2,072
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Hegemonic Framing of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr., in Northeastern Newspapers

REFERENCES

  • After the march is over [Editorial]. (1963, August 30). New York Times, p. L20.
  • Ansbro, J.J. (2000). Martin Luther King, Jr.: Nonviolent strategies and tactics for social change. New York, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Armstrong, C.L., & Boyle, M.P. (2011). Views from the margins: News coverage of women in abortion protests, 1960–2006. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 153–177
  • Artz, L., & Ortega, B.O. (2000). Cultural hegemony in the United States. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Ashley, L., & Olson, B. (1998). Constructing reality: Print media's framing of the women's movement, 1966–1986. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, 263–277
  • Assassination [Editorial]. (1965, February 23). Washington Post, A16.
  • Baker, R.E. (1965, February 7). King winning race war by losing. Washington Post, p. E1.
  • Becker, B. (1962, May 6). Muslims on coast fight riot case. New York Times, p. 64.
  • Benford, R.D., & Snow, D.A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639
  • Black nationalism [Editorial]. (1964, March 15). Washington Post, p. E6.
  • Boskin, J. (1976). Urban racial violence in the twentieth century. Beverly Hills, CA: Glencoe Press.
  • Boyle, M.P., McLeod, D.M., & Armstrong, C.L. (2012). Adherence to the protest paradigm: The influence of protest goals and tactics on news coverage in U.S. and international newspapers. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17, 127–144
  • Breed, W. (1955). Newspaper opinion leaders and the process of standardization. Journalism Quarterly, 32, 277–284, 328
  • Breitman, G. (1965). Malcolm X speaks: Selected speeches and statements. New York, NY: Merit Publishers.
  • Broussard, J.C. (2013). African American foreign correspondents. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press.
  • Buchanan, W. (1965, February). A Roxbury minister remembers. Boston Globe, p. 5
  • Carragee, K.M., & Roefs, W. (2004). The neglect of power in recent framing research. Journal of Communication, 54, 214–233
  • Carson, C. (1998). The autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York, NY: Warner Books.
  • Childs, M. (1963, August). Triumphal march silences scoffers. Washington Post, p. A18
  • Chomsky, D. (2006). “An interested reader”: Measuring ownership control at the New York Times. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 23(1), 1–18
  • Cone, J.H. (1991). Martin & Malcolm & America: A dream or a nightmare. New York, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Cooper, K.J. (2006, February). Malcolm: The Boston years. The Bay State Banner, 41(27). Retrieved from http://www.baystate-banner.com/archives/stories/2006/02/021606-03.htm
  • Cornell, S., & Hartmann. (2007). Ethnicity and race: Making identities in a changing world (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
  • Duscha, J. (1960, March). Southern Negro students termed angry youth of America. Washington Post, p. A17
  • Duscha, J. (1960, March). Southern Negroes weigh boycott. Washington Post, p. A2
  • Edy, J.A., & Meirick, P.C. (2007). Wanted, dead or alive: Media frames, frame adoption, and support for the war in Afghanistan. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 119–141
  • Einstein, M. (2004). Broadcast network television, 1955–2003: The pursuit of advertising and the decline of diversity. The Journal of Media Economics, 17, 145–155
  • Entman, R. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. Journal of Communication, 41(4), 6–27
  • Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–59
  • Feagin, J.R. (2012). White party, white government: Race, class, and U.S. government. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Fellow, A.R. (2012). American media history (3rd ed.). , Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
  • Fico, F., & Soffin, S. (1995). Fairness and balance of selected coverage of controversial national, state, and local issues. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72, 621–633
  • Fight for racial justice not limited to freedom buses. (1961, June 19). Washington Post, p. A6.
  • Gans, H.J. (1980). Deciding what's news: A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. New York, NY: Vintage.
  • Gandhi marches on [Editorial]. (1963, May 6). Boston Globe, p. 10.
