song, Y., Lv, J., and Yang, J. (2014). Characterization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors during disinfection processes using free chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Journal of Hazardous Materials 276, 499–509.
  • Zhi, J.-F., Wang, H.-B., Nakashima, T., Rao, T.N., and Fujishima, A. (2003). Electrochemical incineration of organic pollutants on boron-doped diamond electrode. Evidence for direct electrochemical oxidation pathway. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107(48), 13389–13395.
  • Zhou, C., Gao, N., Deng, Y., Chu, W., Rong, W., and Zhou, S. (2012). Factors affecting ultraviolet irradiation/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H 2 O 2) degradation of mixed N-nitrosamines in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 231, 43–48.
  • Zimmermann, S.G., Wittenwiler, M., Hollender, J., Krauss, M., Ort, C., Siegrist, H., and von Gunten, U. (2011). Kinetic assessment and modeling of an ozonation step for full-scale municipal wastewater treatment: micropollutant oxidation, by-product formation and disinfection. Water Research 45(2), 605–617.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.