References
- Bailey, J., & Leonard, D. J. (2015). Black lives matter: Post-nihilistic freedom dreams. Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric, 5(1/2), 67–77.
- Balaji, M. (2009). Owning black masculinity: The Intersection of cultural commodification and self-construction in rap music videos. Communication, Culture & Critique, 2(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-9137.2008.01027.x
- Birdsell, D. S., & Groarke, L. (2007). Outlines of a theory of visual argument. Argumentation& Advocacy, 43(3/4), 103–113.
- Branch, L. (2016). Reexamining the “Obama effect”: How Barack Obama’s rhetoric spread optimistic colorblindness in an age of inequality. Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric, 6(3/4), 99–111. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid,athens,shib&custid=s8863137&db=ufh&AN=135097359&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
- Bruner, M. L. (2011). Rhetorical studies and national identity construction. National Identities, 13(4), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2011.629428
- Caldiero, C. T. (2007). Crisis storytelling: Fisher's narrative paradigm and news reporting. American Communication Journal, 9(1), 2.
- Calhoun, L. R. (2005). Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?: Masking whiteness, encoding hegemonic masculinity in Eminem’s Marshall Mathers LP. The Howard Journal of Communications, 16(4) 267–294.
- Carter, S. (2003). Moment of Clarity (Performed by Jay-Z). On The Black Album [CD]. New York: Roc-A- Fella Records, Def Jam Recordings.
- Carter, S. (2017). The Story of O.J. (Performed by Jay-Z). On 4:44 [CD]. New York: Roc A-Fella Records, Def Jam Recordings.
- Dixon, T. L., Yuanyuan, Z., & Conrad, K. (2009). Self-esteem, misogyny and afrocentricity: An examination of the relationship between rap music consumption and African American perceptions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(3), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209102847
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk. Penguin Classics.
- Dyson, M. E. (2004). The culture of hip-hop. In M. Forman & M. A. Neal (Eds.), That’s the joint: The hip-hop studies reader (pp. 61–68). Routledge.
- Epps, A. C., & Dixon, T. L. (2017). A comparative content analysis of anti- and prosocial rap lyrical themes found on traditional and new media outlets. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), 467–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1309411
- Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks. Grove.
- Fisher, W. R. (1985). Homo narrans: The narrative paradigm: In the beginning. Journal of Communication, 35(4), 74–89.
- Fisher, W. R. (1988). The narrative paradigm and the interpretation and assessment of historical texts. Argumentation & Advocacy, 25(2), 49–53.
- Houdek, M., & Phillips, K. R. (2017). Public memory. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. USA: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.181
- Hurt, B. (2006). Hip-hop: Beyond beats and rhymes [Video Recording]. Media Education Foundation.
- Jay-Z. (2017, July 5). The Story of O.J. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM7lw0Ovzq0
- Lockhart, P. R. (2019). The controversy surrounding Jay-Z’s partnership with the NFL, explained. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/8/16/20808892/jay-z-nfl-kaepernick-roc-nation-partnership-inspire-change-criticism
- McLeod, K. (1999). Authenticity within hip-hop and other cultures threatened with assimilation. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02821.x
- Mullan, D. (2017, September 16). Jay-Z dedicates song ‘The Story of O.J.’ to Colin Kaepernick at NYC music festival. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 06, 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/09/16/jay-z-dedicates-song-the-story-of-o-j-to-colin-kaepernick-at-nyc-music-festival/?utm_term=.b8a1732bed93
- O’Connor, R. (2018, January 4). Rap has overtaken rock as the most popular genre in the US. Retrieved February 10, 2020, from The Independent website: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/rap-music-rock-most-popular-genre-us-nielsen-music-report-2017-kendrick-lamar-ed-sheeran-drake-top-a8141086.html
- Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Ono, K. A. (2010). Postracism: A theory of the ’Post’- as political strategy. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 34(3), 227–233. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid,athens,shib&custid=s8863137&db=edsmzh&AN=2014403517&site=eds-live&scope=site
- Perry, S. (2017, October 01). America's OJ Simpson obsession oppressed me as a child. It still does. The Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/01/americas-oj-simpson-obsession-violence-women
- Peterson, J. (2016). Epideictic and public memory: Race narratives in the political economy of “Imported from Detroit. American Communication Journal, 18(2), 18–26.
- Prody, J. M. (2015). Protesting war and hegemonic masculinity in music videos: Audioslave's “Doesn't Remind Me. Women's Studies in Communication, 38(4), 440–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2015.1085475
- Randle, Q., & Evans, K. (2013). So what does ‘set fire to the rain’ really mean? A typology for analyzing pop song lyrics using narrative theory and semiotics. MEIEA Journal, 13(1), 125.
- Rowland, R. C. (2016). The narrative perspective. In J. A. Kuypers (Ed.), Rhetorical criticism: Perspectives in action (pp. 125–143). Rowman & Littlefield.
- Toynbee, J. (2003). Fingers to the bone or spaced out on creativity? Labour process and ideology in the production of pop. In A. Beck (Ed.), Cultural work (pp. 39–55). Routledge.
- Upbin, B. (2010, September 23). Jay-Z, Buffett and Forbes on success and giving back. Forbes. Retrieved October 13, 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1011/rich-list-10-omaha-warren-buffett-jay-z-steve-forbes-summit-interview.html
- Vernallis, C. (2004). Experiencing music video. Columbia.
- Wilson, K. H. (2010). Debating the great emancipator: Abraham Lincoln and our public memory. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 13(3), 455–479.
- Wikipedia, C. (2020, January 12). Jay-Z. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 24, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay-Z&oldid=935477114
- Wyche, S. (2016, August 27). Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem. NFL. Retrieved October 13, 2017, from http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000691077/article/colin-kaepernick-explains-why-he-sat-during-national-anthem
- Yousman, B. (2003). Blackphilia and blackophobia: White youth, the consumption of rap music and white supremacy. Communication Theory, 13(4), 366–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00297.x