  • Gandhi methods held effective for peace. (1960, April 2). Washington Post, p. B3.
  • Gilens, M. (2000). Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
  • Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making & unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Golan, G. (2006). Inter-media agenda setting and global news coverage: Assessing the influence of the New York Times on three network television evening news programs. Journalism Studies, 7, 323–333
  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. New York, NY: Shocken.
  • Graham, K. (1997). Personal history. New York, NY: Alfred Knopf, Inc.
  • Grimm, J. (2009). “Teach the controversy”: The relationship between sources and frames in reporting the intelligent design debate. Science Communication, 31(2), 167–186
  • Haley, A. (1965). The autobiography of Malcolm X. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
  • Hall, G. (1965, February). Gordon Hall calls Malcolm man of limited talent. Boston Globe, p. 5
  • Hall, S. (1981). The whites of their eyes: Racist ideologies and the media. In G. Bridges, & R. Brunt, (Eds.), (Silver Linings (pp. 28–52). London, UK: Lawrence & Wishart.
  • Hall, S. (1986). Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2), 5–27
  • Handler, M.S. (1963, April). Assertive spirit stirs Negroes, puts vigor in civil rights drive. New York Times, p. 20
  • Harriman, J. (1964, September). “One of our brightest students”: Ex-teacher got King to give papers to B.U. Boston Globe, p. A1
  • Heider, D. (2000). White new: Why local news programs don't cover people of color. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Herbers, J. (1965, February). Non-violence—powerful rights weapon. New York Times, p. E4
  • Hertog, J., & Mcleod, D. (1995). Anarchists wreak havoc in downtown Minneapolis: A multi-level study of media coverage of radical protest. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 151
  • Jenkins, R.L., & Tryman, M.D. (2002). The Malcolm X encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Jensen, K.B. (2002). A handbook of media and communication research. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Kihss, P. (1961, March). Negro extremist groups step up nationalist drive. New York Times, pp. 1
  • King, M.L. , Jr. (1961, September). The time for freedom has come. New York Times, pp. 25, 118–119
  • King, M.L. , Jr. (1962, August). The case against “tokenism.” New York Times, p. 164
  • Lentz, R. (1993). The incorporation of Malcolm X. American Journalism, 10(3–4), 38–69
  • Lewis, J.W. , Jr. (1964, May). Man who “tamed” Malcolm is hopeful. Washington Post, pp. A3–A4
  • Lindlof, T.R., & Bryan, C.T. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Lippmann, W. (1993). How the New York Times distorted Malcolm X's views on violence. Retrieved from http://www.walterlippmann.com/mx-nyt.html
  • Lyons, L.M. (1971). Newspaper story: One hundred years of the Boston Globe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Malcolm X [Editorial]. (1965, February 22). New York Times, p. 20.
  • Matthes, J. (2009). What's in a frame? A content analysis of media-framing studies in the world's leading communication journals, 1990–2005. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 86, 349–367
  • McCluskey, M., Stein, S.E., Boyle, M.P., & McLeod, D.M. (2009). Community structure and social protest: Influences on newspaper coverage. Mass Communication and Society, 12, 353–371
  • McFadden, R.D. (1978, February). M.S. Handler, a Times reporter who covered World War II, dies. New York Times, p. 24
  • McGrory, M. (1963, May). Gregory quips of nights in jail. Boston Globe, p. A3
  • Mehta, V. (1961, July). Gandhiism is not easily copied. New York Times, pp. SM8–SM9
  • Merrill, J.C. (1965). How Time stereotyped three U.S. Presidents. Journalism Quarterly, 42, 563–570
  • Murphy, J. (1965, February). Atkins: ‘America loses…’ Boston Globe, p. 2
  • Myers, W.D. (1993). Malcolm X: By any means necessary. New York, NY: Scholastic, Inc.
  • Oates, S.B. (1982). Let the trumpet sound: The life of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York, NY: New American Library.
