References
- Aldama, F. L. (2009). Your brain on Latino comics: From Gus Arriola to Los Bros Hernandez. University of Texas Press.
- Batt, J. (2021, December 26). Marvel has replaced the iconic skull logo- here’s why it matters. CBR. https://www.cbr.com/marvel-replaced-punishers-skull-logo/
- Brown, J. A. (1999). Comic book masculinity and the new black superhero. African American Review, 33(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/2901299
- Brown, J. A. (2014). Panthers and vixens: Black superheroines, sexuality, and stereotypes in contemporary comic books. In S. C. Howard & R. L. Jackson, II (Eds.), Black comics: Politics of race and representation (pp. 133–150). Bloomsbury.
- Chambliss, J. C. (2013). Upgrading the Cold War framework: Iron Man, the military industrial complex, and American defense. In J. C. Chambliss, T. Donaldson, & W. Svitavsky (Eds.), Ages of heroes, eras of men: Superheroes and the American experience (pp. 163–180). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Cocca, C. (2016). Containing the X-Women: De-powering and de-queering female characters. In C. Bucciferro (Ed.), The X-Men films: A cultural analysis (pp. 79–92). Rowman & Littlefield.
- Craig, B. B., & Rahko, S. E. (2019, November 13). From Noose to “Nuse”: The Green Book and the (post) racial buddy film [Paper presentation]. National Communication Association Annual Convention, Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, MD.
- D’Amore, L. M. (2008). Invisible Girl’s quest for visibility: Early second wave feminism and the comic book superheroine. Americana, 7(2), 3–11.
- Dittmer, J. (2005). Captain America’s empire: Reflections on identity, popular culture, and post-9/11 geopolitics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(3), 626–643. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693960 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00478.x
- Dittmer, J. (2007). “America is safe while its boys and girls believe in its creed!”: Captain America and American identity prior to World War 2. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 25(3), 401–423. https://doi.org/10.1068/d1905
- Elderkin, B. (2017, February 24). Kentucky police remove Punisher logo from cop cars after people rightfully point out he’s a murderer. Gizmodo. https://io9.gizmodo.com/kentucky-police-remove-punisher-logo-from-cop-cars-afte-1792720736
- Espinoza, M. (2016). The alien is here to stay: Otherness, anti-assimilation, and empowerment in Latino/a superhero comics. In F. Aldama & C. Gonzalez (Eds.), Graphic borders: Latino comic books past, present, & future (pp. 181–202). University of Texas Press.
- Fastdecals. (2021, October 28). Fastdecals. https://fastdecals.com/shop/?match=all&subcats=Y&pcode_from_q=Y&pshort=Y&pfull=Y&pname=Y&pkeywords=Y&search_performed=Y&q=punisher&dispatch=products.search&security_hash=bdc3a82a2701710d93649a9159817268
- Fawaz, R. (2011). “Where no X-Man has gone before!” mutant superheroes and the cultural politics of popular fantasy in postwar America. American Literature, 83(2), 355–388. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-1266090
- Flores, L. A. (2016). Between abundance and marginalization: The imperative of racial rhetorical criticism. Review of Communication, 16(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2016.1183871
- Francisco, E. (2021, January 7). The Punisher isn’t Marvel’s anymore. He belongs to the Proud Boys now. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/marvel-punisher-skull-proud-boys-nazis-capitol-riot
- Genter, R. (2007). “With great power comes great responsibility”: Cold War culture and the birth of Marvel Comics. The Journal of Popular Culture, 40(6), 953–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00480.x
- Guynes, S., & Lund, M. (2020). Not to interpret, but to abolish: Whiteness studies and American superhero comics. In S. Guynes & M. Lund (Eds), Unstable masks: Whiteness and American superhero comics (pp. 1–16). Ohio State University Press.
- Haberman, M. (2021, January 6). Trump told crowd “You will never take back our country with weakness”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html
- Hirsch, P. (2014). “This is our enemy”: The Writer’s War Board and representations of race in comic books, 1942-1945. Pacific Historical Review, 83(3), 448–486. https://doi.org/10.1525/phr.2014.83.3.448
- Howard, S. C. (2014). Gender, race, and The Boondocks. In S. C. Howard & R. L. Jackson, II (Eds.), Black comics: Politics of race and representation (pp. 151–168). Bloomsbury.
- Hughey, M. W. (2009). Cinethetic racism: White redemption and black stereotypes in Magical Negro films. Social Problems, 56(3), 543–577. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.3.543
- Jackson, J. (2021, January 11). Marvel faces calls to retire the Punisher after Capitol rioters were seen wearing his logo. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/punisher-retired-marvel-capitol-1560675
- Jackson, R. L.II. (2006). Scripting the black masculine body: Identity, discourse, and racial politics in popular media. State University of New York Press.
- Johnson, P. E. (2017a). Walter white(ness) lashes out: Breaking Bad and male victimage. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1238101
- Johnson, P. E. (2017b). The art of masculine victimhood: Donald Trump’s demagoguery. Women’s Studies in Communication, 40(3), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2017.1346533
- Kelly, C. R. (2018). The wounded man: Foxcatcher and the incoherence of white masculine victimhood. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 15(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2018.1456669
- Kelly, C. R. (2020a). Apocalypse man: The death drive and the rhetoric of white masculine victimhood. The Ohio State University Press.
