References
- Blair, M., & Liu, M. (2020). Ethnically Chinese and culturally American: Exploring bicultural identity negotiation and co-cultural communication of Chinese-American female adoptees. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 13(4), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2019.1649710
- Brambilla, M., Sacchi, S., Castellini, F., & Riva, P. (2010). The effects of status on perceived warmth and competence: Malleability of the relationship between status and stereotype content. Social Psychology, 41(2), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000012
- Bresnahan, M. J., Shearman, S. M., Lee, S. Y., Ohashi, R., & Mosher, D. (2002). Personal and cultural differences in responding to criticism in three countries. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5(2), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00097
- Camara, S., & Orbe, M. (2010). Analyzing strategic responses to discriminatory acts: A co-cultural communicative investigation. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 3(2), 83–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513051003611602
- Campbell, A., & Ellerbeck, A. (2020). Federal agencies are doing little about the rise in anti-Asian hate crime. San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/federal-agencies-are-doing-little-about-rise-anti-asian-hate-n1184766
- Chen, H. A., Trinh, J., & Yang, G. P. (2020). Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States - COVID-19 and history. American Journal of Surgery, 220(3), 556–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.020
- Chen, J. A., Zhang, E., & Liu, C. H. (2020). Potential impact of COVID-19-related racial discrimination on the health of Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 110(11), 1624–1627. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305858
- Cheung, H., Feng, Z., & Deng, B. (2020). Coronavirus: What attacks on Asians reveal about American identity. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52714804
- Choi, C., & Kulkarni, M. (2020). In stop AAPI Hate’s first week, Asian Americans report over 650 incidents of verbal harassment, shunning, and physical assult. Asian Pacific Policy & Planning Council. http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/Press_Release_-Thursday_March_26_2020.pdf
- Choi, S., Hong, J. Y., Kim, Y. J., & Park, H. (2020). Predicting psychological distress amid the COVID-19 pandemic by machine learning: Discrimination and coping mechanisms of Korean immigrants in the U.S. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176057
- Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2006). Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 784–803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.784
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1982). Inferred sex differences in status as a determinant of gender stereotypes about social influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 915–928. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.915
- Ellerberk, A. (2020). More than 30 percent of Americans have witnessed COVID-19 bias against Asians. https://publicintegrity.org/health/coronavirus-and-inequality/survey-majority-of-asian-americans-have-witnessed-covid-19-bias/
- Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). SAGE.
- Finch, B. K., Kolody, B., & Vega, W. A. (2000). Perceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-origin adults in California. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676322
- Fragale, A. R., Rosen, B., Xu, C., & Merideth, I. (2009). The higher they are, the harder they fall: The effects of wrongdoer status on observer punishment recommendations and intentionality attributions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.05.002
- Gong, F., Xu, J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of everyday discrimination. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 3(4), 506–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649216681587
- Goto, S. G., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2002). Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.9998
- Gudykunst, W. (2001). Asian American ethnicity and communication. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220499
- Hegewisch, A., & Hartman, H. (2019). The gender wage gap: 2018; earnings differences by race and ethnicity. Institute for Women’s Policy Research. https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/C478_Gender-Wage-Gap-in-2018.pdf
- Iwamoto, D. K., & Liu, W. M. (2010). The impact of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values and race-related stress on Asian Americans and Asian international college students’ psychological well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017393
- Jeung, R., & Nham, K. (2020). Incidents of Coronavirus-related discrimination. Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council. http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf
- Jun, J. (2012). Why are Asian Americans silent? Asian Americans’ negotiation strategies for communicative discriminations. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5(4), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2012.720700
- Kaiser, C. R., Hagiwara, N., Malahy, L. W., & Wilkins, C. L. (2009). Group identification moderates attitudes toward ingroup members who confront discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 770–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.027
- Kawai, Y. (2005). Stereotyping Asian Americans: The dialectic of the model minority and the yellow peril. Howard Journal of Communications, 16(2), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170590948974
- Kim, Y. (2005). Association and dissociation: A contextual theory of interethnic communication. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 323–350). SAGE Publications.
- Kuo, W. H. (1995). Coping with racial discrimination: The case of Asian Americans. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993856
- Lapinski, M. K., & Orbe, M. (2007). Evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the co-cultural theory scales. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(2), 137–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450701399388
- Lee, K., & Joo, S.-H. (2005). The portrayal of Asian Americans in mainstream magazine ads: An update. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(3), 654–671. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200311
- Liang, C., Li, L., & Kim, B. (2004). The Asian American racism-related stress inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.103
- Liang, C. T. H., Alvarez, A. N., Juang, L. P., & Liang, M. X. (2007). The role of coping in the relationship between perceived racism and racism-related stress for Asian Americans: Gender differences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(2), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.2.132
- López, G., Ruiz, N., & Patten, E. (2017). Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/
- Margolin, J. (2020). FBI warns of potential surge in hate crimes against Asian Americans amid coronavirus. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-warns-potential-surge-hate-crimes-asian-americans/story?id=69831920
- Meyers, C., Leon, A., & Williams, A. (2020). Aggressive confrontation shapes perceptions and attitudes toward racist content online. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(6), 845–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220935974
- Ng, F. (2014). Asian American family life and community. Taylor and Francis. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1717679
- Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 550–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275004
- Orbe, M. (1998). Constructing co-cultural theory: An explication of culture, power, and communication. Sage Publications.
- Orbe, M., & Spellers, R. (2005). From the margins to the center. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 173–210).
- Parham, J. B., Lewis, C. C., Fretwell, C. E., Irwin, J. G., & Schrimsher, M. R. (2015). Influences on assertiveness: Gender, national culture, and ethnicity. Journal of Management Development, 34(4), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2013-0113
- Pérez, D. J., Fortuna, L., & Alegría, M. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(4), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20221
- Rich, A. R., & Schroeder, H. E. (1976). Research issues in assertiveness training. Psychological Bulletin, 83(6), 1081–1096. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078049
- Ridgeway, C. L., Boyle, E. H., Kuipers, K. J., & Robinson, D. T. (1998). How do status beliefs develop? The role of resources and interactional experience. American Sociological Review, 63(3), 331. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657553
- Roberto, K. J., Johnson, A. F., & Rauhaus, B. M. (2020). Stigmatization and prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 42(3), 364–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2020.1782128
- Rogers, K. (2020). Politicians’ use of ‘Wuhan Virus’ starts a debate health experts wanted to avoid. The New York Times.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/politics/wuhan-virus.html
- Ruggiero, K. M., & Taylor, D. M. (1997). Why minority group members perceive or do not perceive the discrimination that confronts them: The role of self-esteem and perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.373
- Ruiz, N., Horowitz, J., & Tamir, C. (2020). Many Black and Asian Americans say they have experienced discrimination amid the COVID-19 outbreak. Pew Research Center.https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/07/01/many-black-and-asian-americans-say-they-have-experienced-discrimination-amid-the-covid-19-outbreak/
- Seaton, E. K. (2009). Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015506
- Singhal, A., & Nagao, M. (1993). Assertiveness as communication competence a comparison of the communication styles of American and Japanese students. Asian Journal of Communication, 3(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292989309359570
- Stangor, C., Swim, J. K., Sechrist, G. B., DeCoster, J., Van Allen, K. L., & Ottenbreit, A. (2003). Ask, answer, and announce: Three stages in perceiving and responding to discrimination. European Review of Social Psychology, 14(1), 277–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280340000090
- Sue, D. (1994). Asian-American mental health and help-seeking behavior: Comment on Solberg et al. (1994), Tata and Leong (1994), and Lin (1994). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 292–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.292
- Sue, D., Bucceri, J., Lin, A., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, G. C. (2007). Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.72
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In J. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.), Political psychology (pp. 276–293). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16
- Tessler, H., Choi, M., & Kao, G. (2020). The anxiety of being Asian American: Hate crimes and negative biases during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5
- Tran, J., & Curtin, N. (2017). Not your model minority: Own-group activism among Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(4), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000145
- Tsai, J. L., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., & Wong, Y. (2002). Why and how we should study ethnic identity, acculturation, and cultural orientation. In G. C. Nagayama Hall & S. Okazaki (Eds.), Asian American psychology: The science of lives in context (pp. 41–65). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10473-002
- Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women’s assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931–1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.133
- Urban, E., & Orbe, M. (2007). The syndrome of the boiled frog: Exploring international students on US campuses as co-cultural group members. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(2), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750701478695
- US Census. (2019). Asian-American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month: May 2019. The United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2019/asian-american-pacific-islander.html
- Wang, J. (2020). Vandals tag downtown Asian restaurant with racist message. https://www.kob.com/coronavirus/vandals-tag-downtown-asian-restaurant-with-racist-message/5677160
- Wang, J., Wang, G. G., Ruona, W. E. A., & Rojewski, J. W. (2005). Confucian values and the implications for international HRD. Human Resource Development International, 8(3), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860500143285
- WHO. (2015). World Health Organization best practices for the naming of new human infectious diseases.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/163636/WHO_HSE_FOS_15.1_eng.pdf;jsessionid=2CF63A67009EE1C766CD1F43CF41D60D?sequence=1
- Wynaden, D., Chapman, R., Orb, A., McGowan, S., Zeeman, Z., & Yeak, S. (2005). Factors that influence Asian communities’ access to mental health care. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 14(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0979.2005.00364.x