Beneficial effects of plants in the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic materials

References

• Abdul , A. S. , Gibson , T. L. and Rai , D. N. 1990 . Selection of surfactants for the removal of petroleum products from shallow sandy aquifers . Ground Water , 28 : 920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar , A. and Marino , M. A. 1976 . Model for simulating soil‐water content considering eva‐potranspiration . J. Hydrol. , 37 : 309
   Google Scholar
• Aprill , W. and Sims , R. C. 1990 . Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil . Chemosphere , 20 : 253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. 1964 . Oxygen diffusion from the roots of some British bog plants . Nature , 204 : 801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. 1968 . Oxygen diffusion from the roots of woody species . Physiol. Plant. , 21 : 539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. 1978 . “ Root aeration in the wetland condition ” . In Plant Life in Anaerobic Environments , Edited by: Hook , D. D. and Crawford , R. M. M. 269 Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. 1979 . “ Aeration in higher plants ” . In Advances in Botanical Research , Edited by: Woolhouse , H. H. Vol. 7 , 226 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. and Armstrong , J. 1990 . “ Pathways and mechanisms of oxygen transport ” . In Phragmites australis, in Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. 529 New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. , Armstrong , J. and Beckett , P. M. 1990 . “ Measurement and modelling of oxygen release from roots of Phragmites australis ” . In Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. 41 New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. and Beckett , P. M. 1985 . Root aeration in unsaturated soil: a multishelled mathematical model of oxygen diffusion and distribution with and without sectoral wet‐soil blocking of the diffusion path . New Phytol. , 100 : 293
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , W. and Beckett , P. M. 1987 . Internal aeration and the development of stelar anoxia in submerged roots: a multi‐shelled mathematical model combining axial diffusion of oxygen in the cortex with radial losses to the stele, the wall layers and the rhizosphere . New Phytol. , 105 : 221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas , R. M. 1981 . Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an environmental perspective . Microbiol. Rev. , 45 : 180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atlas , R. M. , ed. 1984 . Petroleum Microbiology , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. E. and Ollis , D. F. 1986 . Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , D. A. and Lynch , J. M. 1977 . Microbial growth in the rhizosphere . SoilBiol. Biochem. , 9 : 305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazin , M. J. , Markham , P. , Scott , E. M. and Lynch , J. M. 1990 . “ Population dynamics and rhizosphere interactions ” . In The Rhizosphere , Edited by: Lynch , J. M. 99 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Beall , M. L. Jr. and Nash , R. G. 1971 . Organochlorine insecticide residues in soybean plant tops: root versus vapor sorption . Agron. J. , 63 : 460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkbeck , A. E. , Reil , D. and Hunter , R. 1990 . “ Application of natural and engineering wetlands for treatment of low‐strengh leachate ” . In Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C . 411 New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boersma , L. , Lindstrom , F. T. and McFarlane , C. 1990 . Model for uptake of organic chemicals by plants , Station Bulletin 677 Corvallis, OR : Agric. Exp. Sta., Oregon State University .
   Google Scholar
• Boersma , L. , Lindstrom , F. T. , McFarlane , C. and McCoy , E. L. 1988 . Uptake of organic chemicals by plants: a theoretical model . Soil Sci. , 146 : 403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossert , I. and Bartha , R. 1984 . “ The fate of petroleum in soil ecosystems ” . In Petroleum Microbiology , Edited by: Atlas , R. M. 435 New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bowen , G. D. and Theodorou , C. 1973 . “ Growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi around seeds and roots ” . In Ectomycorrhizae. Their Ecology and Physiology Edited by: Marks , G. C. and Kolzlowski , K. K. 107 Butterworth, London
   Google Scholar
• Bresler , E. 1987 . Application of a conceptual model to irrigation water requirement and salt tolerance of crops . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 51 : 788
   Google Scholar
• Bresler , E. and Hoffman , G. J. 1986 . Irrigation management for soil salinity control: theories and field tests . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 50 : 1552
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , G. G. , Bromilow , R. H. and Evans , A. A. 1982 . Relationships between lipophilicity and root uptake and translocation of non‐ionised chemicals by barley . Pestic. Sci. , 13 : 495
   Google Scholar
• Brusseau , M. L. and Rao , P. S. C. 1989 . Sorption nonideality during organic contaminant transport in porous media . Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 19 : 33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchel , H. B. and Grosse , W. 1990 . Localization of the porous partition responsible for pressurized gas transport in Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn . Tree Physiol. , 6 : 247
   Google Scholar
• Bush , B. , Shane , L. A. , Wilson , L. R. , Barnard , E. L. and Barnes , D. 1986 . Uptake of polychlorobiphenyl congeners by purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on the banks of the Hudson River . Arch. Contam. Toxicol. , 15 : 285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E. J. and Kostecki , P. T. 1989 . Petroleum Contaminated Soils Vol. 2 , Lewis, Chelsea, MI
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , M. M. and Richards , J. H. 1989 . Hydraulic lift: water efflux from upper roots improves effectiveness of water uptake by deep roots . Oecologia , 79 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , C. D. , Willis , J. , Giti‐Pour , S. , Zieleniewski , J. L. , Rickabaugh , J. F. , Mecca , M. I. , Pasin , B. , Sims , R. C. , Sorenson , D. L. , Sims , J. L. , McLean , J. E. , Mahmood , R. , DuPont , R. R. and Wagner , K. , eds. 1991 . In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste‐Contaminated Soils, , 2nd ed. , Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Data Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Christy , A. L. and Ferrier , J. M. 1973 . A mathematical treatment of Munch's pressure‐flow hypothesis of phloem translocation . Plant Physiol. , 52 : 531
   Google Scholar
• Clark , F. E. 1969 . “ Ecological associations among soil microorganisms ” . In Soil Biology; Review of Research , 125 Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Conley , L. M. , Dick , R. I. and Lion , L. W. 1991 . An assessment of the root zone method of wastewater treatment, [Res.] . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 63 : 239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. , eds. 1990 . Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control , 171 215 301 383 New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Corak , S. J. , Blevins , D. G. and Pallardy , S. G. 1987 . Water transfer in an alfalfa/maize association . Plant Physiol. , 84 : 582
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowdy , S. H. and Jones , D. R. 1956 . The translocation of sulphonamides in higher plants . J. Exp. Bot. , 7 : 335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman , J. H. 1982 . Nutrient transport inside and outside the root rhizosphere: theory . Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 46 : 704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. B. 1967 . Petroleum Microbiology , New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Devlin , R. M. and Witham , F. H. 1983 . Plant Physiology, , 4th ed. , Boston : Willard Grant .
   Google Scholar
• Dolfing , J. , Zeyer , J. , Binder‐Eicher , P. and Schwarzenbach , R. P. 1990 . Isolation and characterization of a bacterium that mineralizes toluene in the absence of molecular oxygen . Arch. Microbiol. , 154 : 336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , N. T. 1986 . Uptake, translocation and metabolism of anthracene in bush bean (Phas‐eolus vulgaris L.) . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 5 : 659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , L. E. 1987 . “ Energy requirements in biological systems ” . In Thermal and Energetic Studies of Cellular Biological Systems , Edited by: James , A. M. 14 Bristol, , England : Wright .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , L. E. and Fan , L. T. 1988 . “ Anaerobic degradation of toxic and hazardous wastes ” . In Handbook on Anaerobic Fermentations , Edited by: Erickson , L. E. and Fung , D. Y. C. 695 New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , L. E. , Fan , L. T. , Dhawan , S. and Tuitemwong , P. . Modeling, analysis, and simulation of bioremediation of soil and water . Proc. Conf. Hazardous Waste Res. . pp. 17
   Google Scholar
• Eschrich , W. , Evert , R. F. and Young , J. H. 1972 . Solution flow in tubular semipermeable membranes . Planta , 107 : 279
   Google Scholar
• Feddes , R. A. , Bresler , E. and Neuman , S. P. 1974 . Test of a modified numerical model for water uptake by root systems . Water Resour. Res. , 10 : 1199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feddes , R. A. , Kowalik , P. J. , Kolinska‐Malinka , K. and Zaradny , H. 1976 . Simulation of field water uptake by plants using a soil water dependent root extraction function . J. Hydrol. , 31 : 13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feddes , R. A. , Kowalik , P. J. and Zaradny , H. 1978 . Simulation of Field Water Use and Crop Yield , Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation .
   Google Scholar
• Ferrier , J. M. and Christy , A. L. 1975 . Time‐dependent behavior of a mathematical model for Munch translocation . Plant Physiol. , 55 : 511
   Google Scholar
• Foth , H. D. 1990 . Fundamentals of Soil Science, , 8th ed. , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , W. R. 1960 . Dynamic aspects of water availability to plants . Soil Sci. , 89 : 63
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , W. R. 1964 . Relation of root distribution to water uptake and availability . Agron. J. , 56 : 41
   Google Scholar
• Gerhardson , B. and Clarhom , M. 1986 . “ Microbial communities on plant roots ” . In Microbial Communities in Soil , Edited by: Jensen , V. , Kj⊘ller , A. and S⊘rensen , L. H. 19 London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , D. T. , ed. 1984 . Microbial Degradation of Organic Compounds , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , C. J. 1970 . The flooding tolerance of woody species — a review . For. Abstr. , 31 : 671
   Google Scholar
• Gish , T. J. and Jury , W. A. 1982 . Estimated solute travel times through a crop's root zone, So/7 . Sci. , 133 : 124
   Google Scholar
• Gish , T. J. and Jury , W. A. 1983 . Effect of plant roots and root channels on solute transport . Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , 26 : 440 451
   Google Scholar
• Gliński , J. and Stepniewski , W. 1985 . Soil Aeration and Its Role in Plants , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• GoeschI , J. D. , Magnuson , C. E. , DeMichele , D. W. and Sharpe , P. J. H. 1976 . Concentration‐dependent unloading as a necessary assumption for a closed form mathematical model of osmotically driven pressure flow in phloem . Plant Physiol. , 58 : 556
   Google Scholar
• Görtz , J. H. and Van Oorschot , J. L. P. 1984 . Uptake and translocation of [14C]asulam and [14C]bromacil by roots of maize and bean plants . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 21 : 45
   Google Scholar
• Grosse , W. 1989 . “ Thermoosmotic air transport in aquatic plants affecting growth activities and oxygen diffusion to wetland soils ” . In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 469 MI : Lewis, Chelsea .
   Google Scholar
• Habben , J. E. and Blevins , D. G. 1989 . Transfer of rubidium‐86 (potassium) from deeply‐rooted alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to associated, shallow‐rooted maize (Zea mays L.) or grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) . J. Plant Nutr. , 12 : 1089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , T. F. , Penfound , W. T. and Hess , A. D. 1946 . Water level relationships of plants in the Tennessee Valley with particular reference to malaria control . J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. , 21 : 18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammer , D. A. , ed. 1989 . Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural Lewis, Chelsea, MI
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , E. A. and Dickson , R. E. 1979 . Water and mineral nutrient transfer between root systems of juvenile . Populus, For. Sci. , 25 : 247
   Google Scholar
• Hatzios , K. K. and Penner , D. 1982 . Metabolism of Herbicides in Higher Plants , Minneapolis, MN : Burgess Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Heitholt , J. J. , Hodgson , R. H. and Tworkoski , T. J. 1990 . Toxicity and uptake of nitro‐guanidine in plants . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 44 : 751
   Google Scholar
• Herkelrath , W. N. , Miller , E. E. and Gardner , W. R. 1977 . Water uptake by plants. I. Divided root experiments . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 41 : 1033
   Google Scholar
• Herkelrath , W. N. , Miller , E. E. and Gardner , W. R. 1977 . Water uptake by plants. II. The root contact model . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 41 : 1039
   Google Scholar
• Hillel , D. 1980 . Applications of Soil Physics , 76 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hillel , D. , Talpaz , H. and Van Keulen , H. 1976 . A macroscopic‐scale model of water uptake by a nonuniform root system and of water and salt movement in the soil profile . Soil Sci. , 12 : 242
   Google Scholar
• Hook , D. D. and Brown , C. L. 1973 . Root adaptations and relative flood tolerance of five hardwood species . For. Sci. , 19 : 225
   Google Scholar
• Hook , D. D. and Scholtens , J. R. 1978 . “ Adaptations and flood tolerances of tree species ” . In Plant Life in Anaerobic Environments , Edited by: Hook , D. D. and Crawford , R. M. M. 299 Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. B. and Parkin , G. F. . The effect of influent acetate concentration on the transformation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds in fixed film anaerobic filters . Proc. Conf. Hazardous Waste Res. . pp. 1
   Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. 1979 . “ Water transport through soil, plant, and atmosphere ” . In Ecological Studies, Agriculture in Semi‐Arid Environments , Edited by: Hall , A. E. , Cannell , G. H. and Lanton , H. W. 180 New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kapulnik , Y. and Okon , Y. 1983 . Benefits of Azospirillum inoculation in wheat: effects on root development and NO3 uptake in wheat in hydroponic systems . Curr. Bot. , 63 : 627
   Google Scholar
• Kawase , M. 1981 . Anatomical and morphological adaptations of plants to waterlogging . HortScience , 16 : 30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr Laboratory . 1991 . Annual Report , Ada, OK : Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA .
   Google Scholar
• Kew , G. A. , Schaum , J. L. , White , P. and Evans , T. T. 1989 . Review of plant uptake of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD from soil and potential influences of bioavailability . Chemosphere , 18 : 1313
   Google Scholar
• Khondaker , A. N. , Al‐Layla , R. I. and Husain , T. 1990 . Groundwater contamination studies: the state‐of‐the‐art . Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 20 : 231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmerer , T. W. 1987 . Alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase activity in leaves and roots of Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) . Plant Physiol. , 84 : 1210
   Google Scholar
• King , L. G. and Hanks , R. J. 1973 . Irrigation management for control of quality of irrigation return flow , Environmental Protection Technology Series Washington, D.C. : US EPA . EPA‐R2‐(73–265)
   Google Scholar
• Klein , D. A. , Salzwedel , J. L. and Dazzo , F. B. 1990 . “ Microbial colonization of plant roots ” . In Biotechnology of Plant‐Microbe Interactions , Edited by: Nakas , J. P. and Hagedorn , C . 189 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Kostecki , P. T. and Calabrese , E. J. 1989 . Petroleum Contaminated Soils Vol. 1 , Lewis, Chelsea, MI
   Google Scholar
• Kostecki , P. T. and Calabrese , E. J. 1990 . Petroleum Contaminated Soils Vol. 3 , Lewis, Chelsea, MI
   Google Scholar
• Koziowski , T. T. 1984 . “ Flooding and plant growth ” . In Responses of Woody Plants to Flooding , 129 Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Koziowski , T. T. , Kramer , P. J. and Pallardy , S. G. 1991 . The Physiological Ecology of Woody Plants , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , P. J. 1983 . Water Relations of Plants , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , E. P. , Colberg , P. J. , Schnoor , J. L. , Wanner , O. , Zehnder , A. J. B. and Schwarzenbach , R. P. 1985 . Microbial transformations of substituted benzenes during infiltration of river water to groundwater: laboratory column studies . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 19 : 961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. D. , Thomas , J. M. , Borden , R. C. , Bedient , P. B. and Ward , C. H. 1988 . Bio‐restoration of aquifers contaminated with organic compounds . Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 18 : 29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht , L. A. 1990 . Poplar Tree Buffer Strips Grown in Riparian Zones for Biomass Production and Non‐Point Source Pollution Control , Iowa City, IA : University of Iowa . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Litchfield , D. K. 1990 . “ Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment at Amoco Oil Company's Mandan, North Dakota, Refinery ” . In Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C . 399 New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , W. , Okon , Y. and Hardy , R. W. F. 1983 . Enhanced mineral uptake by Zea mays Sorghum bicolor roots inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 45 : 1775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , C.‐M. , McLean , P. A. , Sookdeo , C. C. and Cannon , F. C. 1991 . Degradation of the herbicide glyphosphate by members of the family Rhizobiacea . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 57 : 1799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loucks , W. L. and Keen , R. A. 1973 . Submersion tolerance of selected seedling trees . J. For. , 71 : 496
   Google Scholar
• Luxmoore , R. J. , Stolzy , L. H. and Letey , J. 1970 . Oxygen diffusion in the soil‐plant system. I. A model . Agron. J. , 62 : 317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , J. M. 1982 . “ Interactions between bacteria and plants in the root environment ” . In Bacteria and Plants , Edited by: Rhodes‐Roberts , M. E. and Skinner , F. A. 1 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , J. M. 1990 . The Rhizosphere , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Marino , M. A. and Tracy , J. C. 1988 . Row of water through a root‐soil environment . J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. ASCE , 114 : 588
   Google Scholar
• McCarty , P. L. , Rittmann , B. E. and Bouwer , E. J. 1984 . “ Microbiological processes affecting chemical transformation in groundwater ” . In Groundwater Pollution Microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , B. and Gerba , P. G. 89 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• McCoy , E. L. , Boersma , L. , Ungs , M. L. and Akratanakul , S. 1984 . Towards understanding soil water uptake by plant root . Soil Sci. , 137 : 69
   Google Scholar
• McCrady , J. K. , McFarlane , E. and Lindstrom , F. T. 1987 . The transport and affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems . J. Exp. Bot. , 38 : 1875
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , J. C. , Cross , A. , Frank , C. and Rogers , R. R. 1981 . Atmospheric benzene depletion by soil microorganisms . Em. Monit. Assess. , 1 : 75
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , C. , Nolt , C. , Wickliff , C. , Pfleeger , T. , Shimabuku , R. and McDowell , M. 1987 . The uptake, distribution and metabolism of four organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 6 : 847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , J. C. , Pfleeger , T. and Fletcher , J. 1987 . Transpiration effect on the uptake and distribution of bromacil, nitrobenzene, and phenol in soybean plants . J. Environ. Qual. , 16 : 372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , C. , Pfleeger , T. and Fletcher , J. 1990 . Effect, uptake and disposition of nitrobenzene in several terrestrial plants . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 9 : 513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , T. T. , Hearn , S. and Alt , S. G. 1990 . Competition for nodule occupancy of introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in a Wisconsin soil with a low indigenous bradyrhizobial population . Can. J. Microbiol. , 36 : 839
   Google Scholar
• McNabb , J. F. and Dunlap , W. T. 1975 . Subsurface biological activity in relation to ground‐water pollution . Ground Water , 13 : 33
   Google Scholar
• Meiri , D. , Ghiasi , M. , Patterson , R. J. , Ramanujam , N. and Tyson , M. P. 1990 . Extraction of TCE‐contaminated ground water by subsurface drains and a pumping well . Ground Water , 28 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Mekwatanakarn , P. and Sivasithamparam , K. 1987 . Effect of certain herbicides on sporophytic survival and biological suppression of the take‐all fungus . New Phytol. , 106 : 153
   Google Scholar
• Mercer , J. W. and Cohen , R. M. 1990 . A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface; properties, models, characterization, and remediation . J. Contam. Hydrol. , 6 : 107
   Google Scholar
• Mercer , J. W. , Skipp , D. C. and Griffen , D. 1990 . Basics of pump‐and‐treat ground‐water remediation technology , Ada, OK : Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA . EPA/600/8–90/003
   Google Scholar
• Mitsch , W. J. and Gosselink , J. G. 1986 . Wetlands , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Molz , F. J. 1976 . Water transport in the soil‐root system: transient analysis . Water Resour. Res. , 12 : 805
   Google Scholar
• Molz , F. J. 1981 . Models of water transport in the soil‐plant system: a review . Water Resour. Res. , 17 : 1245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molz , F. J. and Remson , I. 1970 . Extraction term models of soil moisture use by transpiring plants . Water Resour. Res. , 6 : 1346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molz , F. J. , Remson , I. , Fungaroli , A. A. and Drake , R. L. 1968 . Soil moisture availability for transpiration . Water Resour. Res. , 4 : 1161
   Google Scholar
• Moser , M. and Haselwandter , K. 1983 . “ Ecophysiology of mycorrhizal symbioses ” . In Physiological Plant Ecology III: Responses to the Chemical and Plant Environment , Edited by: Lange , O. L. , Nobel , P. S. , Osmond , C. B. and Ziegler , H. 391 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• National Water Well Association . 1988 . Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration , Dublin, OH : Water Well Journal Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , S. P. , Feddes , R. A. and Bresler , E. 1975 . Finite element analysis of two‐dimensional flow in soils considering water uptake by roots. I. Theory . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 39 : 224
   Google Scholar
• Newman , E. I. 1978 . Root microorganisms: their significance in the ecosystem . Biol. Rev. , 53 : 511
   Google Scholar
• Nimah , M. N. and Hanks , R. J. 1973 . Model for estimating soil water, plant and atmospheric interrelations. I. Description and sensitivity . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 37 : 522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omenn , G. S. , ed. 1987 . Environmental Biotechnology , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pal , D. , Weber , J. B. and Overcash , M. R. 1980 . Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil‐plant systems . Residue Rev. , 74 : 45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papavizas , G. C. and Davey , C. B. 1961 . Extent and nature of the rhizosphere of Lupinus . Plant Soil , 14 : 215
   Google Scholar
• Parke , D. and Ornston , L. N. 1984 . Nutritional diversity of Rhizobiaceae revealed by auxan‐ography . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 130 : 1743
   Google Scholar
• Parker , C. A. , Trinick , M. J. and Chatel , D. L. 1977 . “ Rhizobia as soil and rhizosphere inhabitants ” . In A Treatise on Dinitrogen Fixation, IV, Agronomy and Ecology , Edited by: Hardy , R. W. and Gibson , A. H. 311 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , S. A. and Erickson , L. E. 1981 . Estimation of heats of combustion of biomass from elemental analysis using available electron concepts . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 23 : 2051
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , S. , Mackay , D. , Tam , D. and Shiu , W. Y. 1990 . Uptake of organic chemicals by plants: a review of processes, correlations and models . Chemosphere , 21 : 297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierzynski, G. M. personal communication with Dick Thompson, a farmer who lives in Boone, IA (Assistant Professor, Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS), 1991
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , K. R. and Smith , W. H. 1987 . Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery , Orlando, FL : Magnolia Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , K. R. and DeBusk , W. F. 1987 . “ Nutrient storage capabilities of aquatic and wetland plants ” . In Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery , Edited by: Reddy , K. R. and Smith , W. H. 337 Orlando, FL : Magnolia Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J. H. and Caldwell , M. M. 1987 . Hydraulic lift: substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots . Oecologia , 73 : 486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , C. J. and Davis , J. A. 1987 . “ Natural and artificial wetland ecosystems; ecological opportunities and limitations ” . In Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery , Edited by: Reddy , K. R. and Smith , W. H. 819 Orlando, FL : Magnolia Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Rittman , B. E. , Bouwer , E. J. , Schreiner , J. E. and McCarthy , P. L. 1980 . Biodegradation of Trace Organic Compounds in Groundwater Systems , Technical Report 255 Stanford, CA : Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , P. V. , McCarty , P. L. , Reinhard , M. and Schreiner , J. 1980 . Organic contaminant behavior during groundwater recharge . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 52 : 161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochkind‐Dubinsky , M. L. , Sayler , G. S. and Blackburn , J. W. 1987 . Microbial Decomposition of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. D. , McFarlane , J. C. and Cross , A. J. 1980 . Adsorption and desorption of benzene in two soils and montmorillonite clay . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 14 : 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowse , H. R. , Mason , W. K. and Taylor , H. M. 1983 . A microcomputer simulation model of soil‐water extraction by soybeans . Soil Sci. , 136 : 218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayler , G. S. , Fox , R. and Blackburn , J. E. 1991 . Environmental Biotechnology for Waste Treatment , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schnoor , J. L. and Licht , L. A. . Vegetative buffers for agroecosystems improvement, hazardous waste remediation, and biomass production . Conf. on Hazardous Waste Res. . Manhattan, KS : Kansas State University .
   Google Scholar
• Shimp , J. F. , Erickson , L. E. , Tracy , J. C. , Lee , E. , Davis , L. C. , Huang , W. and Schnoor , J. L. . Concepts involved in developing soil and groundwater remediation strategies using plants . Conf. on Hazardous Waste Res. . Manhattan, KS : Kansas State University .