  • Ogbar, J.O. G. (2004). Black power: Radical politics and African American identity. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Powell sees race riot in Capital unless conditions are improved. (1963, May 6). New York Times, p. 59.
  • Powers, A., & Fico, F. (1994). Influences on use of sources at large U.S. newspapers. Newspaper Research Journal, 15(4), 87–97
  • Ramsburg, J. (2012). Network radio and ratings, 1932–1953: A history of prime time programs through the ratings of Nielsen, Crossley and Hooper. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc.
  • Rashid, S. (2013). Black Muslims in the US: History, politics, and the struggle of a community. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Reese, S.D. (2001). Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In GandyO.H.D., Reese, S.D., & A.E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 7–31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Reese, S.D., & Danielian, L.H. (1989). Intermedia influence and the drug issue: Converging on cocaine. In P.J. Shoemaker (Ed.), Communication campaigns about drugs: Government, media and the public (pp. 29–45). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Reeves, T.C. (2000). Twentieth century America: A brief history. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Reston, J. (1963, August). I have a dream … Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the Capital will remember. New York Times, pp. A1, A17.
  • Robinson, J. (1964, April). Robinson warns curb extremists. Boston Globe, p. 44
  • Ross, S.D. (1998). Their rising voices: A study of civil rights, social movements, and advertising in the New York Times. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, 518–534
  • Samuels, G. (1963, May). Two ways: Black Muslim and N.A.A.C.P. New York Times, p. SM26
  • Shoemaker, P.J. (1984). Media treatment of deviant political groups. Journalism Quarterly, 61, 66–75, 82.
  • Shoemaker, P.J., & Reese, S.D. (2013). Mediating the message in the 21st Century: A media sociology perspective. New York, NY: Longman Publishers.
  • Sitton, C. (1960, March). Negro dissatisfaction with slow pace of action on rights brings sit-ins and white resistance. New York Times, p. E3
  • Sitton, C. (1961, January). Dr. King, symbol of the segregation struggle. New York Times, p. 64
  • Sitton, C. (1963, June). Not token freedom, full freedom. New York Times, p. SM21
  • Sixty years of daily newspaper circulation trends. (2011, May 6). Columbia, SC: Communications Management, Inc.
  • Slocum, J.W. (1962, August). Malcolm X decides not to speak at protest rally. New York Times, p. 45
  • Smith, L. (2009). Consolidation and news content: How broadcast ownership policy impacts local television news and the public interest. Journalism Monographs, 10, 369–453
  • Stabile, C.A. (2006). White victims, black villains: Gender, race, and crime news in U.S. culture. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Stein, L. (2009). Social movement web use in theory and practice: A content analysis of U.S. movement websites. New Media & Society, 11, 749–771
  • Sulzberger, C.L. (1963, June). Foreign Affairs. New York Times, p. 24
  • Tatum, B.D. (1997). “Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?” and other conversations about race. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Terry, W. (1961, February). Howard students' bid to Muslim cancelled. Washington Post, p. B1
  • Terry, W. (1963, October). “Bill” solidifies Negro factions. Washington Post, p. E3
  • Terte, R.H. (1961, October). City colleges bar communists from speaking on campuses. New York Times, p. 13
  • Thompson, J.B. (1990). Ideology and modern culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Tindall, G.B., & Shi, D.E. (1996). America: A narrative history. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • To arms with Malcolm X [Editorial]. (1964, March). New York Times, p. 22
  • Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Whipple, C. (1964, February). Boycotts of yesterday. Boston Globe, p. A2
  • Williamson, J. (1984). The crucible of race: Black–white relations in the American South since Emancipation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Winant, H. (1995). Postmodern racial politics in the United States: Difference and inequality. In Theodore Reuter (Eds.). The politics of race: African Americans and the political system (pp. 55–70). New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
  • Winter, J.P., & Eyal, C.H. (1981). Agenda-setting for the Civil Rights Issue. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 376–383

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.