Detection and enumeration of enteric viruses in cell culture

References

• Dahling , D. R. , Safferman , R. S. and Wright , B. A. 1984 . Results of a survey of BGM cell culture practices . Environ. Int. , 10 : 309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Environmental Quality Management . 1970 . Engineering evaluation of virus hazards in water . J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Chem. Eng. , 96 : 111
   Google Scholar
• Keswick , B. H. and Gerba , C. P. 1980 . Viruses in groundwater . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 14 : 1290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdy , M. S. 1973 . “ Viruses in the environment and their significances ” . In Viruses in the Environment and Their Potential Hazards , Edited by: Mahdy , M. S. and Dutka , B. J. 2 Burlington, Ontario : Canada Centre for Inland Waters .
   Google Scholar
• Sobsey , M. D. 1982 . Quality of currently available methodology for monitoring viruses in the environment . Environ. Int. , 7 : 39
   Google Scholar
• Singh , S. N. , Rose , J. B. and Gerba , C. P. 1983 . Concentration of viruses from tap water and sewage with a charge‐modified filter aid . J. Virol. Methods , 6 : 329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi , I. , Yamazaki , K. , Minekawa , Y. , Nishimura , H. and Kitaura , T. 1985 . Three‐year survey of the epidemiology of rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and some small spherical viruses including “Osaka‐agent” associated with infantile diarrhea . Biken J. , 28 : 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt , C. D. , Kim , H. W. , Rodriguez , W. J. , Arrobio , J. O. , Jeffries , B. C. , Stallings , E. P. , Lewis , C. , Miles , A. J. , Chanock , R. M. , Kapikian , A. Z. and Parrott , K. H. 1983 . Pediatric viral gastroenteritis during eight years of study . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 18 : 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell , D. A. and Kapikian , A. Z. 1982 . Virus Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Bhat , P. , Macaden , R. , Unnykrishnan , P. and Rao , H. G. V. 1985 . Rotavirus and bacterial enteropathogens in acute diarrheas of young children in Bangalore . Indian J. Med. Res. , 82 : 105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simhon , A. and Mata , L. 1985 . Fecal rotaviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruslike particles, and small round viruses in a cohort of rural Costa Rican children . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , 34 : 931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiemessen , C. T. , Wegerhoff , F. O. , Erasmus , M. J. and Kidd , A. H. 1989 . Infection by enteric adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and other agents in a rural african environment . J. Med. Virol. , 28 : 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control . 1990 . Protection against viral hepatitis , Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services .
   Google Scholar
• Willcocks , M. M. , Carter , M. J. , Laidler , F. R. and Madeley , C. R. 1990 . Growth and characterisation of human faecal astrovirus in a continuous cell line . Arch. Virol. , 113 : 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , F. P. Jr. 1989 . Electron microscope of stool‐shed viruses: retention of characteristic morphologies after long‐term storage at ultralow temperatures . J. Med. Virol. , 29 : 192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madore , H. P. , Treanor , J. J. and Dolin , R. 1986 . Characterization of the snow mountain agent of viral gastroenteritis . J. Virol. , 58 : 487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cubitt , W. D. , Blacklow , N. R. , Herrmann , J. E. , Nowak , N. A. , Nakata , S. and Chiba , S. 1987 . Antigenic relationships between human caliciviruses and Norwalk virus . J. Infect. Dis. , 156 : 806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen , M. L. , Ray , C. G. , Payne , C. M. , Friedman , A. D. , Minnich , L. L. and Rousseau , C. 1985 . Coronaviruslike particles in human gastrointestinal disease: epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory observations . Am. J. Dis. Child. , 139 : 928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battaglia , M. , Passarani , N. , DiMatteo , A. and Geran , G. 1987 . Human enteric coronaviruses: further characterization and immunoblotting of viral proteins . J. Infect. Dis. , 155 : 140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arankalle , V. A. , Sreenivasan , M. A. , Popper , H. , Ticehurst , J. , Kapikian , A. Z. , Pavri , K. M. and Purcell , R. H. 1988 . Aetiological association of a virus‐like particle with enterically transmitted non‐A, non‐B hepatitis . Lancet , 8585 : 550
   Google Scholar
• Morse , D. L. , Guzewich , J. J. , Hanrahan , J. P. , Stricof , R. , Shayegani , M. , Deibel , R. , Grabau , J. C. , Nowak , N. A. , Herrman , J. E. , Cukor , G. and Blacklow , N. R. 1986 . Widespread outbreaks of clam‐and oyster‐associated gastroenteritis: role of Norwalk virus . N. Engt. J. Med. , 314 : 678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayflick , L. and Moorhead , P. S. 1961 . The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains . Exp. Cell Res. , 25 : 585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , S. B. , Grove , G. L. and Cristofalo , V. J. 1977 . Cell size in aging monolayer cultures . In Vitro , 13 : 297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holliday , R. , Huschtscha , L. I. , Tarrant , G. M. and Kirkwood , T. B. L. 1977 . Testing the commitment theory of cellular aging . Science , 198 : 366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poiley , J. A. , Schuman , R. F. and Pienta , R. J. 1978 . Characterization of normal human embryo cells grown to over 100 population doublings . In Vitro , 14 : 405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witkowski , J. A. 1987 . Cell aging in vitro: a historical perspective . Exp. Gerontol. , 22 : 231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron , A. L. , Olshevsky , C. and Cohen , M. M. 1970 . Characteristics of the BGM line of cells from African green monkey kidney . Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. , 32 : 389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ham , R. G. and McKeehan , W. L. 1979 . “ Media and growth requirements ” . In Methods in Enzymology , 44 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morton , H. J. 1970 . A survey of commercially available tissue culture media . In Vitro , 6 : 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morton , H. J. , Gwatkin , R. B. L. , Gamborg , O. L. , Patterson , M. K. Jr. and Pumper , R. W. 1972 . Policy on media formulae, 1972 . In Vitro , 8 : 106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutzky , L. P. and Pumper , R. W. 1974 . Supplement to a survey of commercially available tissue culture media (1970) . In Vitro , 9 : 468
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolton , W. E. and Boyd , A. E. 1980 . Evaluation of growth hormone production from GHI cells in vitro: effect of culture media and time in culture . In Vitro , 16 : 330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahling , D. R. and Wright , B. A. 1986 . Optimization of the BGM cell line culture and viral assay procedures for monitoring viruses in the environment . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 51 : 790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , H. C. , Becker , J. and Cheesman , J. O. 1973 . Survival of animal tissue culture cells in primary culture in the absence of serum . Appl. Microbiol. , 25 : 49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witkowski , J. A. and Brighton , W. D. 1972 . Influence of serum on attachment of tissue cells to glass surfaces . Exp. Cell Res. , 70 : 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pumper , R. W. and Alfred , L. J. 1960 . Growth phases of mammalian cells propagated in a serum‐free medium . Exp. Cell Res. , 20 : 630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmsted , C. A. 1967 . A physico‐chemical study of fetal calf sera used as tissue culture nutrient correlated with biological tests for toxicity . Exp. Cell Res. , 48 : 283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodheart , C. R. , Casto , B. C. , Zwiers , A. and Regnier , P. R. 1973 . Plating efficiency for primary hamster embryo cells as an index of efficacy of fetal bovine serum for cell culture . Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honn , K. V. , Singley , J. A. and Chavin , W. 1975 . Fetal bovine serum: a multivariate standard . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 149 : 344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HyClone Laboratories, Inc. 1986 . Fetal bovine serum: variation in components that influence cell growth and function . Art. Sci. , 5 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , W. G. , Taylor , M. J. , Lewis , N. J. and Pumper , R. W. 1972 . Studies on a serum substitute for mammalian cells in culture. I. Biological efficiency of whole and fractionated’ peptone dialysate . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 139 : 96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassolitis , A. C. , Novelli , R. M. and Larkin , E. P. 1981 . Serum substitute in epithelial cell culture media: nonfat dry milk filtrate . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassy , M. C. , Tharakan , J. P. and Chan , P. C. 1988 . Serum‐free media in hybridoma culture and monoclonal antibody production . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 32 : 1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HyClone Laboratories, Inc. 1986 . Serum‐free media and serum substitutes . Art. Sci. , 3 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Jayme , D. W. and Blackman , K. E. 1985 . “ Culture media for propagation of mammalian cells, viruses, and other biologicals ” . In Advances in Biotechnological Processes , Vol. 5 , 1 New York : Alan R. Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Chandler , J. P. 1990 . Cultivation of mammalian cells in serum‐free medium . Am. Biotechnol. Lab. , 8 : 18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gleaves , C. A. , Rice , D. H. and Meyers , J. D. 1990 . Use of serum substitutes for the growth of four cell lines commonly used for virus isolation . J. Virol. Methods , 28 : 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahiing , D. R. and Wright , B. A. 1990 . Comparison of fortified calf serum, serum substitutes and fetal calf serum with or without extenders for propagation of cell cultures for virus plaque assays . J. Virol. Methods , 27 : 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candal , F. J. , Marchetti , G. , Davis , M. , George , V. and Ades , E. W. 1989 . Mammalian tissue culture growth, viral replication, and cultivation using serum replacement factor (42945) . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 192 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , S. and Siegel , C. 1990 . Comparison of a serum replacement (Omni Serum) and fetal bovine serum in cell cultures used to isolate herpes simplex virus from clinical specimens . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 28 : 643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian , V. and Ali , A. M. 1989 . Milk plasma supports growth and differentiation of a mouse teratocarcinoma cell line . In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. , 25 : 391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha , S. N. and Sen , A. K. 1989 . Milk whey as a serum supplement for the growth of FMD virus in BHK‐21 cells . Vet. Res. Commun. , 13 : 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HyClone Laboratories, Inc. 1988 . Iron‐supplemented bovine calf serum . Art. Sci. , 7 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Swartzwelder , F. J. 1990 . An alternative to fetal bovine serum: calf serum, supplemented, iron‐enriched . Focus , 12 : 81
   Google Scholar
• Jayme , D. W. 1990 . Alternatives to fetal bovine serum for mammalian cell culture . Focus , 12 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Jayne , D. W. , Epstein , D. A. and Conrad , D. R. 1988 . Fetal bovine serum alternatives . Nature , 334 : 547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , W. H. and Hurst , C. J. 1986 . Evaluation of mixed cell types and 5‐iodo‐2'‐deoxyuridine treatment upon plaque assay titers of human enteric viruses . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 51 : 1036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , F. P. Jr. and Hurst , C. J. 1988 . Detection of environmental viruses in sludge: enhancement of enterovirus plaque assay titers with 5‐iodo‐2'‐deoxyuridine and comparison to adenovirus and coliphage titers . Water Res. , 22 : 847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. M. , Sharf , B. B. and Cristofalo , V. J. 1975 . The influence of culture medium volume on cell density and lifespan of human diploid fibroblasts . Exp. Cell Res. , 91 : 389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. M. 1979 . Effect of different fetal bovine serum concentrations on the replicative life span of cultured chick cells . In Vitro , 15 : 895
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sobsey , M. D. 1987 . “ Methods for recovering viruses from shellfish, seawater and sediments ” . In Methods for Recovering Viruses from the Environment , Edited by: Berg , G. 77 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , G. , Safferman , R. S. , Dahling , D. R. , Berman , D. and Hurst , C. J. 1984 . USEPA Manual of Methods for Virology , Publ. No. EPA‐600/4–84–013 Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , C. J. and Goyke , T. 1983 . Reduction of interfering cytotoxicity associated with wastewater sludge concentrates assayed for indigenous enteric viruses . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 46 : 133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hejkal , T. W. , Gerba , C. P. and Rao , V. C. 1982 . Reduction of cytotoxicity in virus concentrates from environmental samples . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oragui , J. I. and Mara , D. D. 1989 . Simple method for the detoxification of wastewater ultrafiltration concentrates for rotavirus assay by indirect immunofluorescence . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipmam , C. Jr. 1969 . Evaluation of 4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐l‐piperazineëthanesulfonic acid (HEPES) as a tissue culture buffer (33543) . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 130 : 305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagle , H. 1971 . Buffer combinations for mammalian cell culture . Science , 174 : 500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , J. D. 1968 . Use of a new buffer in the culture of animal cells . J. Gen. Virol. , 2 : 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai , K. and Hammon , W. McD. 1964 . Plaque studies with certain group B arboviruses. I. Japanese B encephalitis virus strains on hamster kidney and chick embryo tissue culture (29522) . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 117 : 154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis , C. , Morales , F. , Powell , J. and Melnick , J. L. 1966 . Plaque enhancement of enter‐oviruses by magnesium chloride, cysteine, and pancreatin . J. Bacteriol. , 91 : 1932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , D. R. , Farrah , S. R. and Bitton , G. Enhanced infectivity of enteroviruses in vitro by treating cell monolayers and viruses with the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine . Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.. pp. Q‐31