   Google Scholar
• Sims , G. K. 1990 . “ Biological degradation of soil ” . In Advances in Soil Science, Vol. 11, Soil Degradation , Edited by: Lal , R. and Stewart , B. A. Vol. 11 , 289 New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Sims , J. L. , Sims , R. C. and Matthews , J. E. 1989 . Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils , Ada, OK : Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA . EPA/600/9–89/073
   Google Scholar
• Sims , J. L. , Sims , R. C. and Matthews , J. E. 1990 . Approach to bioremediation of contaminated soil . Hazard Waste Hazard Mater. , 7 : 117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims , R. C. 1990 . Soil remediation techniques at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites: a critical review . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc , 40 : 704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims , R. C. and Overcash , M. R. 1983 . Fate of polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) in soil‐plant systems . Residue Rev. , 88 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Singh , G. , Higginson , F. R. , Fenton , I. G. and Dowman , A. 1990 . Translocation of aged cyclodiene insecticide residues from soil into forage crops under optimal glasshouse conditions . J. Environ. Sci. Health B , 25 (3) : 295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. A. and Mayfield , C. I. 1977 . Effects of paraquat on selected microbial activities in soil . Microbial Ecol. , 3 : 333
   Google Scholar
• Smith , W. H. 1990 . “ The atmosphere and the rhizosphere: linkages with potential significance for forest tree health ” . In Mechanisms of Forest Response to Acidic Deposition , Edited by: Lucier , A. A. and Haines , S. H. 188 New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Sprent , J. I. and Sprent , P. 1990 . Nitrogen Fixing Organisms: Pure and Applied Aspects , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Tepfer , D. , Goldmann , A. , Pamboukdijian , N. , Maille , M. , Lepingle , A. , Chevalier , D. , Denarii , J. and Rosenberg , C. 1988 . A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate Calystegium sepium . J. Bacteriol. , 170 : 1153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Testa , S. M. and Winegardner , D. L. 1991 . Restoration of Petroleum Contaminated Aquifers Lewis, Chelsea, MI
   Google Scholar
• Tjepkema , J. and Van Berkum , P. 1977 . Acetylene reduction by soil cores of maize and sorghum in Brazil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 626
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , J. C. and Marino , M. A. 1989 . Solute movement through root‐soil environment . J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. ASCE , 115 : 608
   Google Scholar
• Trapp , S. , Matthies , M. , Scheunert , I. and Topp , E. M. 1990 . Modeling the bioconcentration of organic chemicals in plants . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 24 : 1246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyree , M. T. , Peterson , C. A. and Edgington , L. V. 1979 . A simple theory regarding ambi‐mobility of xenobiotics with special reference to the nematicide, oxamyl . Plant Physiol. , 63 : 367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umali‐Garcia , M. , Hubbell , D. H. , Gaskins , M. H. and Dazzo , F. B. 1980 . Association of Azospirillum with grass roots . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 39 : 219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA . 1985 . Handbook of remedial actions at waste disposal sites (revised). Office of Research and Development , Cincinnati, OH : Hazardous Waste Engineering Laboratory . and Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, D.C., EPA/625/6–85/006
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA . 1991 . Hazardous Substance Research Centers Program: Program Summary FY 1991 EPA/RD‐675/21R‐1005
   Google Scholar
• van der Leeden , F. , Troise , F. L. and Todd , D. K. 1990 . The Water Encyclopedia, , 2nd ed. Lewis, Chelsea, MI
   Google Scholar
• Venkataramani , E. S. and Ahlert , R. C. 1985 . Acclimated mixed microbial responses to organic species in industrial landfill leachate . J. Hazard. Mater. , 10 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Verloop , A. and Nimmo , W. B. 1969 . Absorption, translocation and metabolism of dichlobenil in bean seedlings . Weed Res. , 9 : 357
   Google Scholar
• Waldon , H. B. , Jenkins , M. B. , Virginia , R. A. and Harding , E. E. 1989 . Characteristics of woodland rhizobial populations from surface‐and deep‐soil environments of the Sonoran desert . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 3058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton , B. T. and Anderson , T. A. 1990 . Microbial degradation of trichloroethylene in the rhizosphere: potential application to biological remediation of waste sites . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 1012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , J. E. 1926 . Root Development of Field Crops , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , J. E. and Clements , F. C. 1938 . Plant Ecology , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Weir , G. J. 1981 . Analysis of Munch theory . Math. Biosci. , 56 : 141
   Google Scholar
• Whipps , J. M. 1990 . “ Carbon economy ” . In The Rhizosphere , Edited by: Lynch , J. M. 59 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Whisler , F. D. , Klute , A. and Millington , R. J. 1968 . Analysis of steady state evapotranspiration from soil columns . Soil Sri. Soc. Am. Proc. , 32 : 167
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. , McNabb , J. F. , Balkwill , D. L. and Ghiorse , W. C. 1983 . Enumeration and characterization of bacteria indigenous to a shallow water‐table aquifer . Ground Water , 21 : 134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , F. W. 1957 . Factors limiting root penetration in deep sands of the southeastern coastal plain . Ecology , 38 : 357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar