References
- Aden, R. C., Crowley, K., Phillips, E., & Weger, G. (2016). Doubling down: President Barack Obama’s doubled persona after the Zimmerman verdict. Communication Studies, 67(5), 605–622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2016.1240096
- Alley-Young, G. (2008). Articulating identity: Refining postcolonial and whiteness perspectives on race within communication studies. Review of Communication, 8(3), 307–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15358590701845311
- Anderson, S. (2019). Irony in Charleston: Barack Obama’s eulogy for Clementa C. Pinckney, June 26, 2015. Communication Quarterly, 67(4), 405–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2019.1605397
- Asante, M. K. (2009, May 10). Locating a text: Implications of Afrocentric theory. Asante.net. http://www.asante.net/articles/10/locating-a-text-implications-of-afrocentric-theory/
- Asante, M. K. (1998). The Afrocentric idea (Rev. and expanded ed.). Temple University Press.
- Bates, B. R., Lawrence, W., & Cervenka, M. (2008). Redrawing Afrocentrism: Visual nommo in George H. Ben Johnson’s editorial cartoons. Howard Journal of Communications, 19(4), 277–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170802225219
- Beasley, V. B. (2014). Speaking at Selma: Presidential commemoration and Bill Clinton’s problem of invention. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 44(2), 267–289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12113
- Burke, K. (1950). A rhetoric of motives. University of California Press.
- Calhoun, L. R. (2011). The Sand Creek massacre national historic site: Challenge to and reification of American exceptionalism. In J. A. Edwards & D. Weiss (Eds.), The rhetoric of American exceptionalism: Critical essays (pp. 153–170). McFarland & Company.
- Casey, E. (2004). Public memory in place and time. In K. R. Phillips (Ed.), Framing public memory (pp. 17–44). University of Alabama Press.
- Cheng, A. (2001). The melancholy of race: Psychoanalysis, assimilation, and hidden grief. Oxford University Press.
- Chirindo, K., & Neville-Shepard, R. (2015). Obama’s “new beginning”: US foreign policy and comic exceptionalism. Argumentation and Advocacy, 51(4), 215–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00028533.2015.11821851
- Clarke, L. (2004). Talk about talk: Promises, risks, and a proposition out of nommo. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/jsp.2004.0028
- Cobb, J. (2015, March 8). Selma and Ferguson. NewYorker.com. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/selma-and-ferguson
- Cooper, B. (2015, March 11). America’s “black body” reality: How Selma, “Scandal” & Ferguson reveal an ugly truth. Salon.com.https://www.salon.com/2015/03/11/black_bodies_are_still_white_property_what_selma_scandal_ferguson_reveal_about_america/
- Corrigan, L. M. (2020). Black feelings: Race and affect in the long sixties. University Press of Mississippi.
- Cummings, M., & Roy, A. (2002). Manifestations of Afrocentricity in rap music. Howard Journal of Communications, 13(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/106461702753555049
- Darr, C. R., & Strine, H. C.IV, (2017). Natural disasters and the rhetorical construction of American values: Community exceptionalism as representative anecdote. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 25(5), 293–304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2017.1377201
- Darsey, J. S. (2009). Barack Obama and America’s journey. Southern Communication Journal, 74(1), 88–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940802571151
- Dickinson, G., Blair, C., & Ott, B. L. (2010). Places of public memory: The rhetoric of museums and memorials. University of Alabama Press.
- Dyson, M. E. (2016). The black presidency: Barack Obama and the politics of race in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Edwards, J. A., & Weiss, D. (2011). The rhetoric of American exceptionalism: Critical essays. McFarland & Company.
- Edwards-Levy, A. (2015, February 24). Most republicans don’t think Obama loves America. HuffingtonPost.com. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/24/obama-loves-america-poll_n_6745082.html
- Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks (C. L. Markmann, Trans.). Grove Press.
- Farias, C. (2015, March 11). Sanctioned by law and custom: The one thing Obama got wrong in Selma. Slate.com. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/03/obama-at-selma-on-ferguson-what-happened-is-sanctioned-by-law-and-custom.html
- Flores, L. (2020). Stoppage and the racialized rhetorics of mobility. Western Journal of Communication, 84(3), 247–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2019.1676914
- Frank, D. A., & McPhail, M. L. (2005). Barack Obama’s address to the 2004 democratic national convention: Trauma, compromise, consilience, and the (Im) possibility of racial reconciliation. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 8(4), 571–594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2006.0006
- Gilmore, J., Sheets, P., & Rowling, C. (2016). Make no exception, save one: American exceptionalism, the American presidency, and the age of Obama. Communication Monographs, 83(4), 505–520. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2016.1182638
- Gilyard, K. (2004). Aspects of African American rhetoric as a field. In E. B. Richardson & R. L. Jackson (Eds.), African American rhetoric(s): Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 1–18). Southern Illinois University Press.
- Glaude, E. S.Jr.(2017). Democracy in black: How race still enslaves the American soul. Broadway Books.
- Gross, T. (2018, October 23). Republican voter suppression efforts are targeting minority voters, journalist says. NPR.org.https://www.npr.org/2018/10/23/659784277/republican-voter-suppression-efforts-are-targeting-minorities-journalist-says
- Hamlet, J. D. (Ed.). (1998). Afrocentric visions: Studies in culture and communication. Sage.
- Hasen, R. L. (2015, August 4). How to save the voting rights act. Slate.com.https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/how-to-save-the-voting-rights-act-voting-rights-shouldnt-rely-on-parsing-racism-and-partisanship.html
- Hensch, M. (2015, September 2). Cheney: Obama rejects American exceptionalism. TheHill.com. https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/252551-cheney-obama-rejects-american-exceptionalism
- Heyse, A. L., & Utley, E. A. (2017). Barack Obama’s neo-racial responses to Black death. In R. E. Terrill (Ed.), Reconsidering Obama (pp. 33–50). Peter Lang.
- Hill, T. E. (2017). Sanitizing the struggle: Barack Obama, Selma, and civil rights memory. Communication Quarterly, 65(3), 354–376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1275728
- Hodgson, G. (2009). The myth of American exceptionalism. Yale University Press.
- Howard, S. C. (2011). Manifestations of nommo: Afrocentric analysis of President Barack Obama. Journal of Black Studies, 42(5), 737–750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934710372894
- Husband, J. (2018). Multicultural American exceptionalism in the speeches of Frederick Douglass and Barack Obama. Howard Journal of Communications, 29(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1487891
- Isaksen, J. (2011). Obama’s rhetorical shift: Insight for communication studies. Communication Studies, 62(4), 456–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.588082
- Isaksen, J. (2017). The power of Obama’s racio-rhetorical humor: Rethinking black masculinities. Howard Journal of Communications, 28(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2016.1235517
- Ivie, R. L., & Giner, O. (2009). American exceptionalism in a Democratic idiom: Transacting the mythos of change in the 2008 presidential campaign. Communication Studies, 60(4), 359–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903109961
- Jackson, R. L. (2003). Afrocentricity as metatheory: A dialogic exploration of its principles. In R. L. Jackson & E. B. Richardson (Eds.), Understanding African American rhetoric: Classical origins to contemporary innovations (pp. 115–132). Routledge.
- Johnson, A. E. (2017). The scold of black America: Obama, Race, and the African American Audience. Howard Journal of Communications, 28(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1290560
- Johnson, L. B. (1965, March 15). Address to a joint session of congress on voting legislation. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lbjweshallovercome.htm
- Jones, J. (2010, December 22). Americans see U.S. as exceptional; 37% doubt Obama does. Gallup.com.https://news.gallup.com/poll/145358/americans-exceptional-doubt-obama.aspx
- Karenga, M. (2003). Nommo, Kawaida, and communicative practice: Bringing good into the world. In R. L. Jackson & E. B. Richardson (Eds.), Understanding African American rhetoric: Classical origins to contemporary innovations (pp. 22–33). Routledge.
- Kesling, B., & Frosch, D. (2015, September 3). Justice Department faults police response to Ferguson unrest. WallStreetJournal.com.https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-department-faults-police-response-to-ferguson-unrest-1441300481
- King, J. (2018, March 5). How Black Lives Matter has changed US politics. New Internationalist.https://newint.org/features/2018/03/01/black-lives-matter-changed-politics
- Lewis, P. (2015, March 7). Obama in Selma: Ferguson report shows civil rights ‘March is not yet finished.’ TheGuardian.com. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/07/obama-selma-speech-ferguson-civil-rights
- Lipset, S. L. (1996). American exceptionalism: A double-edged sword. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Madsen, D. (1998). American exceptionalism. University Press of Mississippi.
- Milford, M. (2016). National identity, crisis, and the inaugural genre: George W. Bush and 9/11. Southern Communication Journal, 81(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2015.1064989
- Murphy, J. M. (2011). Barack Obama, the Exodus tradition, and the Joshua generation. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 97(4), 387–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2011.608706
- Neumann, R., & Coe, K. (2011). The rhetoric of the modern presidency: A quantitative assessment. In J. A. Edwards & D. Weiss (Eds.), The rhetoric of American exceptionalism: Critical essays (pp. 11–30). McFarland & Company.
- Nwosu, P. O., Taylor, D. S., & Blake, C. A. (1998). Communication and development: Imperatives for an Afrocentric Methodology. In J. D. Hamlet (Ed.), Afrocentric visions: Studies in culture and communication (pp. 229–246). Sage.
- Obama, B. (2015, March 7). Address on the 50th anniversary of the Selma, Alabama march. Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, Alabama. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/barackobama/barackobamaselma50anniversarymarch.htm
- Parsons, C. (2015, March 7). Obama marks “Bloody Sunday” anniversary: “Our march is not yet finished.” LATimes.com. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-obama-selma-speech-20150307-story.html
- Pauley, G. E. (1998). Rhetoric and timeliness: An analysis of Lyndon b. Johnson’s voting rights address. Western Journal of Communication, 62(1), 26–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319809374596
- Pease, D. (2009). The new American exceptionalism. University of Minnesota Press.
- Prasch, A. M. (2019). Obama in Selma: Deixis, rhetorical vision, and the “true meaning of America. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 105(1), 42–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2018.1552366
- Ramsey, R. (2014, October 9). Federal judge: Texas voter id law unconstitutional. The Texas Tribune.https://www.texastribune.org/2014/10/09/federal-judge-rules-texas-voter-id-law-unconstitut/
- Rowland, R. C., & Jones, J. M. (2007). Recasting the American dream and American politics: Barack Obama’s keynote to the 2004 democratic national convention. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 93(4), 425–448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630701593675
- Rowland, R. C., & Jones, J. M. (2011). One dream: Barack Obama, race, and the American dream. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14(1), 125–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2011.0007
- Samuelsohn, D. (2015, February 18). Giuliani: Obama doesn’t love America. Politico.com.https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/rudy-giuliani-president-obama-doesnt-love-america-115309
- Smith, A. L. (1970). Socio-historical perspectives of black oratory. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 56(3), 264–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335637009383010
- Squires, C. R. (2014). The post-racial mystique: Media & race in the twenty-first century. New York University Press.
- Steele, S. (2008, November 5). Obama’s post-racial promise. LATimes.com.http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-oe-steele5-2008nov05-story.html
- Stewart, F. R. (2011). Exploring Afrocentricity: An analysis of the discourse of Barack Obama. Journal of African American Studies, 15(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-011-9161-6
- Sugrue, T. J. (2010). Not even past: Barack Obama and the burden of race. Princeton University Press.
- Tait, A. A., & Perry, R. L. (1998). African Americans in television: An Afrocentric analysis. In J. D. Hamlet (Ed.), Afrocentric visions: Studies in culture and communication (pp. 195–206). Sage.
- Terrill, R. E. (2009). Unity and duality in Barack Obama’s a more perfect union. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 95(4), 363–386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630903296192
- Terrill, R. E. (2015). Double-consciousness and the rhetoric of Barack Obama: The price and promise of citizenship. University of South Carolina Press.
- Tesler, M., & Sears, D. O. (2010). Obama’s race: The 2008 election and the dream of a postracial America. University of Chicago Press.
- Theoharris, J. (2018). A more beautiful and terrible history: The uses and misuses of civil rights history. Beacon Press.
- Townsend, R. M. (2019). Deval Patrick on the power of rhetoric. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(3), 299–315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1491432
- Walker, C., & Smithers, G. (2009). The preacher and the politician: Jeremiah Wright, Barack Obama, and race in America. University of Virginia Press.
- Walker, F. R., & Greene, D. M. (2006). Exploring Afrocentricity: An analysis of the discourse of Jesse Jackson., Journal of African American Studies, 9(4), 61–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-006-1019-y
- Walker, M. K. (2011). Resolving rhetorical tensions. In J. A. Edwards & D. Weiss (Eds.), The rhetoric of American exceptionalism: Critical essays (pp. 31–47). McFarland & Company.
- West, C. (2013, July 22). Obama’s response to Trayvon Martin case belies failure to challenge ‘new Jim crow. Democracynow.org.https://www.democracynow.org/2013/7/22/cornel_west_obamas_response_to_trayvon
- Williams, K. M. (2011). The bad boy of radio: The continuity and extension of African American communication dynamics through talk elements of the Michael Baisden radio show. Howard Journal of Communications, 22(3), 260–279.
- Yancy, G. (2004). Geneva Smitherman: The social ontology of African-American language, the power of nommo, and the dynamics of resistance and identity. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18(4), 273–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/jsp.2004.0042