685
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

“Nasty Question” and “Fake News”: Metadiscourse as a Resource for Denying Accusations of Racism in Donald Trump’s Presidential Press Events

&

References

  • Alim, S. H., & Reyes, A. (2011). Introduction: Complicating race: Articulating race across multiple social dimensions. Discourse & Society, 22(4), 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510395831
  • Arundale, R. B. (2006). Face as relational and interactional: A communication framework for research on face, facework, and politeness. Journal of Politeness Research, 2, 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2006.011
  • Ashley, W. (2014). The angry Black woman: The impact of pejorative stereotypes on psychotherapy with Black women. Social Work in Public Health, 29(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.619449
  • Atkinson, J. M., & Drew, P. (1979). Order in court: The organization of verbal interaction in judicial settings. Macmillan Press.
  • Augoustinos, M., & Every, D. (2007). The language of “race” and prejudice: A discourse of denial, reason, and liberal-practical politics. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X07300075
  • Bhatia, A. (2006). Critical discourse analysis of political press conferences. Discourse & Society, 17(2), 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058057
  • Billig, M. (2001). Humour and hatred: The racist jokes of the Ku Klux Klan. Discourse & Society, 12(3), 267–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012003001
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2003). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bucholtz. (2010). White kids: Language, race, and styles of youth identity. Cambridge University Press.
  • Buttny, R. (2010). Citizen participation, metadiscourse, and accountability: A public hearing on a zoning change for Wal-Mart. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 636–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01507.x
  • Castor, T. (2015). Accusatory discourse. In K. Tracy, C. Ilie, & T. L. Sandel (Eds.), International encyclopedia of language and social interaction. (pp. 20–24). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi052
  • Cineas, F. (2021, January 9). Donald Trump is the accelerant: A comprehensive timeline of Trump encouraging hate groups and political violence. Vox. https://www.vox.com/21506029/trump-violence-tweets-racist-hate-speech
  • Clayman, S. E. (2006). Understanding news media: The relevance of interaction. In P. Drew, G. Raymond, & D. Weinberg (Eds.), Talk and interaction in social research methods (pp. 135–154). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209991.n9
  • Clayman, S. E., & Heritage, J. (2002). Questioning presidents: Journalistic deference and adversarialness in the press conferences of U.S. Presidents Eisenhower and Reagan. Journal of Communication, 52(4), 749–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02572.x
  • Coulmas, F. (Ed.) (1986). Direct and indirect speech. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110871968
  • Craig, R. T. (2008). Metadiscourse. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), International encyclopedia of communication (pp. 3707–3709). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecm078
  • Craig, R. T., & Tracy, K. (2021). Grounded practical theory: Investigating communication problems. Cognella.
  • Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.) (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. The New Press.
  • Ekström, M. (2009). Power and affiliation in presidential press conference: A study on interruptions, jokes and laughter. Journal of Language and Politics, 8(3), 386–415. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.8.3.03eks
  • Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman Group UK.
  • Flores, L. (2018). Critical race theory. In Y.Y. Kim (Ed.), The International encyclopedia of intercultural communication (pp. 378–383). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.
  • Foster, J. D. (2009). Defending whiteness indirectly: A synthetic approach to race discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 20(6), 685–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509342062
  • Gordon, C. (2015). Discourse analysis. In K. Tracy, C. Ilie, & T. L. Sandel (Eds.), International encyclopedia of language and social interaction (pp. 382–397).Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Gordon, C., & Luke, M. (2016). Metadiscourse in group supervision: How school counselors-in-training construct their transitional professional identities. Discourse Studies, 18(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445615613180
  • Hansson, S. (2015). Discursive strategies of blame avoidance in government: A framework for analysis. Discourse & Society, 26(3), 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926514564736
  • Harter, L. M., Stephens, R. J., & Japp, P. M. (2000). President Clinton’s apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis eperiment: A narrative of remembrance, redefinition, and reconciliation. Howard Journal of Communications, 11(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/106461700246698
  • Hill, J. H. (2008). The everyday language of White racism. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hodges, A. (2015). Ideologies of language and race in US media discourse about the Trayvon Martin shooting. Language in Society, 44(3), 401–423. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740451500024X
  • Kampf, Z. (2009). Public (non-) apologies: The discourse of minimizing responsibility. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(11), 2257–2270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.11.007
  • Kendi, I. X. (2020). Is this the beginning of the end of American Racism?The Atlantic. Retrieved June 9, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/09/the-end-of-denial/614194/
  • Leighter, J. L., & Black, L. (2010). “I’m just raising the question”: Terms for talk and practical metadiscursive argument in public meetings. Western Journal of Communication, 74(5), 547–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2010.512281
  • Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods. Sage.
  • Lynch, J. A., & Stuckey, M. E. (2017). “This was his Georgia”: Polio, poverty and public memory at FDR’s Little White House. Howard Journal of Communications, 28(4), 390–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1315689
  • Martínez Guillem, S. (2009). Argumentation, metadiscourse and social cognition: Organizing knowledge in political communication. Discourse & Society, 20(6), 727–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509342368
  • McIntosh, J., & Mendoza-Denton, N. (2020). Language in the Trump Era: Scandals and emergencies. Cambridge University Press.
  • Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. Routledge.
  • Ono, K. A., & Pham, V. N. (2009). Asian Americans and the media. Polity.
  • Orr, C. J. (1980). Reporters confront the president: Sustaining a counterpoised situation. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638009383500
  • Pomerantz, A. (1984). Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J. M. Atkinsons & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social action (pp. 57–101). Cambridge University Press.
  • Pomerantz, A. (1986). Extreme case formulations: A way of legitimizing claims. Human Studies, 9(2-3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00148128
  • Robles, J. S. (2015). Extreme case (re)formulation as a practice for making hearably racist talk repairable. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 34(4), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X15586573
  • Schiffrin, D. (1980). Meta‐talk: Organizational and evaluative brackets in discourse. Sociological Inquiry, 50(3-4), 199–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00021.x
  • Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Sclafani, J. (2018). Talking Donald Trump: A sociolinguistic study of style, metadiscourse, and political identity. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Shrikant, N. (2020a). Membership categorization analysis of racism in an online discussion among neighbors. Language in Society, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404520000846
  • Shrikant, N. (2020b). Metadiscourse and the management of relationships during online conflict among academics. Text & Talk, 40(4), 513–535. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2020-2069
  • Sierra, S. (2016). Playing out loud: Videogame references as resources in friend interaction for managing frames, epistemics, and group identity. Language in Society, 45(2), 217–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404516000026
  • Sierra, S. (2019). Linguistic and ethnic media stereotypes in everyday talk: Humor and identity construction among friends. Journal of Pragmatics, 152, 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.09.007
  • Sierra, S. (2021). Millennials talking media: Constructing intertextual identities in everyday conversation. Oxford University Press.
  • Sierra, S., & Shrikant, N. (2020). Fake alignments. In J. McIntosh & N. Mendoza-Denton (Eds.), Language in the Trump Era: Scandals and emergencies (pp. 203–217). Cambridge University Press.
  • Tanquary, N. (2020). Questioning the president: Positioning, stance, and frames in the Trump Press Conferences [Master’s thesis]. Syracuse University.
  • Tannen, D. (2006). Intertextuality in interaction: Reframing family arguments in public and private. Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse Communication Studies, 26(4-5), 597–617. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2006.024
  • Tracy, K. (2008). “Reasonable hostility”: Situation-appropriate face-attack. Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture, 4(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2008.009
  • Tracy, K. (2015). Editor’s introduction. In K. Tracy, C. Ilie, & T. Sandel (Eds.), International encyclopedia of language and social interaction (pp. xxv–xlvi). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Tracy, K., & Craig, R. T. (2010). Studying interaction in order to cultivate communicative practices: Action-implicative discourse analysis. In J. Streeck (Ed.), New adventures in language and interaction (pp. 145–166). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.196.07tra
  • van den Berg, H., Wetherell, M., & Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. (Eds.). (2003). Analyzing race talk: Multidisciplinary perspectives on the research interview. Cambridge University Press.
  • van Dijk, T. A. (1992). Discourse and the denial of racism. Discourse & Society, 3(1), 87–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926592003001005
  • Verkuyten, M. (2003). Racism, happiness, and ideology. In H. van den Berg, M. Wetherell, & H. Houtkoop-Steenstra (Eds.), Analyzing race talk: Multidisciplinary perspectives on the research interview (pp. 138–155). Cambridge University Press.
  • Whitehead, K. A., & Lerner, G. H. (2009). When are persons ‘white’?: On some practical asymmetries of racial reference in talk-in-interaction. Discourse & Society, 20(5), 613–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509106413
  • Williamson, V., & Gelfand, I. (2019). August 14). Trump and racism: What do the data say?. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2019/08/14/trump-and-racism-what-do-the-data-say/
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. Sage.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.