   Google Scholar
• Preston , D. R. , Bitton , G. and Farrah , S. R. Enhancing the infectivity of enteroviruses in vitro by pretreating host cell monolayers with cationic polymer polyethyleneimine . Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.. pp. Q‐114
   Google Scholar
• Preston , D. R. , Bitton , G. and Farrah , S. R. 1990 . Enhancement of enterovirus infectivity in vitro by pretreating host cell monolayers with the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLeon , R. and Gerba , C. P. Enhancement of the sensitivity of the BGM cell line to enteroviruses . Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.. pp. Q‐133
   Google Scholar
• Landry , E. F. , Vaughn , J. M. , Vicale , T. J. and Mann , R. 1982 . Inefficient accumulation of low levels of monodispersed and feces‐associated poliovirus in oysters . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 44 : 1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , G. P. and Goldmintz , D. 1982 . Evaluation of a cross‐flow filtration technique for extraction of polioviruses from inoculated oyster tissue homogenates . J. Virol. Methods , 4 : 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn , J. M. , Landry , E. F. , Vicale , T. J. and Dahl , M. C. 1979 . Modified procedure for the recovery of naturally accumulated poliovirus from oysters . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 38 : 594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , G. P. and Weinheimer , D. A. 1985 . Influence of adsorption time, rocking, and soluble proteins on the plaque assay of monodispersed poliovirus . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 49 : 744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , G. P. , Teska , J. D. , Bemiss , J. A. and Sample , J. D. Comparison of rocked and static adsorption for the plaque assay of enteroviruses . Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.. pp. Q‐224
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf , T. G. , Moulton , E. and Eckerson , D. 1980 . Improved method and test strategy for recovery of enteric viruses from shellfish . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 39 : 141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , W. H. and Hurst , C. J. 1990 . Sequential inoculation as an adjunct in enteric virus plaque enumeration . Water Res. , 24 : 905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , P. D. 1955 . A method for producing plaques in agar suspensions of animal cells . Virology , 1 : 397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , P. D. 1961 . The plaque assay of animal viruses . Adv. Virus Res. , 8 : 319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper , P. D. 1961 . An improved agar cell‐suspension plaque assay for poliovirus: some factors affecting efficiency of plating . Virology , 13 : 153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , P. D. 1967 . “ The plaque assay of animal viruses ” . In Methods in Virology , Edited by: Maramorosch , K. and Koprowski , H. Vol. 3 , 243 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Konowalchuk , J. and Speirs , J. I. 1971 . A method for recovering enteroviruses from infected samples by adsorption onto shaken suspended cells . Can. J. Microbiol. , 17 : 1279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , R. and Waite , W. M. 1980 . Evaluation of procedures for recovery of viruses from water. II. Detection systems . Water Res. , 14 : 795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , V. C. , Seidel , K. M. , Goyal , S. M. , Metcalf , T. G. and Melnick , J. L. 1984 . Isolation of enteroviruses from water, suspended solids, and sediments from Galveston Bay: survival of polioviruses and rotavirus adsorbed to sediments . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 48 : 404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmonds , R. S. , Lewis , G. D. , Loutit , M. W. and Austin , F. J. 1982 . A method for detecting and identifying enteroviruses in effluents . N.Z. J. Sci. , 25 : 57
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade , J. S. 1977 . Enteroviruses in partially purified water . J. Inst. Water Eng. Sci. , 31 : 219
   Google Scholar
• Slade , J. S. 1978 . Enteroviruses in slow sand filtered water . J. Inst. Water Eng. Sci. , 32 : 530
   Google Scholar