- Kelly, C. R. (2020b). Donald J. Trump and the rhetoric of ressentiment. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 106(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2019.1698756
- Kimmel, M. (2017). Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era. Bold Type Books.
- King, C. S. (2009). It cuts both ways: Fight Club, masculinity, and abject hegemony. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 6(4), 366–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420903335135
- King, C. S. (2012). Washed in blood: Male sacrifice, trauma, and the cinema. Rutgers University Press.
- Lacy, M. C., & Ono, K. A. (Eds.). (2011). Critical rhetorics of race. New York University Press.
- Lendrum, R. (2005). The super Black macho, one baaad mutha: Black superhero masculinity in 1970s mainstream comic books. Extrapolation, 46(3), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.3828/extr.2005.46.3.8
- León, G. (2020, August 8). Marvel’s “Punisher” a hate symbol long before the police co-opted his character. Truthout. https://truthout.org/articles/marvels-punisher-was-a-hate-symbol-long-before-police-co-opted-his-character/
- Masciotra, D. (2019, April 28). The Punisher skull: Unofficial logo of the white American death cult. Salon. https://www.salon.com/2019/04/28/the-punisher-skull-unofficial-logo-of-the-white-american-death-cult/
- McGrath, K. (2007). Gender, race, and Latina identity: An examination of Marvel Comics’ Amazing Fantasy and Araña. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 15(4), 268–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870701483599
- Montes, B. (2016). The paradox of Miles Morales: Social gatekeeping and the Browning of America’s Spider-Man. In F. Aldama & C. Gonzalez (Eds.), Graphic borders: Latino comic books past, present, & future (pp.269–279). University of Texas Press.
- Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639509384117
- Nakayama, T. K., and Halualani, R. T. (Eds.). (2013). The handbook of critical intercultural communication. Blackwell.
- Nama, A. (2011). Super black: American pop culture and black superheroes. University of Texas Press.
- Neville-Shepard, R., & Kelly, C. R. (2020). Whipping it out: Guns, campaign advertising, and the white masculine spectacle. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 37(5), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2020.1813902
- OldNewsAgain. (2021, October 28). OldNewsAgain. https://oldsnewagain.com/products/punisher-trump-patriotic-flag-skully-punisher-vinyl-sticker-u-choose-style-decal
- Omni, M., & Winant, H. (2015). Racial formation in the United States. (3rd ed.). Routledge.
- Oyola, O. (2020). Marked for failure: Whiteness, innocence, and power in defining Captain America. In S. Guynes & M. Lund (Eds), Unstable masks: Whiteness and American superhero comics (pp. 19–37). Ohio State University Press.
- Palmer, L. (2013). The Punisher as Revisionist Superhero Western. In C. Hatfield, J. Heer, & K. Worcester (Eds.), The super hero reader (pp. 279–294). The Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
- Puc, R. (2022). Frame thy fearful masculinity: Locating a queer masculinity in Marvel’s The Punisher. In L. R. Cooper (Ed.), The Routledge companion to masculinity in American literature and culture (pp. 207–219). Taylor & Francis.
- Reyna, C., Harris, K., Bellovary, A., Armenta, A., & Zarate, M. (2022). The good ol’ days: White identity, racial nostalgia, and the perpetuation of racial extremism. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25(3), NP81–NP103. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302211057454
- Robinson, S. (2000). Marked men: White masculinity in crisis. Columbia University Press.
- Siegel, J., & Shuster, J. (1938). Action Comics #1 [cartoon]. National Allied Publications.
- Skidmore, M. J., & Skidmore, J. (1983). More than mere fantasy: Political themes in contemporary comic books. The Journal of Popular Culture, 17(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1983.1701_83.x
- The National. (2021, January 10). Is it time for Marvel to retire the Punisher? The character’s skull logo was worn by Capitol rioters. The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/television/is-it-time-for-marvel-to-retire-the-punisher-the-character-s-skull-logo-was-worn-by-capitol-rioters-1.1143303
- Thielman, S. (2020, June 9). How do you stop the far-right using the Punisher skull? Make it a Black Lives Matter symbol. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/11/how-do-you-stop-the-far-right-using-the-punisher-skull-make-it-a-black-lives-matter-symbol
- Trushell, J. M. (2004). American dreams of mutants: The X-Men, “pulp” fiction, science fiction, and superheroes. The Journal of Popular Culture, 38(1), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2004.00104.x
- Vance, D. (2016). Racial stereotypes and war propaganda in Captain America. In T. Goodnow & J. Kimble (Eds.), The 10-cent war: Comic books, propaganda, and World War II (pp. 131–148). University Press of Mississippi.
- Voytko, L. (2020, June 11). The creator of The Punisher wants to reclaim the iconic skull from police and fringe admirers. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisettevoytko/2020/06/11/the-creator-of-the-punisher-wants-to-reclaim-the-iconic-skull-from-police-and-fringe-admirers/?sh=54faa62ab434
- Zingsheim, J. (2016). Shape-shifting identity: Mystique’s embodied agency. In C. Bucciferro (Ed.), The X-Men films: A cultural analysis (pp. 93–106). Rowman & Littlefield.