Cope, Conform, or Resist? Functions of a Black American Identity at a Predominantly White University

REFERENCES

• Allen, W.R., Jayakumar, U.M., Griffin, K.A., Korn, W., & Hurtado. S. (2005). Black undergraduates from Bakke to Grutter: Freshmen status, trends and prospects, 1971–2004. CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, D.C. (2008). Free to be me? Black professors, white institutions. Journal of Black Studies, 38(4), 641–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante, M.K. (2006). The pursuit of Africology: On the creation and sustaining of black studies (pp. 317–327). In M.K. Asante & M. Karenga (Eds.), Handbook of black studies (pp. 317–327). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, F., MacDougall, C., & Smith, D. (2006). Participatory action research. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 60, 854–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, S.B. (2007, October 7). Rally protests noose found at Columbia University. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/10/columbia.noose/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, T., & Obasi, E.M. (2010). Academic performance in African-American undergraduates: Effects of cultural mistrust, educational value, and achievement motivation. Journal of Career Development, 36(4), 348–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, R. (2012, October 8). From despair to repair: Preparing college students to navigate racial conflicts on campus. Huff Post Education. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/roderick-carey/from-despair-to-repair_b_1941469.html
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, C. (2013, November 7). Update: Graffiti, egging of Lehigh University's UMOJA house sparks calls for action on campus. Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved from http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/thebrownandwhitenews/index.ssf/2013/11/lehigh_universitys_umoja_house.html
   Google Scholar
• Chavous, T.M. (2000). The relationship among racial identity, perceived ethnic fit, and organizational involvement for African American students at a predominantly white university. Journal of Black Psychology, 26(1), 79–100.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P.H. (2000). Black feminist thought. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, W.E. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, W.E., Smith, L., & Payne, Y.A. (2002). Black identity: A repertoire of daily enactments. In P.B. Pedersen, J.G. Draguns, W.J. Lonner, & J.E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (5th ed., pp. 93–107). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, W.E., & Strauss, L. (1998). The everyday functions of African-American identity. In J.K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 267–279). San Diego, CA: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cureton, S.R. (2003). Race-specific college student experiences on a predominantly white campus. Journal of Black Studies, 33(3), 295–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlvig, J. (2010). Mentoring of African-American students at a predominantly white institution (PWI). Christian Higher Education, 9(5), 369–395.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, A., Jennings, J., Beckett, J.O., & Leashore, B.R. (1995). Effective coping strategies of African Americans. Social Work, 40(2), 240–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danoff-Burg, S., Prelow, H.M., & Swenson, R.R. (2004). Hope and life satisfaction in black college students coping with race-related stress. Journal of Black Psychology, 30(2), 208–228.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W.E. B. (1903/1989). Souls of Black folk. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J.R. (1992). The continuing significance of racism: Discrimination against black students in white colleges. Journal of Black Studies, 22(4), 546–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, A.A. (2001). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of black masculinity (law, meaning and violence). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R.E., & Rowan, G.T. (2001). African American males in higher education: A descriptive/qualitative analysis. Journal of African American Men, 5(3), 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, S. (1986). The instability of the analytical categories of feminist theory. Signs, 11(4), 645–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M.S. (1987). Black students’ participation in higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28(6), 532–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, V.D. (2001). The Nguzo Saba as a foundation for African-American college student development theory. Journal of Black Studies, 31(4), 406–422.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, H.L., Cross, W.E., & DeFour, D.C. (2007). Race-related stress, racial identity attitudes, and mental health among black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 33(2), 208–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (JBHE). (2006). Black student college graduation rates remain low, but modest progress begins to show. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.jbhe.com/features/50_blackstudent_gradrates.html
   Google Scholar
• The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (JBHE). (2009). A harvest of good news on African Americans in higher education. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.jbhe.com/news_views/64_goodnews.htm
   Google Scholar
• Loo, C.M., & Rolison, G. (1986). Alienation of ethnic minority students at predominantly white university. The Journal of Higher Education, 57(1), 58–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, J.L. (2008). Racial identity and black students’ perceptions of community outreach: Implications for bonding social capital. Journal of Negro Education, 77(1), 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Marable, M. (1997). Black liberation in conservative America. Boston, MA: South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mazama, A. (2006). Interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, or unidisciplinary? Africana studies and the vexing question of definition. In M.K. Asante & M. Karenga (Eds.), Handbook of black studies (pp. 3–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, K. (2013, November 8). Students posts video to spark discussion about lack of diversity at UCLA. UCLA Daily Bruin. Retrieved from http://dailybruin.com/2013/11/08/student-posts-video-to-spark-discussion-about-lack-of-diversity-at-ucla/
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES). (2013). Fast facts—College enrollment. Retrieved July 9, 2014 from http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=98
   Google Scholar
• Payne, Y.A. (2006). Participatory action research and social justice: Keys to freedom for street life oriented black men. In J.J. Battle, M.J. Bennett, & A.J. Lemelle, Jr. (Eds.), Free at last?: Black America in the twenty first century (pp. 265–280). New York, NY: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Payne, Y.A. (2011). Site of resilience: A reconceptualization of resiliency and resilience in street life oriented black men. Journal of Black Psychology, 37(4), 426–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, Y.A. (2013). The people's report: The link between structural violence and crime in Wilmington, Delaware. Formal Report. Retrieved from http://www.thepeoplesreport.com/images/pdf/The_Peoples_Report_final_draft_9-12-13.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Payne, Y.A., & Brown, T.M. (2010). The educational experiences of street life oriented black boys: How black boys use street life as a site of resiliency in high school. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(3), 316–338.
   Google Scholar
• Pippin, C. (2012, April 18). UWF Police investigating nooses found: Authorities consider acts a hate crime. Retrieved from: http://www.fox10tv.com/news/uwf-police-investigating-nooses-found
   Google Scholar
• Roy, L. (2013, November 18). Faculty diversity: We still have a lot to learn. The Chronicle of Higher of Education: Commentary. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Faculty-Diversity-Still-a-Lot/143095/?cid=cr
   Google Scholar
• Scott, L.D. (2003). The relation of racial identity and racial socialization to coping with discrimination among African-American adolescents. Journal of Black Studies, 33(4), 520–538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlacek, W.E. (1987). Black students on white campuses: 20 years of research. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28(6), 484–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, C.A. (2006). Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominantly white colleges and universities. American Educational Research Journal, 43(4), 701–736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, P. (2012, July 19). After decades, revolving door remains for black, Latino scholars in the academy. Retrieved from http://diverseeducation.com/article/17227/
   Google Scholar
• Sule, V.T. (2011). Restructuring the master's tools: Black female and Latina faculty navigating and contributing in classrooms through oppositional positions. Equity & Excellence in Education, 44(2), 169–187.
   Google Scholar
• Utsey, S.O., Ponterro, J.G., Reynolds, A.L., & Cancelli, A.A. (2000). Racial discrimination, coping, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among African Americans. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(1), 72–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, D.C., Green, B.L., Goodson, P., Guidry, J.J., & Stanley, C.A. (2007). Using focus groups to explore the stressful life events of black college men. Journal of College Student Development, 48(1), 105–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J.W., & Constantine, M.G. (1999). Racial identity attitudes, self-concept, and perceived family cohesion in black college students. Journal of Black Studies, 29(3), 354–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar