4,221
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Television Viewing and Ethnic Stereotypes: Do College Students Form Stereotypical Perceptions of Ethnic Groups as a Result of Heavy Television Consumption?

, , , &
Pages 95-110 | Published online: 30 Jan 2009

REFERENCES

  • Ashmore , R. D. & Del Boca , F. K. ( 1981 ). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping . In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1 – 35 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Bandura , A. ( 1994 ). Social cognitive theory of mass communication . In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61 – 90 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Berry , G. L. & Mitchell-Kernan , C. ( 1982 ). Introduction . In G. L. Berry & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Television and the socialization of the minority child (pp. 1 – 11 ). New York : Academic Press .
  • Boulding , K. ( 1956 ). The image . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
  • Brown-Givens , S. M. & Monahan , J. L. ( 2005 ). Priming mammies, jezebels, and other controlling images: An examination of the influence of mediated stereotypes on perceptions of an African American woman . Media Psychology , 7 , 87 – 106 .
  • Buss , D. M. ( 1996 ). Social adaptation and five major factors of personality . In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 180 – 207 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Costa , P. T. & McCrae , R. R. ( 1996 ). Toward a new generation of theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model . In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 103 – 122 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Dates , J. L. & Barlow , W. ( 1990a ). A war of images . In J. Dates & W. Barlow (Eds.), Split image: African Americans in the mass media (pp. 1 – 25 ). Washington , DC : Howard University Press .
  • Dates , J. L. & Barlow , W. ( 1990b ). Conclusion: Split images and double binds . In J. Dates & W. Barlow (Eds.), Split image: African Americans in the mass media (pp. 455 – 459 ). Washington , DC : Howard University Press .
  • Digman , J. M. ( 1996 ). The curious history of the five-factor model . In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 1 – 20 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Kawakami , K. , Johnson , C. , Johnson , B. , & Howard , A. ( 1997 ). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 , 510 – 541 .
  • Fisher , C. ( 1994 ). Demographic trends: Marketers straddle Asia-America curtain . Advertising Age , 65 , S-2, S-18, S-19 .
  • Ford , T. E. ( 1997 ). Effects of stereotypical television portrayals of African Americans on person perception . Social Psychology Quarterly , 60 , 266 – 278 .
  • Fujioka , Y. ( 1999 ). Television portrayals and African-American stereotypes: Examination of television effects when direct contact is lacking . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 ( 1 ), 52 – 75 .
  • Gandy , O. H. , Jr. ( 2001 ). Racial identity, media use, and the social construction of risk among African Americans . Journal of Black Studies , 31 , 600 – 618 .
  • Gerbner , G. ( 1998 ). Cultivation analysis: An overview . Mass Communication and Society , 1 , 175 – 194 .
  • Gilens , M. ( 1996 ). Race and poverty in America: Public misperceptions and the American news media . Public Opinion Quarterly , 60 , 515 – 541 .
  • Goldberg , L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the big five factor structure. Psychological Assessment , 4, 29–42.
  • Goldberg , L. R. & Kilkowski , J. ( 1985 ). The prediction of semantic consistency in self descriptions: Characteristics of persons and terms that affect consistency of responses to synonym and antonym pairs . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 , 82 – 98 .
  • Gorham , B. W. ( 1999 ). Stereotypes in the media: So what? The Howard Journal of Communications , 10 , 229 – 247 .
  • Graves , S. B. ( 1999 ). Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference? Journal of Social Issues , 55 , 707 – 725 .
  • Hamilton , D. L. ( 1981 ). Stereotyping and intergroup behavior: Some thoughts on the cognitive approach . In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1 – 35 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Hamilton , D. L. & Trolier , T. K. ( 1986 ). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach . In J. F. Dovidio & S. K. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127 – 163 ). Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
  • Hawkins , R. P. & Pingree , S. ( 1982 ). Television's influence on social reality . In D. Pearl , L. Bouthilet , & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties , (vol. 2 , pp. 224 – 247 ). Rockville , MD : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health .
  • Kanahara , S. ( 2006 ). A review of the definitions of stereotype and a proposal for a progressional model . Individual Differences Research , 4 , 306 – 321 .
  • Kenny , D. A. ( 2002 ). Acquaintance and personality . Retrieved January 13, 2003 from http://users.rcn.com/dakenny/acqpp.htm
  • Leifer , A. D. , Gordon , N. J. , & Graves , S. B. ( 1974 ). Children's television: More than mere entertainment . Harvard Educational Review , 44 , 213 – 245 .
  • Lippmann , W. ( 1922 ). Public opinion . New York : Macmillan .
  • McAneny , L. ( 1993, December ). The Gallup Poll on crime: Racial overtones evident in Americans' attitudes about crime . Gallup Opinion Poll Monthly , 339 , 37 – 42 .
  • Mendez-Morse , S. ( 2000 ). Claiming forgotten leadership . Urban Education , 35 , 584 – 596 .
  • Niemann , Y. F. , Jennings , L. , Rozelle , R. M. , Baxter , J. C. , & Sullivan , E. ( 1994 ). Use of free response and cluster analysis to determine stereotypes of eight groups . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 , 379 – 390 .
  • Smith , T. ( 1991, May ). Ethnic images in the United States . The Polling Report , 7 , 1 – 5 .
  • Saucier , G. ( 1994 ). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big five markers . Journal of Personality Assessment , 63 , 506 – 516 .
  • Shafer , A. B. ( 1999 ). Brief bipolar markers for the five factor model of personality . Psychological Reports , 84 , 1173 – 1179 .
  • Tan , A. , Fujioka , Y. , & Lucht , N. ( 1997 ). Native American stereotypes, TV portrayals, and personal contact . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 74 , 265 – 284 .
  • Taylor , C. R. & Stern , B. B. ( 1997 ). Asian-Americans: Television advertising and the 'Model Minority' stereotype . The Journal of Advertising , 26 , 47 – 61 .
  • United States Commission for the Study of Civil Rights . ( 1977 ). Window dressing on the set: Women and minorities in television . Washington , DC : Author .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.