Placebo disclosure does not result in negative changes in mood or attitudes towards health care or the provider

References

• Hawk C, Long CR, Rowell RM, et al. A randomized trial investigating a chiropractic manual placebo: a novel design using standardized forces in the delivery of active and control treatments. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(1):109–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon H, MacAdam K, Marshall V, et al. Validation of a sham manipulative procedure for the cervical spine for use in clinical trials. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28(9):662–666.10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, Evins AE, Dorer DJ, et al. The problem of the placebo response in clinical trials for psychiatric disorders: culprits, possible remedies, and a novel study design approach. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. Psychother Psychosom. 2003;72(3):115–127. Epub 2003/04/23.10.1159/000069738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H, Cusin C, Fava M. Is there a placebo problem in antidepressant trials? Curr Top Med Chem. 2005;5(11):1077–1086. Epub 2005/09/27.10.2174/156802605774297092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vase L, Petersen GL, Riley JL III, et al. Factors contributing to large analgesic effects in placebo mechanism studies conducted between 2002 and 2007. Pain. 2009;145(1–2):36–44.10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price DD, Finniss DG, Benedetti F. A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought. Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:565–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingel U, Lorenz J, Schoell E, et al. Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: rACC recruitment of a subcortical antinociceptive network. Pain. 2006;120(1–2):8–15.10.1016/j.pain.2005.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu HC, Hsieh JC, Lu CL, et al. Neuronal correlates in the modulation of placebo analgesia in experimentally-induced esophageal pain: a 3T-fMRI study. Pain. 2010;148(1):75–83. Epub 2009/12/08.10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubieta JK, Bueller JA, Jackson LR, et al. Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on mu-opioid receptors. J Neurosci. 2005;25(34):7754–7762. Epub 2005/08/27.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0439-05.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craggs JG, Price DD, Verne GN, et al. Functional brain interactions that serve cognitive-affective processing during pain and placebo analgesia. NeuroImage. 2007;38(4):720–729. Epub 2007/10/02.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic P, Dietrich T, Fransson P, et al. Placebo in emotional processing–induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network. Neuron. 2005;46(6):957–969. Epub 2005/06/15.10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eippert F, Finsterbusch J, Bingel U, et al. Direct evidence for spinal cord involvement in placebo analgesia. Science (New York, NY). 2009;326(5951):404. Epub 2009/10/17.10.1126/science.1180142
   Google Scholar
• Matre D, Casey KL, Knardahl S. Placebo-induced changes in spinal cord pain processing. J Neurosci. 2006;26(2):559–563 . Epub 2006/01/13.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4218-05.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller FG, Wendler D, Swartzman LC. Deception in research on the placebo effect. PLoS Med. 2005;2(9):e262. Epub 2005/09/22.10.1371/journal.pmed.0020262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braillon A. Placebo is far from benign: it is disease-mongering. Am J Bioeth: AJOB. 2009;9(12):36–38. Epub 2009/12/17.10.1080/15265160903234078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finniss DG, Kaptchuk TJ, Miller F, et al. Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. Lancet (London, England). 2010;375(9715):686–695. Epub 2010/02/23.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61706-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace PJ. The clinical use of placebos. Is it ethical? Not when it involves deceiving patients. Am J Nurs. 2006;106(2):58–61 . Epub 2006/02/03.10.1097/00000446-200602000-00025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahana A, Romagnioli S. Not all placebos are the same: a debate on the ethics of placebo use in clinical trials versus clinical practice. J Anesth. 2007;21(1):102–105 . Epub 2007/02/08.10.1007/s00540-006-0440-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Medical A. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191–2194 . Epub 2013/10/22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan M, Terman GW, Peck B, et al. APS position statement on the use of placebos in pain management. J Pain. 2005;6(4):215–217 . Epub 2005/04/12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghcheghi N, Koohestani HR. Placebo use in clinical practice by nurses in an Iranian teaching hospital. Nurs Ethics. 2011;18(3):364–373 . Epub 2011/05/12.10.1177/0969733011398093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassler M, Meissner K, Schneider A, et al. Frequency and circumstances of placebo use in clinical practice–a systematic review of empirical studies. BMC Med. 2010;8:15 . Epub 2010/02/25.10.1186/1741-7015-8-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fent R, Rosemann T, Fassler M, et al. The use of pure and impure placebo interventions in primary care – a qualitative approach. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:11 . Epub 2011/03/26.10.1186/1471-2296-12-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner K, Hofner L, Fassler M, et al. Widespread use of pure and impure placebo interventions by GPs in Germany. Fam Pract. 2012;29(1):79–85 . Epub 2011/08/03.10.1093/fampra/cmr045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilburt JC, Emanuel EJ, Kaptchuk TJ, et al. Prescribing “placebo treatments”: results of national survey of US internists and rheumatologists. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2008;337:a1938 . Epub 2008/10/25.10.1136/bmj.a1938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermen R, Hickner J, Brody H, et al. Family physicians believe the placebo effect is therapeutic but often use real drugs as placebos. Fam Med. 2010;42(9):636–642 . Epub 2010/10/12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milgram S. Behavioral study of obedience. J Abnorm Psychol. 1963;67:371–378 . Epub 1963/10/01.10.1037/h0040525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera CD. Ethics, deception, and ‘those milgram experiments’. J Appl Philos. 2001;18(3):245–256 . Epub 2002/05/02.10.1111/japp.2001.18.issue-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kisaalita N, Staud R, Hurley R, et al. Placebo use in pain management: the role of medical context, treatment efficacy, and deception in determining placebo acceptability. Pain. 2014;155(12):2638–2645 . Epub 2014/10/01.10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisaalita NR, Robinson ME. Analgesic placebo treatment perceptions: acceptability, efficacy, and knowledge. Journal Pain. 2012;13(9):891–900 . Epub 2012/08/03.10.1016/j.jpain.2012.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisaalita NR, Roditi D, Robinson ME. Factors affecting placebo acceptability: deception, outcome, and disease severity. J Pain. 2011;12(8):920–928 . Epub 2011/08/06.10.1016/j.jpain.2011.02.353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung SK, Price DD, Verne GN, et al. Revelation of a personal placebo response: its effects on mood, attitudes and future placebo responding. Pain. 2007;132(3):281–288 . Epub 2007/03/21.10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialosky JE, George SZ, Horn ME, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy specific changes in pain sensitivity in individuals with low back pain. J Pain. 2014; 15(2):136–148. Epub 2013/10/27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade JB, Dougherty LM, Archer CR, et al. Assessing the stages of pain processing: a multivariate analytical approach. Pain. 1996;68(1):157–167 . Epub 1996/11/01.10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03162-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliese L, