Formulation and use of manufactured soils: A major use for organic and inorganic wastes

References

• Adams, J. D. W., Zennaro, M., & Frostick, L. E. (2008). Composting of green waste-observations from windrow trials and bench-scale experiments. Environmental Technology, 29(11), 1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberty, C. A., Pellet, H. M., & Taylor, D. H. (1984). Characterization of soil compaction at construction sites and woody plant response. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 2(2), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-2.2.48
   Google Scholar
• Apitz, S. E. (2012). Conceptualizing the role of sediment in sustaining ecosystem services: Sediment-ecosystem regional assessment (SEcoRA). The Science of the Total Environment, 415, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babatunde, A. O., & Zhao, Y. Q. (2007). Constructive approaches towards water treatment works sludge management: And international review of beneficial re-uses. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 37(2), 129–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600776239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, S. W. (2004). The effect of rootzone composition on the performance of relatively mature Agrostis capillaries, Festuca rubra and Poa annua golf green turf. Journal of Turfgrass Sports Surface Science, 80, 652–669.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, G. E., Alexander, P. D., Robinson, J. S., & Bragg, N. C. (2016). Achieving environmentally sustainable growing media for soilless plant cultivation systems - a review. Scientia Horticulturae, 212, 220–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.09.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartens, J., Wiseman, P. E., & Smiley, E. T. (2010). Stability of landscape trees in engineered and conventional urban soil mixes. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(4), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belda, R. M., Lidon, A., & Fornes, F. (2016). Boichars and hydrochars as substrate constituents for soiless growth of myrtle and mastic. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyaeva, O. N., & Haynes, R. J. (2009). Chemical, microbial and physical properties of manufactured soils produced by composting municipal green waste with coal fly ash. Bioresource Technology, 100(21), 5203–5209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyaeva, O. N., & Haynes, R. J. (2010). A comparison of the properties of manufactured soils produced from composting municipal green waste alone or with poultry manure or grease trap/septage waste. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 46(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-009-0423-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyaeva, O. N., Haynes, R. J., & Sturm, E. C. (2012). Chemical, physical and microbial properties and microbial diversity in manufactured soils produced from co-composting green waste and biosolids. Waste Management (New York, NY), 32(12), 2248–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMI. (2021). PAS 100:2018. Specification for composted materials. https://shop.bsigroup.com
   Google Scholar
• Bonaguro, J. E., Coletto, L., & Zanin, G. (2017). Environmental and agronomic performance of fresh rice hulls used as a growing medium component for Cyclamen persicum L. pot plants. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2125–2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton, W. F. (2000). Compost quality standards and guidelines. Woods End Research Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Brodie, H. L., Carr, L. E., Christiana, G. A., & Udinskey, J. R. (1996). Manufacture of artificial soil by composting coal fly ash and bottom ash with poultry manure. In M. de Bertoldi (Ed.), The science of composting (pp. 603–611). London.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. W., Amacher, M. C., Muegggler, W. F., & Kotuby-Amacher, J. (2003). Reestablishing natural succession on acidic mine spoils at high elevation: Long-term ecological restoration. USDA Research Paper RMRS-RP-41. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-RP-41
   Google Scholar
• Bühler, O., Balder, H., & Kristoffersen, P. (2009). Establishment of urban trees. CAB Reviews, 4(59), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bühler, O., Ingerslev, M., Skov, S., Schou, E., Thomsen, I. M., Nielsen, C. N., & Kristoffersen, P. (2017). Tree development in a structural soil – an impirical below-ground in-situ study of urban trees in Copenhagen, Denmark. Plant and Soil, 413(1–2), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2814-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunt, A. C. (1988). Media and mixes for container-grown plants. Unwin Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Bussell, W. T., & McKennie, S. (2004). Rockwool in horticulture, and its importance and sustainable use in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 32(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2004.9514277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysargyris, A., Stavrinides, M., Moustakas, K., & Tzortzakis, N. (2019). Utilization of paper waste as a growing media for potted ornamental plants. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21(10), 1937–1948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1647-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLAIRE. (2008). The use of compost in the regeneration of Brownfield land. https://www.claire.co.uk/component/phocadownload/category/15-subr-im-bulletins
   Google Scholar
• Clark, B. O., & Smith, S. R. (2011). Review of ‘emerging’ organic contaminants in biosolids and assessment of international research priorities for the agricultural use of biosolids. Environment International, 37(1), 226–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, M. (1997). Compost: Right stuff to manufacture topsoil. BioCycle, 38, 61–63.
   Google Scholar
• Collivignarelli, M. C., Canato, M., Abba, A., & Miino, M. C. (2019). Biosolids: What are the different types of reuse? Journal of Cleaner Production, 238, 117844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, S., & Carpenter, A. (2011). Combining residuals to manufacture topsoils. BioCycle, 52(4), 24–27.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, A., & Pulis, M. (2001). Evolution of a sand-based root zone. Golf Course Management, 69, 53–56.
   Google Scholar
• Darmody, R. G., Marlin, J. C., Talbott, J., Green, R. A., Brewer, E. F., & Stohr, C. (2004). Dredged Illinois river sediments: Plant growth and metal uptake. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33(2), 458–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, W. B., Farnham, D. S., & Gowans, K. D. (1974). The sand football field. California Turfgrass Culture, 24(3), 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Day, S. D., & Bassuk, N. L. (1994). A review of the effects of soil compaction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 20, 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• De Boodt, M., & Verdonck, O. (1972). The physical properties of the substrates in horticulture. Acta Horticulturae, 26, 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• De Boodt, M., Verdonck, O., & Cappaert, I. (1974). Method for measuring the water release curve of organic substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 37, 2054–2062.
   Google Scholar
• De Koff, J. P., Lee, B. D., Dungan, R. S., & Santini, J. B. (2010). Effect of compost-, sand-, or gypsum-amended waste foundry sands on turfgrass yield and nutrient content. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(1), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dede, O. H., Dede, G., Ozdemir, S., & Abad, M. (2011). Physicochemical characterization of hazelnut husk residues with different decomposition degrees for soilless growing media preparation. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34(13), 1973–1984. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.610484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. (2020). Potting Mixes. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/nursery-cutflowers/potting-mixes
   Google Scholar
• DePew, M., & Guise, S. (2001). Engineered soils for sports field constructions. SportsTurf, 17, 32–35.
   Google Scholar
• Di Carlo, E., Chen, C. R., Haynes, R. J., Phillips, I. R., & Courtney, R. (2019). Soil quality and vegetation performance indicators for sustainable rehabilitation of bauxite residue disposal areas: A review. Soil Research, 57(5), 419–446. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR18348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J., Petavratzi, E., Robinson, L., & Toplis, C. (2020). Good Practice Guide: Using PAS 100 Compost in Landscape and Regeneration Projects. https://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/WRAP%20GPG%20compost%20DIGITAL%20final%20whole.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fair, B. A., Metzger, J. D., & Vent, J. (2012). Response of eight maple cultivars (Acer spp.) to soil compaction and effects of two rates of pre-plant nitrogen on tree establishment and above-ground growth. Aboriculture and Urban Forestry, 378, 64–74.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2020). Good Greenhouse Practice for greenhouse crops – Principles for Mediterranean climate areas. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3284e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Garg, A., & Tothill, I. E. (2009). A review of solid waste composting process – the UK perspective. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant, 3(Special Issue 1), 57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Geisler, J. (1996). Use of steelworks slag in Europe. Waste Management, 16, 59–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabosky, J., Bassuk, N., & Trowbridge, P. (1999). Structural soils: A new medium to allow urban trees to grow in pavement. Landscape architecture technical information series. American Socirty of Landscape Architects.
   Google Scholar
• Grabosky, J., Bassuk, N., Irwin, L., & van Es, H. (2001). Shoot and root growth of three tree species in sidewalk profiles. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19(4), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.4.206
   Google Scholar
• Grafe, M., Power, G., & Klauber, C. (2011). Bauxite residue issues: III. Alkalinity and associated chemistry. Hydrometallurgy, 108(1–2), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruda, N. S. (2019). Increasing sustainability of growing media constituents and stand-alone substrates in soilless culture systems. Agronomy, 9(6), 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, X.-X., Liu, H.-T., & Wu, S.-B. (2019). Humic substances developed during organic waste composting: Formation mechanisms, structural properties and agronomic functions. The Science of the Total Environment, 662, 501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güzel, B., Başar, H. M., Güneş, K., Yenisoy-Karakaş, S., & Tolun, L. (2019). Investigation of topsoil production from marine dredged materials (DMs) in Turkey for urban landscaping works. Heliyon, 5(7), e02138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habeck, J., & Christians, N. (2000). Time alters greens’ key characteristics. Golf Course Management, 68, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Haigh, M., Desai, M., Cullis, M., D’Aucourt, M., Sansom, B., Wilding, G., Alun, E., Garate, S., Hatton, L., Kilmartin, M., Panhuis, W., & Jenkins, R. (2019). Composted municipal green waste enhances tree success in opencast coal land reclamation in Wales. Air, Soil and Water Research, 12, 117862211987783. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622119877837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handreck, K. A. (1983). Particle size and the physical properties of growing media for containers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 14(3), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628309367357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handreck, K. A. (2011). Container media: The Australian experience. Acta Horticulturae, 891(891), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.891.35
   Google Scholar
• Haraldsen, T. K., Brod, E., & Krogstad, T. (2014). Optimising the organic components of topsoil mixtures for urban grassland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(4), 821–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartz, T. K., Costa, F. J., & Schrader, W. L. (1996). Suitability of composted green waste for horticultural uses. HortScience, 31(6), 961–964. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.31.6.961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, M. H. B., & Swift, R. S. (2020). Vindication of humic substances as a key component of organic matter in soil and water. Advances in Agronomy, 163, 1–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, R. J. (2009). Reclamation and revegetation of fly ash disposal sites - Challenges and research needs. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, R. J. (2015). Use of industrial wastes as media in constructed wetlands and filter beds – prospects for removal of phosphate and metals from wastewater streams. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 45(10), 1041–1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.924183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, R. J., Belyaeva, O. N., & Zhou, Y.-F. (2015). Particle size fractionation as a method for characterizing the nutrient content of municipal green waste for composting. Waste Management, 35, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, R. J., Murtaza, G., & Naidu, R. (2009). Inorganic and organic constituents and contaminants of biosolids: Implications for land application. Advances in Agronomy, 104, 165–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoitink, H. A. J. (1980). Composted bark, a light weight growth medium with fungicidal properties. Plant Disease, 64, 142–147.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, L., & Gu, M. (2019). Effects of biochar on container substrate properties and growth of plants – a review. Horticulturae, 5(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L., Baumgartl, T., & Mulligan, D. (2012). Is rhizosphere remediation sufficient for sustainable revegetation of mine tailings? Annals of Botany, 110(2), 223–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Z. T., & Petrovic, A. M. (1995). Physical properties of sand as affected by clinoptilonite zeolite particle size and quality. Journal of Turfgrass Management, 1, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, A. R., Hamlett, J. M., & Grosh, J. L. (1994). Infiltration and erodability of a fly ash/sludge manufactured soil. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 37, 1457–1462.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. L., Chesworth, S., Khalid, M., & Iqbal, Z. (2009). Assessing the addition of mineral processing waste to green waste-derived compost: An agronomic environmental and economic appraisal. Bioresource Technology, 100(2), 770–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalewski, A., Stahnke, G., Cook, T., & Goss, R. (2015a). Best management practices for construction of sand-based natural grass athletic fields for football and soccer. University of Idaho Extension Publication PNW 675. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw675.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kowalewski, A., Stahnke, T., Cook, T., & Goss, R. (2015b). Best management practices for m aintaining sand-based natural grass athletic fields. University of Idaho Extension Publication PNW 676. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw676.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kristoffersen, P. (1999). Growing trees in road foundation materials. Arboricultural Journal, 23(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1999.9747228
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, K., & Hundal, L. S. (2016). Soil in the city: Sustainably improving urban soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(1), 2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J. D., Gaussoin, R. E., Shearman, R. C., Mamo, M., & Wortmann, C. S. (2010). Soil physical properties of aging golf putting greens. Crop Science, 50(5), 2084–2091. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D., Joo, Y. K., Christians, N. E., & Minner, D. D. (2000). Inorganic soil amendment effects on sand-based sports turf media. Crop Science, 40(4), 1121–1125. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4041121x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, T. J., & Harrison, B. J. (1995). Physical characteristics of alkaline stabilized sewage sludge (N-viro) and their effects on soil physical properties. Journal of Environmental Quality, 24(1), 153–1643. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400010022x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lützow, M. v., Kögel-Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., Matzner, E., Guggenberger, G., Marschner, B., & Flessa, H. (2006). Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: Mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions - a review. European Journal of Soil Science, 57(4), 426–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00809.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magni, S., Volterrani, M., & Miele, S. (2004). Soccer pitches performances as affected by construction method, sand type and turfgrass mixture. Acta Horticulturae, 661, 281–285. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.35
   Google Scholar
• Maher, M., Presad, M., & Raviv, M. (2007). Organic soilless media components. In M. Raviv & J. H. Lieth (Eds.), Soilless culture. Theory and practice (pp. 459–504). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Masaka, J., Chimwanda, N., Chagonda, I., & Chandiposha, M. (2016). A comparative evaluation of the physical and chemical characteristics of composted tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) with pine bark growing media in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedling production. Advances in Agriculture, 2016, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5650290
   Google Scholar
• Mattei, P., Pastorelli, R., Rami, G., Mocali, S., Giagnoni, L., Gonnelli, C., & Renella, G. (2017). Evaluation of dredged sediment co-composted with green waste as plant growing media assessed by eco-toxicological tests, plant growth and microbial community structure. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 333, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikutta, R. T., Kleber, M., Torn, M. S., & Jahn, R. (2006). Stabilization of soil organic matter: Association with minerals or chemical recalcitrance? Biogeochemistry, 77(1), 25–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-0712-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mineral Solutions. (2021). Combination of basaltic quarry fines with organic process residues for development of novel growing media, Report No 086/MIST/GG/01 MIST. http://www.mineralsolutions.co.uk/casestud.php
   Google Scholar
• Nason, M., Williamson, J., Tandy, S., Christou, M., Jones, D. M., & Healey, J. (2007). Using organic composts to remediate and restore land: Best practice manual. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University.
   Google Scholar
• Noren, A., Fedje, K. K., Stromvall, A.-M., Rauch, S., & Andersson-Skold, Y. (2020). Integrated assessment of management strategies for metal-contaminated dredged sediments – what are the best approaches for ports, marinas and waterways? Science of the Total Environment, 716, 135510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea, T. (2020). Soils ain’t soils. https://centenarylandscaping.com.au/soils-4/soils-aint-soils/
   Google Scholar
• Ok, C., Anderson, S. H., & Ervin, E. H. (2003). Amendments and construction systems for improving performance of sand-based putting greens. Agronomy Journal, 95(6), 1583–1590. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olle, M., Ngouajio, M., & Siomos, A. (2012). Vegetable quality and productivity as influenced by growing medium: A review. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 99, 399–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ow, L. F., & Ghosh, S. (2017). Growth of street trees in urban ecosystems: Structural cells and structural soil. Journal of Urban Ecology, 3(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/jux017
   Google Scholar
• Ozcelik, E., & Peksen, A. (2007). Hazelnut husk as a substrate for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes). Bioresource Technology, 98(14), 2652–2658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, A. P., Bar-Tal, A., Silber, A., Saha, U. K., & Raviv, M. (2008). Inorganic and synthetic organic components of soilless culture and potting mixes. In M. Raviv & J. H. Lieth (Eds.), Soillesss culture. Theory and practice (pp. 505–543). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Paz-Ferreiro, J., Nieto, A., Mendez, A., Askeland, M. P. J., & Gasco, G. (2018). Biochar from biosolids pyrolysis: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 956–972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakshith, S., & Singh, D. N. (2017). Utilization of dredged sediments: Contemporary issues. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 143, 040160. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renforth, P., Manning, D. A. C., & Lopez-Capel, E. (2009). Carbonate precipitation in artificial soil as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Applied Geochemistry, 24(9), 1757–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Torres, M., Oviedo-Ocaña, E. R., Dominguez, I., Komilis, D., & Sánchez, A. (2018). A systematic review on the composting of green waste: Feedstock quality and optimization strategies. Waste Management (New York, NY), 77, 486–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen, S. M., Hooda, P. S., & Tsadilas, C. D. (2014). Opportunities and challenges in the use of coal fly ash for soil improvements – a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 145, 249–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, B., Sarkar, A., Singh, P., & Singh, R. P. (2017). Agricultural utilization of biosolids: A review on potential effects on soil and plant growth. Waste Management (New York, NY), 64, 117–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira, M. L. A., Alleoni, L. R. F., & Guilherme, L. R. G. (2003). Biosolids and heavy metals in soils. Scientia Agricola, 60(4), 793–806. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162003000400029
   Google Scholar
• Slater, R. A., & Frederickson, J. (2001). Composting municipal waste in UK: Some lessons from Europe. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 32(3–4), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00071-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, J. J., Ampim, P. A. Y., Basta, N. T., & Scott, R. (2012). Addressing the need for soil blends and amendments for highly modified urban environments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76(4), 1133–1141. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Sebasto, N. J., Olsen, K., & Woubneh, W. (2012). Creating a manufactured topsoil from food-based compost and decontaminated river sediment. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science, 57, 13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Sonneveld, C. (1991). Rockwool as a sustainable substrate for greenhouse crops. In Y. P. S. Bajaj, (Ed.), Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 17. High-Tech and micropropagation I (pp. 285–312). Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Spargo, A., & Doley, D. J. (2016). Selective coal mine overburden treatment with topsoil and compost to optimise pasture and native vegetation establishment. Journal of Environmental Management, 182, 342–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, F. J. (1994). Humus chemistry: Genesis, composition, reactions. John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, B. R., Vanderford, J., Wells, D. W., & Philley, H. W. (2017). Growing sand-based sod using transported sand over native soil. ITSRJ, 13(1), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.2134/itsrj2016.10.0847
   Google Scholar
• Takakaldimi, M. (2006). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core and rice hulls as components of container media for growing Pinus Halepenis M. seedlings. Bioresource Technology, 97, 1631–1639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoms, A. W., Brosnan, J. T., & Sorochan, J. C. (2016). Root zone construction affects hybrid bermudagrass (C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis) responses to simulated traffic. Procedia Engineering, 147, 824–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.302
   Google Scholar
• Tisdall, J. M., & Oades, J. M. (1982). Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science, 33(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01755.x
   Google Scholar
• Transparency Market Research. (2020). Manufactured soil market-forecasts from 2018 to 2026. https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/manufactured-soils-market.html
   Google Scholar
• UMassAmherst. (2020). Effects of growing media on water and nutrient management. https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/greenhouse-best-management-practices-bmp-manual/effects-of-growing-media-on
   Google Scholar
• University of Arkansas. (2020). Growing media for container production in a greenhouse or nursery. Part 1 - Components and mixes. https://www.uaex.edu/publications/PDF/FSA-6097.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Urrestarazu, M., Martinez, G. A., & del Carmen Salas, M. (2005). Almond shell waste. Possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture. Scientia Horticulturae, 103(4), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA. (2020). The soil foodweb. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868
   Google Scholar
• USGA. (2004). USGA recommendations for a method of putting green construction. United States Golf Association, Far Hills.
   Google Scholar
• Valverde, M., Madrid, R., García, A. L., Del Amor, F. M., & Rincón, L. F. (2013). Use of almond shell and almond hull as substrates for sweet pepper cultivation. Effects of fruit yield and mineral content. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(1), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2013111-3566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, S. F., Kenar, J. A., Thompson, A. R., & Peterson, S. C. (2013). Comparison of biochars derived from wood pellets and pelletized wheat straw as replacements for peat in potting substrates. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 437–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen, J., Grotenhuis, T., Joziasse, J., & Rulkens, W. (2003). Ripening of clayey dredged sediments during temporary upland disposal. A bioremediation technique. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 3(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02989469
   Google Scholar
• Weil, R. R., & Brady, N. C. (2017). Nature and properties of soils (15th ed.). Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• White, R. A. J. (2020). Greenhouse vegetable information. Commercial use of soilless culture for tomatoes in New Zealand. http://www.ghvi.co.nz/soilless/media/mediaintro.html
   Google Scholar
• WRAP. (2006). Uses of compost in regeneration and remediation of brownfield sites in UK. https://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Brownfield_market_potential_summary090506.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WRAP. (2020a). Soil manufacture and habitat creation. http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/WRAP%20GPG%202%20Soil%20manufacture%20and%20habitat%20creation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WRAP. (2020b). Guidance on the use of BSI PAS 100 compost in topsoil manufacturing. http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/TD%20soil%20manufacture%20Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., & Sun, X. (2017). Using cow dung and spent coffee grounds to enhance the two-stage composting of green waste. Bioresource Technology, 233, 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.073
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, L., Sun, X., Tian, Y., & Gong, X. (2013). Composted green waste as a substitute for peat in growth media: Effects on growth and nutrition of Calathea insignis. PLOS One, 8(10), e78121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y.-F., & Haynes, R. J. (2010). Sorption of heavy metals by inorganic and organic components of solid wastes: Significance to use of wastes as low-cost adsorbents and immobilizing agents. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(11), 909–977. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802586857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulfiqar, F., Younis, A., & Chen, J. (2019). Biochar or biochar-compost amendment to a peat-based substrate improves growth of Syngonium podophyllum. Agronomy, 9(8), 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy908
   Google Scholar