• Dahling , D. R. and Wright , B. A. 1988 . Optimization of suspended cell method and comparison with cell monolayer technique for virus assays . J. Virol. Methods , 20 : 169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahling, D. R. unpublished data, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Benton , W. H. and Ward , R. L. 1982 . Induction of cytopathogenicity in mammalian cell lines challenged with culturable enteric viruses and its enhancement by 5‐iododeoxyuridine . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahling , D. R. , Berg , G. and Berman , D. 1974 . BGM, a continuous cell line more sensitive than primary rhesus and African green kidney cells for the recovery of viruses from water . Health Lab. Sci. , 11 : 275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt , N. J. , Ho , H. H. , Riggs , J. L. and Lennette , E. H. 1978 . Comparative sensitivity of various cell culture systems for isolation of viruses from wastewater and fecal samples . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menegus , M. A. and Hollick , G. E. 1982 . Increased efficiency of group B coxsackievirus isolation from clinical specimens by use of BGM cells . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 15 : 945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , J. R. , Daniel , J. , Mathan , M. and Mathan , V. I. 1984 . Isolation and identification of enteroviruses from faecal samples in a differentiated epithelial cell line (HRT‐18) derived from human rectal carcinoma . J. Med. Virol. , 14 : 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , J. R. , Daniel , J. and Mathan , V. I. 1985 . A comparison of the susceptibility of three human gut tumour‐derived differentiated epithelial cell lines, primary monkey kidney cells and human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line to 66‐prototype strains of human enteroviruses . J. Virol. Methods , 12 : 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , E. 1985 . Detection of enteroviruses: as assessment of ten cell lines . Water Sci. Technol. , 17 : 81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan , R. and Menegus , M. A. 1986 . A combination of four cell types for rapid detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens . J. Med. Virol. , 19 : 219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman‐Bass , N. 1987 . “ Cell cultures and other host systems for detecting and quantifying viruses in the environment ” . In Methods for Recovering Viruses from the Environment , Edited by: Berg , G. 195 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chonmaitree , T. , Ford , C. , Sanders , C. and Lucia , H. L. 1988 . Comparison of cell cultures for rapid isolation of enteroviruses . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 26 : 2576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , J. C. and Schwartzbrod , L. 1988 . Viruses in Water Systems. Detection and Identification , New York : VCH Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , S. L. G. and Siegel , C. S. 1990 . Presumptive identification of enteroviruses with RD, HEp‐2, and RMK cell lines . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 28 : 1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tougianidou , D. , Jacob , M. , Herbold , K. , Hahn , T. , Flehmig , B. and Botzenhart , K. 1989 . Assessment of various cell lines (including mixed‐cell cultures) for the detection of enteric viruses in different water sources . Water Sci. Technol. , 21 : 311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control . 1981 . Enterovirus Surveillance Report 1970–1979 , Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service .
   Google Scholar
• Cao , Y. , Walen , K. H. and Schnurr , D. 1988 . Coxsackievirus B‐3 selection of virus resistant Buffalo green monkey kidney cells and chromosome analysis of parental and resistant cells . Arch. Virol. , 101 : 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. N. personal communication, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Kedmi , S. and Fattal , B. 1981 . Evaluation of the false‐positive enteroviral plaque phenomenon occurring in sewage samples . Water Res. , 15 : 73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , R. 1984 . Confirmed viruses versus unconfirmed plaques in sewage . J. Environ. Eng. , 110 : 709
   Google Scholar
• Fannin , K. F. , Abid , S. H. , Bertucci , J. J. , Reed , J. M. , Vana , S. C. and Lue‐Hing , C. Significance of reporting infectious viral or plaque forming unit concentrations from environmental samples . Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.. pp. 200
   Google Scholar
• Leong , L. Y. C. , Barrett , S. J. and Trussell , R. R. False positives in testing of secondary sewage for enteric viruses . Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.. pp. 200
   Google Scholar
• Bertucci , J. J. , Abid , S. H. , Lue‐Hing , C. , Clark , C. S. , Fenters , J. D. and Fannin , K. F. 1983 . Confirmed viruses versus unconfirmed plaques in sewage . J. Environ. Eng. , 109 : 351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahling , D. R. , Sullivan , G. , Freyberg , R. W. and Safferman , R. S. 1989 . Factors affecting virus plaque confirmation procedures . J. Virol. Methods , 24 : 111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick , J. L. and Hampil , B. 1970 . WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference anti‐sera. Third report . Bull. WHO , 42 : 847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennette , E. H. and Schmidt , N. J. 1979 . Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections, , 5th ed. , Washington, D.C. : American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Egbertson , S. H. and Mayo , D. R. 1986 . A microneutralization test for the identification of enterovirus isolates . J. Virol. Methods , 14 : 305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar