References
- Abd El-Mageed, T. A., Rady, M. M., Taha, R. S., Abd El Azeam, S., Simpson, C. R., & Semida, W. M. (2020). Effects of integrated use of residual sulfur-enhanced biochar with effective microorganisms on soil properties, plant growth and short-term productivity of Capsicum annuum under salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 108930. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108930
- Abdelhafez, A. A., Abbas, M. H., & Li, J. (2017). Biochar: The black diamond for soil sustainability, contamination control and agricultural production. In W. J. Huang (Ed.), Engineering applications of biochar (Vol. 2; pp. 7–27). IntechOpen.
- Ahmad, M., Ok, Y. S., Kim, B.-Y., Ahn, J.-H., Lee, Y. H., Zhang, M., Moon, D. H., Al-Wabel, M. I., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Impact of soybean stover- and pine needle-derived biochars on Pb and As mobility, microbial community, and carbon stability in a contaminated agricultural soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 166, 131–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.006
- Ahmad, M., Usman, A. R. A., Al-Faraj, A. S., Ahmad, M., Sallam, A., & Al-Wabel, M. I. (2018). Phosphorus-loaded biochar changes soil heavy metals availability and uptake potential of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Chemosphere, 194, 327–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.156
- Akhter, A., Hage-Ahmed, K., Soja, G., & Steinkellner, S. (2015). Compost and biochar alter mycorrhization, tomato root exudation, and development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00529
- Albert, H. A., Li, X., Jeyakumar, P., Wei, L., Huang, L., Huang, Q., Kamran, M., Shaheen, S. M., Hou, D., Rinklebe, J., Liu, Z., & Wang, H. (2021). Influence of biochar and soil properties on soil and plant tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb: A meta-analysis. The Science of the Total Environment, 755(Pt 2), 142582. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142582
- Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Bano, R., Bharwana, S., Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., Hussain, M., & Al-Wabel, M. (2018). Effects of biochar on growth, photosynthesis and chromium (Cr) uptake in Brassica rapa L. under Cr stress. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(17). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3861-3
- Amen, R., Bashir, H., Bibi, I., Shaheen, S., Niazi, N., Shahid, M., Hussain, M. M., Antoniadis, V., Shakoor, M., Al-Solaimani, S., Wang, H., Bundschuh, J., & Rinklebe, J. (2020). A critical review on arsenic removal from water using biochar-based sorbents: The significance of modification and redox reactions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 396, 125195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125195
- Antoniadis, V., Levizou, E., Shaheen, S. M., Ok, Y. S., Sebastian, A., Baum, C., Prasad, M. N., Wenzel, W. W., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Trace elements in the soil-plant interface: Phytoavailability, translocation, and phytoremediation–A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 171, 621–645. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.005
- Antoniadis, V., Shaheen, S. M., Boersch, J., Frohne, T., Du Laing, G., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in garden edible vegetables and soils around a highly contaminated former mining area in Germany. Journal of Environmental Management, 186(Pt 2), 192–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.036
- Antoniadis, V., Shaheen, S. M., Levizou, E., Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Vithanage, M., Ok, Y. S., Bolan, N., & Rinklebe, J. (2019). A critical prospective analysis of the potential toxicity of trace element regulation limits in soils worldwide: Are they protective concerning health risk assessment?—A review. Environment International, 127, 819–847. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.039
- Anwar, H., Shahid, M., Natasha, N., Niazi, N. K., Khalid, S., Tariq, T. Z., Ahmad, S., Nadeem, M., & Abbas, G. (2020). Risk assessment of potentially toxic metal(loid)s in Vigna radiata L. under wastewater and freshwater irrigation. Chemosphere, 265, 129124.
- Awad, Y. M., Ok, Y. S., Abrigata, J., Beiyuan, J., Beckers, F., Tsang, D. C., & Rinklebe, J. (2018). Pine sawdust biomass and biochars at different pyrolysis temperatures change soil redox processes. The Science of the Total Environment, 625, 147–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.194
- Bailey, V. L., Fansler, S. J., Smith, J. L., & Bolton, H. (2011). Reconciling apparent variability in effects of biochar amendment on soil enzyme activities by assay optimization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(2), 296–301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.10.014
- Banik, C., Lawrinenko, M., Bakshi, S., & Laird, D. A. (2018). Impact of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock on surface charge and functional group chemistry of biochars. Journal of Environmental Quality, 47(3), 452–461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.11.0432
- Bashir, S., Zhu, J., Fu, Q., & Hu, H. (2018). Cadmium mobility, uptake and anti-oxidative response of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) under rice straw biochar, zeolite and rock phosphate as amendments. Chemosphere, 194, 579–587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.162
- Beckers, F., Mothes, S., Abrigata, J., Zhao, J., Gao, Y., & Rinklebe, J. (2019). Mobilization of mercury species under dynamic laboratory redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil as affected by biochar and sugar beet factory lime. The Science of the Total Environment, 672, 604–617. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.401
- Beesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Gomez-Eyles, J. L., Harris, E., Robinson, B., & Sizmur, T. (2011). A review of biochars' potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution, 159(12), 3269–3282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.023
- Beiyuan, J., Awad, Y. M., Beckers, F., Tsang, D. C., Ok, Y. S., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Mobility and phytoavailability of As and Pb in a contaminated soil using pine sawdust biochar under systematic change of redox conditions. Chemosphere, 178, 110–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.022
- Beygi, M., & Jalali, M. (2019). Assessment of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) fractionation and bioavailability in vineyard soils from the Hamedan, Iran. Geoderma, 337, 1009–1020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.11.009
- Bolan, N., Kunhikrishnan, A., Thangarajan, R., Kumpiene, J., Park, J., Makino, T., Kirkham, M. B., & Scheckel, K. (2014). Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-to mobilize or to immobilize? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 266, 141–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018
- Cao, X., & Harris, W. (2010). Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresource Technology, 101(14), 5222–5228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.052
- Carré, F., Caudeville, J., Bonnard, R., Bert, V., Boucard, P., & Ramel, M. (2017). Soil contamination and human health: A major challenge for global soil security. In D. J. Field, C. L. S. Morgan, & A. B. McBratney (Eds.), Global soil security (pp. 275–295). Springer.
- Chen, H., Ma, J., Wei, J., Gong, X., Yu, X., Guo, H., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Biochar increases plant growth and alters microbial communities via regulating the moisture and temperature of green roof substrates. The Science of the Total Environment, 635, 333–342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.127
- Chibuike, G., & Obiora, S. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soils: Effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2014, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708
- Cipullo, S., Snapir, B., Tardif, S., Campo, P., Prpich, G., & Coulon, F. (2018). Insights into mixed contaminants interactions and its implication for heavy metals and metalloids mobility, bioavailability and risk assessment. The Science of the Total Environment, 645, 662–673. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.179
- Cui, L., Li, L., Zhang, A., Pan, G., Bao, D., & Chang, A. (2011). Biochar amendment greatly reduces rice Cd uptake in a contaminated paddy soil: A two-year field experiment. BioResources, 6, 2605–2618.
- Cui, L., Noerpel, M. R., Scheckel, K. G., & Ippolito, J. A. (2019). Wheat straw biochar reduces environmental cadmium bioavailability. Environment International, 126, 69–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.022
- Cui, L., Yan, J., Li, L., Quan, G., Ding, C., Chen, T., Yin, C., Gao, J., & Hussain, Q. (2015). Does biochar alter the speciation of Cd and Pb in aqueous solution? BioResources, 10(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.1.88-104
- Cui, L., Yin, C., Chen, T., Quan, G., Ippolito, J. A., Liu, B., Yan, J., & Hussain, Q. (2019). Biochar immobilizes and degrades 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 38(6), 1364–1371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4401
- Dai, Y., Zheng, H., Jiang, Z., & Xing, B. (2020). Combined effects of biochar properties and soil conditions on plant growth: A meta-analysis. The Science of the Total Environment, 713, 136635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136635
- Dangi, S., Gao, S., Duan, Y., & Wang, D. (2019). Soil microbial community structure affected by biochar and fertilizer sources. Applied Soil Ecology, 150, 103452.
- de Jesus Duarte, S., Glaser, B., Cerri, P., & Eduardo, C. (2019). Effect of biochar particle size on physical hydrological and chemical properties of loamy and sandy tropical soils. Agronomy, 9(4), 165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040165
- Desjardins, D., Brereton, N. J., Marchand, L., Brisson, J., Pitre, F. E., & Labrecque, M. (2018). Complementarity of three distinctive phytoremediation crops for multiple-trace element contaminated soil. Science of the Total Environment, 610-611, 1428–1438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.196
- Dhiman, J., Prasher, S. O., ElSayed, E., Patel, R., Nzediegwu, C., & Mawof, A. (2020). Use of polyacrylamide superabsorbent polymers and plantain peel biochar to reduce heavy metal mobility and uptake by wastewater-irrigated potato plants. Transactions of the ASABE, 63(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13195
- Ding, H., Wang, G., Lou, L., & Lv, J. (2016). Physiological responses and tolerance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) exposed to chromium. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 133, 509–518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.007
- Ding, J., Sun, Y., Xiao, C. L., Shi, K., Zhou, Y. H., & Yu, J. Q. (2007). Physiological basis of different allelopathic reactions of cucumber and figleaf gourd plants to cinnamic acid. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(13), 3765–3773. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm227
- EEA. (2011). Progress in management of contaminated sites. European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/progress-in-management-of-contaminated-sites-3/assessment
- El-Naggar, A., El-Naggar, A. H., Shaheen, S. M., Sarkar, B., Chang, S. X., Tsang, D. C., Rinklebe, J., & Ok, Y. S. (2019). Biochar composition-dependent impacts on soil nutrient release, carbon mineralization, and potential environmental risk: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 241, 458–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.044
- El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., Awad, Y. M., Yang, X., Ryu, C., Rizwan, M., Rinklebe, J., Tsang, D. C., & Ok, Y. S. (2018). Influence of soil properties and feedstocks on biochar potential for carbon mineralization and improvement of infertile soils. Geoderma, 332, 100–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.06.017
- El-Naggar, A., Shaheen, S. M., Hseu, Z.-Y., Wang, S.-L., Ok, Y. S., & Rinklebe, J. (2019). Release dynamics of As, Co, and Mo in a biochar treated soil under pre-definite redox conditions. The Science of the Total Environment, 657, 686–695. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.026
- Elad, Y., Cytryn, E., Harel, Y. M., Lew, B., & Graber, E. R. (2011). The biochar effect: Plant resistance to biotic stresses. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50, 335–349.
- Enders, A., Hanley, K., Whitman, T., Joseph, S., & Lehmann, J. (2012). Characterization of biochars to evaluate recalcitrance and agronomic performance. Bioresource Technology, 114, 644–653. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.022
- FAO. (2005). Soil organisms. The importance of soil organic matter. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a0100e/a0100e0d.htm
- Fellet, G., Marchiol, L., Delle Vedove, G., & Peressotti, A. (2011). Application of biochar on mine tailings: Effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere, 83(9), 1262–1267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.053
- Feng, M., Zhang, W., Wu, X., Jia, Y., Jiang, C., Wei, H., Qiu, R., & Tsang, D. C. (2018). Continuous leaching modifies the surface properties and metal(loid) sorption of sludge-derived biochar. The Science of the Total Environment, 625, 731–737. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.337
- Fulton, W., Gray, M., Prahl, F., & Kleber, M. (2013). A simple technique to eliminate ethylene emissions from biochar amendment in agriculture. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(3), 469–474. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0118-5
- Gadd, G. (2004). Microbial influence on metal mobility and application for bioremediation. Geoderma, 122(2-4), 109–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.002
- Gao, S., DeLuca, T. H., & Cleveland, C. C. (2019). Biochar additions alter phosphorus and nitrogen availability in agricultural ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 654, 463–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.124
- Gautam, A., & Dubey, R. S. (2018). Metal toxicity in plants: Induction of oxidative stress, antioxidative defense system, metabolic alterations and phytoremediation. In A. Hemantaranjan (Ed.), Molecular physiology of abiotic stresses in plant productivity (pp. 256–290). Scientific Publishers.
- Gelardi, D. L., Li, C., & Parikh, S. J. (2019). An emerging environmental concern: Biochar-induced dust emissions and their potentially toxic properties. Science of the Total Environment, 678, 813–820. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.007
- Genesio, L., Vaccari, F., & Miglietta, F. (2016). Black Carbon aerosol from biochar threats its negative emission potential. Global Change Biology, 22(7), 2313–2314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13254
- Gong, X., Huang, D., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Chen, S., Wang, R., Xu, P., Cheng, M., Zhang, C., & Xue, W. (2019). Biochar facilitated the phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated sediments: Metal behavior, plant toxicity, and microbial activity. The Science of the Total Environment, 666, 1126–1133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.215
- Hameed, R., Cheng, L., Yang, K., Fang, J., & Lin, D. (2019). Endogenous release of metals with dissolved organic carbon from biochar: Effects of pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and solution chemistry. Environmental Pollution, 255(Pt 2), 113253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113253
- Hamzah, Z., & Shuhaimi, S. (2018). Biochar: Effects on crop growth. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 215, 012011. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/215/1/012011
- He, L., Zhong, H., Liu, G., Dai, Z., Brookes, P. C., & Xu, J. (2019). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: Mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. Environmental Pollution, 252(Pt A), 846–855. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.151
- Hou, D., O’Connor, D., Igalavithana, A. D., Alessi, D. S., Luo, J., Tsang, D. C., Sparks, D. L., Yamauchi, Y., Rinklebe, J., & Ok, Y. S. (2020). Metal contamination and bioremediation of agricultural soils for food safety and sustainability. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 366–381.
- Huang, D., Liu, L., Zeng, G., Xu, P., Huang, C., Deng, L., Wang, R., & Wan, J. (2017). The effects of rice straw biochar on indigenous microbial community and enzymes activity in heavy metal-contaminated sediment. Chemosphere, 174, 545–553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.130
- Huff, M. D., Marshall, S., Saeed, H. A., & Lee, J. W. (2018). Surface oxygenation of biochar through ozonization for dramatically enhancing cation exchange capacity. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 5(1), 18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0205-9
- Ibrahim, M., Li, G., Chan, F. K. S., Kay, P., Liu, X.-X., Firbank, L., & Xu, Y.-Y. (2019). Biochars effects potentially toxic elements and antioxidant enzymes in Lactuca sativa L. grown in multi-metals contaminated soil. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 15, 100427. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100427
- Igalavithana, A. D., Lee, S.-E., Lee, Y. H., Tsang, D. C., Rinklebe, J., Kwon, E. E., & Ok, Y. S. (2017). Heavy metal immobilization and microbial community abundance by vegetable waste and pine cone biochar of agricultural soils. Chemosphere, 174, 593–603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.148
- Ippolito, J., Berry, C., Strawn, D., Novak, J., Levine, J., & Harley, A. (2017). Biochars reduce mine land soil bioavailable metals. Journal of Environmental Quality, 46(2), 411–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.10.0388
- Ippolito, J., Strawn, D., Scheckel, K., Novak, J., Ahmedna, M., & Niandou, M. (2012). Macroscopic and molecular investigations of copper sorption by a steam-activated biochar. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41(4), 1150–1156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0113
- Ippolito, J. A., Cui, L., Kammann, C., Wrage-Mönnig, N., Estavillo, J. M., Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Cayuela, M. L., Sigua, G., Novak, J., Spokas, K., & Borchard, N. (2020). Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: A comprehensive meta-data analysis review. Biochar, 2(4), 421–438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x
- Ippolito, J. A., Cui, L., Novak, J., & Johnson, M. G. (2019). Biochar for mine-land reclamation biochar from biomass and waste (pp. 75–90). Elsevier.
- Jiang, J., Xu, R-k., Jiang, T-y., & Li, Z. (2012). Immobilization of Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) by the addition of rice straw derived biochar to a simulated polluted Ultisol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 229-230, 145–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.086
- Kamran, M., Malik, Z., Parveen, A., Zong, Y., Abbasi, G. H., Rafiq, M. T., Shaaban, M., Mustafa, A., Bashir, S., Rafay, M., Mehmood, S., & Ali, M. (2019). Biochar alleviates Cd phytotoxicity by minimizing bioavailability and oxidative stress in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) cultivated in Cd-polluted soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 250, 109500. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109500
- Kaninga, B. K., Chishala, B. H., Maseka, K. K., Sakala, G. M., Lark, M. R., Tye, A., & Watts, M. J. (2020). mine tailings in an African tropical environment—Mechanisms for the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(4), 1069–1094. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00326-2
- Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., Naeem, M. A., & Niazi, N. K. (2020). A critical review of different factors governing the fate of pesticides in soil under biochar application. Science of the Total Environment, 711, 134645. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134645
- Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Natasha, Shah, A. H., Saeed, F., Ali, M., Qaisrani, S. A., & Dumat, C. (2020). Heavy metal contamination and exposure risk assessment via drinking groundwater in Vehari, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 39852–39864. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10106-6
- Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., & Dumat, C. (2017). A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182, 247–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
- Khan, A. Z., Ding, X., Khan, S., Ayaz, T., Fidel, R., & Khan, M. A. (2020). Biochar efficacy for reducing heavy metals uptake by Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) to minimize human health risk. Chemosphere, 244, 125543. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125543
- Klüpfel, L., Keiluweit, M., Kleber, M., & Sander, M. (2014). Redox properties of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science & Technology, 48(10), 5601–5611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/es500906d
- Kögel-Knabner, I., Amelung, W., Cao, Z., Fiedler, S., Frenzel, P., Jahn, R., Kalbitz, K., Kölbl, A., & Schloter, M. (2010). Biogeochemistry of paddy soils. Geoderma, 157(1-2), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.03.009
- Kołodyńska, D., Wnętrzak, R., Leahy, J. J., Hayes, M. H. B., Kwapiński, W., & Hubicki, Z. (2012). Kinetic and adsorptive characterization of biochar in metal ions removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 197, 295–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.025
- Kumar, A., Tsechansky, L., Lew, B., Raveh, E., Frenkel, O., & Graber, E. R. (2018). Biochar alleviates phytotoxicity in Ficus elastica grown in Zn-contaminated soil. The Science of the Total Environment, 618, 188–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.013
- Lahori, A. H., Zhang, Z., Guo, Z., Li, R., Mahar, A., Awasthi, M. K., Wang, P., Shen, F., Kumbhar, F., Sial, T. A., Zhao, J., & Guo, D. (2017). Beneficial effects of tobacco biochar combined with mineral additives on (im) mobilization and (bio) availability of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn from Pb/Zn smelter contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, 145, 528–538. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.071
- Leng, L., Huang, H., Li, H., Li, J., & Zhou, W. (2019). Biochar stability assessment methods: A review. The Science of the Total Environment, 647, 210–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.402
- Lewandowski, I., Weger, J., Van Hooijdonk, A., Havlickova, K., Van Dam, J., & Faaij, A. (2006). The potential biomass for energy production in the Czech Republic. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(5), 405–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.020
- Li, L., Zhang, Y., Ippolito, J. A., Xing, W., Qiu, K., & Yang, H. (2020). Lead smelting effects heavy metal concentrations in soils, wheat, and potentially humans. Environmental Pollution, 257, 113641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113641
- Li, X., Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Cui, Z. (2019). Phytoremediation of multi-metal contaminated mine tailings with Solanum nigrum L. and biochar/attapulgite amendments. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 180, 517–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.033
- Liu, X., Zhang, A., Ji, C., Joseph, S., Bian, R., Li, L., Pan, G., & Paz-Ferreiro, J. (2013). Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions—A meta-analysis of literature data. Plant and Soil, 373(1-2), 583–594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1806-x
- Lu, H., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Huang, X., Wang, S., & Qiu, R. (2012). Relative distribution of Pb2+ sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Research, 46(3), 854–862. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.058
- Lu, K., Yang, X., Gielen, G., Bolan, N., Ok, Y. S., Niazi, N. K., Xu, S., Yuan, G., Chen, X., Zhang, X., Liu, D., Song, Z., Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2017). Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and redistribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 186, 285–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.068
- Lwin, C. S., Seo, B.-H., Kim, H.-U., Owens, G., & Kim, K.-R. (2018). Application of soil amendments to contaminated soils for heavy metal immobilization and improved soil quality—A critical review. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 64(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2018.1440938
- Maaß, S., Hückelheim, R., & Rillig, M. C. (2019). Collembola laterally move biochar particles. PLoS One, 14(11), e0224179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224179
- Mao, L., & Ye, H. (2018). Influence of redox potential on heavy metal behavior in soils: A review. Research of Environmental Sciences, 31, 1669–1676.
- Méndez, A., Gómez, A., Paz-Ferreiro, J., & Gascó, G. (2012). Effects of sewage sludge biochar on plant metal availability after application to a Mediterranean soil. Chemosphere, 89(11), 1354–1359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.092
- Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). (2014). Report on the national soil contamination survey. Retrieved August 19, 2019, from http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201404/t20140417_270670.htm
- Mohamed, B. A., Ellis, N., Kim, C. S., & Bi, X. (2017). The role of tailored biochar in increasing plant growth, and reducing bioavailability, phytotoxicity, and uptake of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 230, 329–338. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.075
- Morkunas, I., Woźniak, A., Mai, V. C., Rucińska-Sobkowiak, R., & Jeandet, P. (2018). The role of heavy metals in plant response to biotic stress. Molecules, 23(9), 2320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092320
- Munir, M. A. M., Liu, G., Yousaf, B., Ali, M. U., Abbas, Q., & Ullah, H. (2020). Synergistic effects of biochar and processed fly ash on bioavailability, transformation and accumulation of heavy metals by maize (Zea mays L.) in coal-mining contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 240, 124845. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124845
- Murata, N., Takahashi, S., Nishiyama, Y., & Allakhverdiev, S. I. (2007). Photoinhibition of photosystem II under environmental stress. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1767(6), 414–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.11.019
- Naeem, M. A., Shabbir, A., Amjad, M., Abbas, G., Imran, M., Murtaza, B., Tahir, M., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Acid treated biochar enhances cadmium tolerance by restricting its uptake and improving physio-chemical attributes in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, 191, 110218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110218
- Nartey, O. D., & Zhao, B. (2014). Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: An overview. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/715398
- Natasha, Shahid, M., Farooq, A. B. U., Rabbani, F., Khalid, S., & Dumat, C. (2020). Risk assessment and biophysiochemical responses of spinach to foliar application of lead oxide nanoparticles: A multivariate analysis. Chemosphere, 245, 125605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125605
- Natasha, Shahid, M., & Khalid, S. (2020). Foliar application of lead and arsenic solutions to Spinacia oleracea: Biophysiochemical analysis and risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 39763–39773. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06519-7
- Natasha, Shahid, M., Khalid, S., Bibi, I., Bundschuh, J., Khan Niazi, N., & Dumat, C. (2020). A critical review of mercury speciation, bioavailability, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant environment: Ecotoxicology and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 711, 134749. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134749
- Natasha, Shahid, M., Khalid, S., Dumat, C., Pierart, A., & Niazi, N. K. (2019). Biogeochemistry of antimony in soil-plant system: Ecotoxicology and human health. Applied Geochemistry, 106, 45–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.04.006
- Natasha, Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Khalid, S., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., & Rashid, M. I. (2018). A critical review of selenium biogeochemical behavior in soil-plant system with an inference to human health. Environmental Pollution, 234, 915–934. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.019
- Natasha, Shahid, M., Saleem, M., Anwar, H., Khalid, S., Tariq, T. Z., Murtaza, B., Amjad, M., & Naeem, M. A. (2020). A multivariate analysis of comparative effects of heavy metals on cellular biomarkers of phytoremediation using Brassica oleracea. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 22, 617–627. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1701980
- Nie, C., Yang, X., Niazi, N. K., Xu, X., Wen, Y., Rinklebe, J., Ok, Y. S., Xu, S., & Wang, H. (2018). Impact of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on heavy metal availability and microbial activity: A field study. Chemosphere, 200, 274–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.134
- Novak, J. M., Ippolito, J. A., Ducey, T. F., Watts, D. W., Spokas, K. A., Trippe, K. M., Sigua, G. C., & Johnson, M. G. (2018). Remediation of an acidic mine spoil: Miscanthus biochar and lime amendment affects metal availability, plant growth, and soil enzyme activity. Chemosphere, 205, 709–718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.107
- Nzediegwu, C., Prasher, S., Elsayed, E., Dhiman, J., Mawof, A., & Patel, R. (2019). Effect of biochar on heavy metal accumulation in potatoes from wastewater irrigation. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 153–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.013
- Nzediegwu, C., Prasher, S., Elsayed, E., Dhiman, J., Mawof, A., & Patel, R. (2020). Impact of soil biochar incorporation on the uptake of heavy metals present in wastewater by spinach plants. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04512-2
- Ogundiran, M. B., Mekwunyei, N. S., & Adejumo, S. A. (2018). Compost and biochar assisted phytoremediation potentials of Moringa oleifera for remediation of lead contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 2206–2213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.025
- Ok, Y. S., Rinklebe, J., Hou, D., Tsang, D., & Tack, F. M. (2020). Soil and groundwater remediation technologies: A practical guide (pp. 1–350). CRC Press.
- Palansooriya, K. N., Shaheen, S. M., Chen, S. S., Tsang, D. C., Hashimoto, Y., Hou, D., Bolan, N. S., Rinklebe, J., & Ok, Y. S. (2020). Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. Environment International, 134, 105046. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105046
- Palansooriya, K. N., Wong, J. T. F., Hashimoto, Y., Huang, L., Rinklebe, J., Chang, S. X., Bolan, N., Wang, H., & Ok, Y. S. (2019). Response of microbial communities to biochar-amended soils: A critical review. Biochar, 1(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00009-2
- Park, J. H., Choppala, G. K., Bolan, N. S., Chung, J. W., & Chuasavathi, T. (2011). Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant and Soil, 348(1-2), 439–451. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0948-y
- Paz-Ferreiro, J., Gascó, G., Gutiérrez, B., & Méndez, A. (2012). Soil biochemical activities and the geometric mean of enzyme activities after application of sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar to soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48(5), 511–517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0644-3
- Pierart, A., Shahid, M., Séjalon-Delmas, N., & Dumat, C. (2015). Antimony bioavailability: Knowledge and research perspectives for sustainable agricultures. J Hazard Mater, 289, 219–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.011
- Prévoteau, A., Ronsse, F., Cid, I., Boeckx, P., & Rabaey, K. (2016). The electron donating capacity of biochar is dramatically underestimated. Scientific Reports, 6, 32870. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32870
- Puga, A. P., Melo, L. C. A., de Abreu, C. A., Coscione, A. R., & Paz-Ferreiro, J. (2016). Leaching and fractionation of heavy metals in mining soils amended with biochar. Soil and Tillage Research, 164, 25–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.01.008
- Qin, P., Wang, H., Yang, X., He, L., Müller, K., Shaheen, S. M., Xu, S., Rinklebe, J., Tsang, D. C. W., Ok, Y. S., Bolan, N., Song, Z., Che, L., & Xu, X. (2018). Bamboo-and pig-derived biochars reduce leaching losses of dibutyl phthalate, cadmium, and lead from co-contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 198, 450–459. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.162
- Qiu, Z., Tang, J., Chen, J., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil with biochar simultaneously improves biochar's recalcitrance. Environmental Pollution, 256, 113436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113436
- Rajkovich, S., Enders, A., Hanley, K., Hyland, C., Zimmerman, A. R., & Lehmann, J. (2012). Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48(3), 271–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0624-7
- Rawat, J., Saxena, J., & Sanwal, P. (2019). Biochar: A sustainable approach for improving plant growth and soil properties. In V. Abrol & P. Sharma (Eds.), Biochar-An imperative amendment for soil and the environment (pp. 1–17). IntechOpen.
- Rehman, M., Liu, L., Bashir, S., Saleem, M. H., Chen, C., Peng, D., & Siddique, K. H. M. (2019). Influence of rice straw biochar on growth, antioxidant capacity and copper uptake in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) grown as forage in aged copper-contaminated soil. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 138, 121–129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.021
- Rinklebe, J., Knox, A. S., & Paller, M. (2016). Trace elements in waterlogged soils and sediments. CRC Press.
- Rinklebe, J., & Shaheen, S. M. (2015). Miscellaneous additives can enhance plant uptake and affect geochemical fractions of copper in a heavily polluted riparian grassland soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 119, 58–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.046
- Rinklebe, J., Shaheen, S. M., El-Naggar, A., Wang, H., Du Laing, G., Alessi, D. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2020). Redox-induced mobilization of Ag, Sb, Sn, and Tl in the dissolved, colloidal and solid phase of a biochar-treated and un-treated mining soil. Environment International, 140, 105754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105754
- Rinklebe, J., Shaheen, S. M., & Frohne, T. (2016). Amendment of biochar reduces the release of toxic elements under dynamic redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil. Chemosphere, 142, 41–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.067
- Safari, S., von Gunten, K., Alam, M. S., Hubmann, M., Blewett, T. A., Chi, Z., & Alessi, D. S. (2019). Biochar colloids and their use in contaminants removal. Biochar, 1(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00014-5
- Sahın, O., Taskın, M., Kaya, E., & Taskın, H. (2017). Poultry manure biochar reduces arsenic induced oxidative stress and arsenic levels in rice plants. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, 31, 103–113.
- Sardar, A., Shahid, M., Natasha, Khalid, S., Anwar, H., Tahir, M., Shah, G., & Mubeen, M. (2020). Risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s via Spinacia oleracea ingestion after sewage water irrigation practices in Vehari District. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27, 39841–39851. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09917-4
- Sarwar, N., Imran, M., Shaheen, M. R., Ishaque, W., Kamran, M. A., Matloob, A., Rehim, A., & Hussain, S. (2017). Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: Modifications and future perspectives. Chemosphere, 171, 710–721. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.116
- Sarwar, T., Shahid, M., Khalid, S., Shah, A. H., Ahmad, N., Naeem, M. A., Ul Haq, Z., Murtaza, B., & Bakhat, H. F. (2020). Quantification and risk assessment of heavy metal build-up in soil–plant system after irrigation with untreated city wastewater in Vehari, Pakistan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 4281–4297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00358-8
- Scholz, S. B., Sembres, T., Roberts, K., Whitman, T., Wilson, K., & Lehmann, J. (2014). Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries: Leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture. The World Bank.
- Shabbir, Z., Sardar, A., Shabbir, A., Abbas, G., Shamshad, S., Khalid, S., Natasha, Murtaza, G., Dumat, C., & Shahid, M. (2020). Copper uptake, essentiality, toxicity, detoxification and risk assessment in soil-plant environment. Chemosphere, 259, 127436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127436
- Shabbir, Z., Shahid, M., Natasha, Khalid, S., Khalid, S., Imran, M., Qureshi, M. I., & Niazi, N. K. (2020). Use of agricultural bio-wastes to remove arsenic from contaminated water. Environmental Geochemistry and Health.
- Shahbaz, A. K., Iqbal, M., Jabbar, A., Hussain, S., & Ibrahim, M. (2018). Assessment of nickel bioavailability through chemical extractants and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in an amended soil: Related changes in various parameters of red clover. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 149, 116–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.022
- Shahbaz, A. K., Lewińska, K., Iqbal, J., Ali, Q., Iqbal, M., Abbas, F., Tauqeer, H. M., & Ramzani, P. M. A. (2018). Improvement in productivity, nutritional quality, and antioxidative defense mechanisms of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in nickel contaminated soil amended with different biochar and zeolite ratios. Journal of Environmental Management, 218, 256–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.046
- Shaheen, S. M., El-Naggar, A., Wang, J., Hassan, N. E., Niazi, N. K., Wang, H., Tsang, D. C., Ok, Y. S., Bolan, N., & Rinklebe, J. (2019). Biochar as an (im)mobilizing agent for the potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils biochar from biomass and waste (pp. 255–274). Elsevier.
- Shaheen, S. M., Niazi, N. K., Hassan, N. E., Bibi, I., Wang, H., Tsang, D. C., Ok, Y. S., Bolan, N., & Rinklebe, J. (2019). Wood-based biochar for the removal of potentially toxic elements in water and wastewater: A critical review. International Materials Reviews, 64(4), 216–247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2018.1473096
- Shaheen, S. M., & Rinklebe, J. (2015). Impact of emerging and low cost alternative amendments on the (im)mobilization and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in a contaminated floodplain soil. Ecological Engineering, 74, 319–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.024
- Shaheen, S. M., Tsadilas, C. D., & Rinklebe, J. (2013). A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils: Influence of sorption system, element characteristics, and soil colloidal properties. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 201-202, 43–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.005
- Shahid, M. (2021). Effect of soil amendments on trace element-mediated oxidative stress in plants: Meta-analysis and mechanistic interpretations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 407, 124881. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124881
- Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Khalid, S., Schreck, E., Xiong, T., & Niazi, N. K. (2017). Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 325, 36–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.063
- Shahid, M., Nadeem, M., & Bakhat, H. F. (2020). Environmental toxicology and associated human health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(32), 39671–39675. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10516-6
- Shahid, M., Natasha, Dumat, C., Niazi, N., Xiong, T., Farooq, A., & Khalid, S. (2021). Ecotoxicology of heavy metal(loid) enriched particulate matter: Foliar accumulation by plants and health impacts. In P. de Voogt (Ed.), Reviews of Environment Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 253, pp. 65–113). Springer.
- Shahid, M., Niazi, N., Rinklebe, J., Bundschuh, J., Dumat, C., & Pinelli, E. (2020). Trace elements-induced phytohormesis: A critical review and mechanistic interpretation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50, 1984–2015. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1689061.
- Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Dumat, C., Naidu, R., Khalid, S., Rahman, M. M., & Bibi, I. (2018). A meta-analysis of the distribution, sources and health risks of arsenic-contaminated groundwater in Pakistan. Environmental Pollution, 242(Pt A), 307–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.083
- Shahid, M., Pourrut, B., Dumat, C., Nadeem, M., Aslam, M., & Pinelli, E. (2014). Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: Phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 232, 1–44.
- Shakoor, M. B., Niazi, N. K., Bibi, I., Shahid, M., Sharif, F., Bashir, S., Shaheen, S. M., Wang, H., Tsang, D. C. W., Ok, Y. S., & Rinklebe, J. (2018). Arsenic removal by natural and chemically modified water melon rind in aqueous solutions and groundwater. The Science of the Total Environment, 645, 1444–1455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.218
- Sigua, G. C., Novak, J. M., Watts, D. W., Ippolito, J. A., Ducey, T. F., Johnson, M. G., & Spokas, K. A. (2019). Phytostabilization of Zn and Cd in mine soil using corn in combination with biochars and manure-based compost. Environments, 6(6), 69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060069
- Singh, B., Singh, B. P., & Cowie, A. L. (2010). Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment. Soil Research, 48(7), 516–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10058
- Singh, C. (2018). Impact of biochar and CSR-BIO application on methanotrophs, microbial biomass and paddy yields in saline soil. Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences.
- Smebye, A. B., Sparrevik, M., Schmidt, H. P., & Cornelissen, G. (2017). Life-cycle assessment of biochar production systems in tropical rural areas: Comparing flame curtain kilns to other production methods. Biomass and Bioenergy, 101, 35–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.04.001
- Song, X., Xue, X., Chen, D., He, P., & Dai, X. (2014). Application of biochar from sewage sludge to plant cultivation: Influence of pyrolysis temperature and biochar-to-soil ratio on yield and heavy metal accumulation. Chemosphere, 109, 213–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.070
- Spokas, K. A. (2010). Review of the stability of biochar in soils: Predictability of O:C molar ratios. Carbon Management, 1(2), 289–303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.10.32
- Suwazono, Y., Watanabe, Y., Nogawa, K., & Nogawa, K. (2019). Itai-Itai disease. In J. Nriagu (Ed.), Encyclopedia of environmental health (pp. 712–719). Elsevier.
- Tack, F. M. (2010). Trace elements: General soil chemistry, principles and processes. In P. Hooda (Ed.), Trace elements in soils (pp. 9–37). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Tack, F. M., & Egene, C. E. (2019). Potential of biochar for managing metal contaminated areas, in synergy with phytomanagement or other management options. In Y. S. Ok, D. C. Tsang, N. Bolan, & J. M. Novak (Eds.), Biochar from Biomass and Waste (pp. 91–111). Elsevier.
- Tack, F. M. G., & Bardos, P. (2020). Overview of soil and groundwater remediation. In Y. S. Ok, J. Rinklebe, D. Hou, D. C. W. Tsang, & F. M. G. Tack (Ed.), Soil and groundwater remediation technologies—A practical guide (pp. 1–11). CRC Press.
- Tian, D., Liu, A., & Xiang, Y. (2017). Effects of biochar on plant growth and cadmium uptake: Case studies on Asian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Chinese Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza). In W.-J. Huang (Ed.), Engineering applications of biochar (Vol. 49, pp. 49–69). IntechOpen.
- Titiladunayo, I. F., McDonald, A. G., & Fapetu, O. P. (2012). Effect of temperature on biochar product yield from selected lignocellulosic biomass in a pyrolysis process. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 3(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-012-9118-6
- Turan, V. (2019). Confident performance of chitosan and pistachio shell biochar on reducing Ni bioavailability in soil and plant plus improved the soil enzymatic activities, antioxidant defense system and nutritional quality of lettuce. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 183, 109594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109594
- Turan, V., Khan, S. A., Iqbal, M., Ramzani, P. M. A., & Fatima, M. (2018). Promoting the productivity and quality of brinjal aligned with heavy metals immobilization in a wastewater irrigated heavy metal polluted soil with biochar and chitosan. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 161, 409–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082
- Verzeaux, J., Hirel, B., Dubois, F., Lea, P. J., & Tétu, T. (2017). Agricultural practices to improve nitrogen use efficiency through the use of arbuscular mycorrhizae: Basic and agronomic aspects. Plant Science, 264, 48–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.004
- Vithanage, M., Herath, I., Joseph, S., Bundschuh, J., Bolan, N., Ok, Y. S., Kirkham, M. B., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Interaction of arsenic with biochar in soil and water: A critical review. Carbon, 113, 219–230.
- Wang, J., Odinga, E. S., Zhang, W., Zhou, X., Yang, B., Waigi, M. G., & Gao, Y. (2019). Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in biochars and human health risks of food crops grown in biochar-amended soils: A synthesis study. Environment International, 130, 104899. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.06.009
- Wang, L., O’Connor, D., Rinklebe, Jr., Ok, Y. S., Tsang, D. C., Shen, Z., & Hou, D. (2020). Biochar aging: Mechanisms, physicochemical changes, assessment, and implications for field applications. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(23), 14797–14814. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04033
- Wang, M., Zhu, Y., Cheng, L., Andserson, B., Zhao, X., Wang, D., & Ding, A. (2018). Review on utilization of biochar for metal-contaminated soil and sediment remediation. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 63, 156–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.004
- Wang, S., Xu, Y., Norbu, N., & Wang, Z. (2018). Remediation of biochar on heavy metal polluted soils. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 108, 042113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042113
- Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, X., Sun, Q., Dong, H., Wang, G., Chen, X., Yin, C., Han, Z., & Mao, Z. (2019). Effects of biochar on the growth of apple seedlings, soil enzyme activities and fungal communities in replant disease soil. Scientia Horticulturae, 256, 108641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108641
- Wang, Y., Pan, F., Wang, G., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Mao, Z. (2014). Effects of biochar on photosynthesis and antioxidative system of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings under replant conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 175, 9–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.05.029
- Wang, Y., Zhong, B., Shafi, M., Ma, J., Guo, J., Wu, J., Ye, Z., Liu, D., & Jin, H. (2019). Effects of biochar on growth, and heavy metals accumulation of moso bamboo (Phyllostachy pubescens), soil physical properties, and heavy metals solubility in soil. Chemosphere, 219, 510–516. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.159
- Wong, J. T. F., Chen, X., Deng, W., Chai, Y., Ng, C. W. W., & Wong, M. H. (2019). Effects of biochar on bacterial communities in a newly established landfill cover topsoil. Journal of Environmental Management, 236, 667–673. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.010
- Wu, M., Pan, B., Zhang, D., Xiao, D., Li, H., Wang, C., & Ning, P. (2013). The sorption of organic contaminants on biochars derived from sediments with high organic carbon content. Chemosphere, 90(2), 782–788. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.075
- Xiong, X., Liu, X., Yu, I. K. M., Wang, L., Zhou, J., Sun, X., Rinklebe, J., Shaheen, S. M., Ok, Y. S., Lin, Z., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2019). Potentially toxic elements in solid waste streams: Fate and management approaches. Environmental Pollution, 253, 680–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.012
- Xu, W., Shafi, M., Penttinen, P., Hou, S., Wang, X., Ma, J., Zhong, B., Guo, J., Xu, M., Ye, Z., Fu, L., Huang, Q., & Liu, D. (2019). Bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil as affected by different mass ratios of biochars. Environmental Technology, 41(25), 3329–3337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2019.1609096
- Xu, X., Cao, X., Zhao, L., Wang, H., Yu, H., & Gao, B. (2013). Removal of Cu, Zn, and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 20(1), 358–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0873-5
- Xu, X., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., & Cao, X. (2019). Biochar as both electron donor and electron shuttle for the reduction transformation of Cr(VI) during its sorption. Environmental Pollution, 244, 423–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.068
- Xue, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Inyang, M., Zhang, M., Zimmerman, A. R., & Ro, K. S. (2012). Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: Batch and column tests. Chemical Engineering Journal, 200-202, 673–680. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.116
- Yang, X., Liu, J., McGrouther, K., Huang, H., Lu, K., Guo, X., He, L., Lin, X., Che, L., Ye, Z., & Wang, H. (2016). Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and enzyme activity in soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 974–984. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4233-0
- Yang, X., Zhang, S., Ju, M., & Liu, L. (2019). Preparation and modification of biochar materials and their application in soil remediation. Applied Sciences, 9(7), 1365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071365
- Ye, L., Camps-Arbestain, M., Shen, Q., Lehmann, J., Singh, B., & Sabir, M. (2020). Biochar effects on crop yields with and without fertilizer: A meta-analysis of field studies using separate controls. Soil Use and Management, 36(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12546
- Younis, U., Malik, S. A., Qayyum, M. F., Shah, M. H. R., Shahzad, A. N., & Mahmood, S. (2015). Biochar affects growth and biochemical activities of fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) in cadmium polluted soil. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 88, 29–33.
- Younis, U., Qayyum, M. F., Shah, M. H. R., Danish, S., Shahzad, A. N., Malik, S. A., & Mahmood, S. (2015). Growth, survival, and heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) in a biochar‐amended sewage‐irrigated contaminated soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 178(2), 209–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201400325
- Yousaf, B., Liu, G., Abbas, Q., Ullah, H., Wang, R., Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., & Niu, Z. (2018). Comparative effects of biochar-nanosheets and conventional organic-amendments on health risks abatement of potentially toxic elements via consumption of wheat grown on industrially contaminated-soil. Chemosphere, 192, 161–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.137
- Yu, H., Zou, W., Chen, J., Chen, H., Yu, Z., Huang, J., Tang, H., Wei, X., & Gao, B. (2019). Biochar amendment improves crop production in problem soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 8–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.117
- Yuan, P., Wang, J., Pan, Y., Shen, B., & Wu, C. (2019). Review of biochar for the management of contaminated soil: Preparation, application and prospect. The Science of the Total Environment, 659, 473–490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.400
- Yuan, Y., Bolan, N., Prévoteau, A., Vithanage, M., Biswas, J. K., Ok, Y. S., & Wang, H. (2017). Applications of biochar in redox-mediated reactions. Bioresource Technology, 246, 271–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.154
- Yue, L., Lian, F., Han, Y., Bao, Q., Wang, Z., & Xing, B. (2019). The effect of biochar nanoparticles on rice plant growth and the uptake of heavy metals: Implications for agronomic benefits and potential risk. The Science of the Total Environment, 656, 9–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.364
- Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Wang, M., Wu, S., Wang, H., Niazi, N. K., Man, Y. B., Christie, P., Shan, S., & Wong, M. H. (2019). Effect of tobacco stem-derived biochar on soil metal immobilization and the cultivation of tobacco plant. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19(5), 2313–2321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-02226-x
- Zhang, M., Riaz, M., Zhang, L., El-Desouki, Z., & Jiang, C. (2019). Biochar induces changes to basic soil properties and bacterial communities of different soils to varying degrees at 25 mm rainfall: More effective on acidic soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01321
- Zhang, X., Wang, H., He, L., Lu, K., Sarmah, A., Li, J., Bolan, N. S., Pei, J., & Huang, H. (2013). Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 20(12), 8472–8483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1659-0
- Zhang, Y., Yang, R., Si, X., Duan, X., & Quan, X. (2019). The adverse effect of biochar to aquatic algae- the role of free radicals . Environmental Pollution, 248, 429–437. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.055
- Zhang, Z.-Y., Jun, M., Shu, D., & Chen, W.-F. (2014). Effect of biochar on relieving cadmium stress and reducing accumulation in super japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(3), 547–553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60711-X
- Zhao, J., Shen, X.-J., Domene, X., Alcañiz, J.-M., Liao, X., & Palet, C. (2019). Comparison of biochars derived from different types of feedstock and their potential for heavy metal removal in multiple-metal solutions. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46234-4
- Zhao, L., Nan, H., Kan, Y., Xu, X., Qiu, H., & Cao, X. (2019). Infiltration behavior of heavy metals in runoff through soil amended with biochar as bulking agent. Environmental Pollution, 254(Pt B), 113114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113114
- Zhu, X., Chen, B., Zhu, L., & Xing, B. (2017). Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: A review. Environmental Pollution, 227, 98–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.032
- Zia Ur Rehman, M., Khalid, H., Akmal, F., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Qayyum, M. F., Iqbal, M., Khalid, M. U., & Azhar, M. (2017). Effect of limestone, lignite and biochar applied alone and combined on cadmium uptake in wheat and rice under rotation in an effluent irrigated field. Environmental Pollution, 227, 560–568. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.003