Framing Power: Comparing U.S. Newspaper Visuals of Latino and Non-Latino Candidates

REFERENCES

• Armstrong , C. ( 2002 ). Papers give women more attention in ethnically diverse communities . Newspaper Research Journal , 23 ( 4 ), 81 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Audit Bureau of Circulations . ( 2011 ). U.S. Newspapers. Retrieved June 13, 2011, from http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp
   Google Scholar
• Barret , A. , & Barrington , L. ( 2005 ). Is a picture worth a thousand words?: Newspaper photographs and voter evaluations of political candidates . Press/Politics , 10 ( 4 ), 98 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva , E. ( 2004 ). From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 27 , 931 – 950 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliendo , S. , & McIlwain , C. ( 2006 ). Minority candidates, media framing, and racial cues in the 2004 election . Press/Politics , 11 ( 4 ), 45 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devitt , J. ( 2002 ). Framing gender on the campaign trail: Female gubernatorial candidates and the press . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 79 , 445 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman , R. ( 1993 ). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm . Journal of Communication , 43 ( 4 ), 51 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbring , L. , Goldenberg , E. , & Miller , A. (1980). Front-page news and real world cues: Another look at agenda-setting by the media. American Journal of Political Science , 24, 16–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson , W. , & Modigliani , A. ( 1989 ). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach . The American Journal of Sociology , 95 ( 1 ), 1 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson , W. ( 1992 ). Talking politics . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gender and Multi-Cultural Leadership Project . ( 2003–2007 ). United States elected officials. Retrieved September 21, 2009, from http://gmcl.org/maps/national/federal.htm
   Google Scholar
• Glassman , C. , & Kenney , K. ( 1994 ). Myth & presidential campaign photographs . Visual Communication Quarterly , 1 , 4 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , D. ( 1987 ). Kind pictures and harsh words: How television presents the candidates . K. Scholzman (Ed.), Elections in America (pp. 115 – 142 ). Boston , Allen & Unwin, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hindman , D. , Littlefield , R. , Preston , A. , & Neumann , D. ( 1999 ). Structural pluralism, ethnic pluralism, and community newspapers . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 , 250 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , S. , & Kinder , D. ( 1987 ). News that matters: Television and American opinion . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson , K. ( 1992 ). Dirty politics: Deception, distraction & democracy . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kahnemann , D. , & Tversky , A. ( 1984 ). Choices, values, and frames . American Psychologist , 39 , 341 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Scheufele , D. , & Shanahan , J. ( 2002 ). Think about it this way: Attribute agenda-setting function of the press and the public's evaluation of an issue . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 79 ( 1 ), 7 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson , S. G. ( 2006 ). Media & minorities: The politics of race in news and entertainment . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , T. , Ryan , W. , Wanta , W. , & Chang , K. ( 2004 ). Looking presidential: A comparison of newspaper photographs of candidates in the United States and Taiwan . Asian Journal of Communication , 14 , 121 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Major , L. , & Coleman , R. ( 2008 ). The intersection of race and gender in election coverage: What happens when the candidates don't fit the stereotypes? Howard Journal of Communications , 19 , 315 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. ( 2004 ). Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion . Cambridge , UK : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. ( 2005 ). A look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future . Journalism Studies , 6 , 543 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. , & Shaw , D. ( 1972 ). The agenda-setting function of mass media . Public Opinion Quarterly , 176 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. , Mauro , J. , & Son , J. ( 1988 ). Predicting newspaper readership from content characteristics: A replication . Newspaper Research Journal , 10 ( 1 ), 25 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. , Llamas , J. , Lopez-Escobar , E. , & Rey , F. ( 1997 ). Candidate images in Spanish elections: Second-level agenda-setting effects . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 74 , 703 – 717 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty , S. , & Garramone , G. (1986). A study of newsmagazine photographs of the 1984 presidential campaign. Journalism Quarterly , 63, 728–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty , S. , & Popovich , M. ( 1991 ). Newsmagazine visuals and the 1988 presidential election . Journalism Quarterly , 68 , 371 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Latino Elected Officials . ( 2007 , June ). A profile of latino elected officials in the United States and their progress since 1996. Retrieved July 7, 2009, from http://www.naleo.org/downloads/NALEOFactSheet07.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Navarro , A. ( 2000 ). La Raza Unida Party: A Chicano challenge to the U.S. two-party dictatorship . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pallant , J. ( 2007 ). SPSS Survival Manual . New York , NY : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , T. ( 1993 ). Out of order . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. ( 2006 , November ). Hispanics gain significant political profile from '06 vote . Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://www.diversityinbusiness.com/dib2006/dib20611/News_HispanicVote.htm
   Google Scholar
• Pew Hispanic Center . ( 2009 , March ). Statistical portrait of Hispanics in the United States, 2007, table 10 . Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://pewhispanic.org/factsheets/factsheet.php?FactsheetID=46
   Google Scholar
• Riffe , D. , Lacy , S. , & Fico , F. ( 1998 ). Analyzing media messages using quantitative content analysis research . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele , D. ( 1999 ). Framing as a theory of media effects . Journal of Communication , 49 , 102 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Takashita , T. ( 1993 ). Agenda setting effects of the press in a Japanese local election . Studies of Broadcasting , 29 , 193 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Takashita , T. ( 1997 ). Exploring the media's roles in defining reality: From issue-agenda setting to attibute-agenda setting . In M. McCombs , D. Shaw , & D. Weaver , (Eds.), Communication and democracy . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2000a ). Census 2000 demographic profile highlights: Hispanic or Latino (of any race)-United States . Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://factfinder.census.gov
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2000b ). Census 2000 demographic profile highlights: Mexicans-United States . Retrieved July 2, 2009, from http://factfinder.census.gov
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2006 ). U.S. Hispanic population: 2006—United States . Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/Hispanics/cps2006/CPS_Powerpoint_2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2007 ). The American community—Hispanics: 2004. Retrieved July 9, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-03.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau News . ( 2008 ). An older and more diverse nation by midcentury. Retrieved June 10, 2011, from http://census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb08-123.html
   Google Scholar
• Valenzucla , S. , & McCombs , M. ( 2007 ). Agenda-setting effects on vote choice: Evidence from the 2006 Mexican election. Paper presented at the annual conference for the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Waldman , P. , & Devitt , J. ( 1998 ). Newspaper photographs and the 1996 presidential election: The question of bias . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 75 , 302 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanta , W. ( 1988 ). The effects of dominant photographs: An agenda-setting experiment . Journalism Quarterly , 65 ( 1 ), 107 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. (1977). Political issues and voter need for orientation. In D. Shaw & M. McCombs (Eds.), The emergence of American political issues (pp. 107–119). St. Paul , MN : West.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. ( 2007 ). Thoughts on agenda-setting, framing, and priming . Journal of Communication , 57 , 142 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. , McCombs , M. , & Shaw , D. ( 2004 ). Agenda-setting research: Issues, attributes, and influences . In L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of political communication research (pp. 257 – 282 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zilber , J. , & Niven , D. ( 2000 ). Stereotypes in the news: Media coverage of African-Americans in Congress . Press/Politics , 5 ( 1 ), 32 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar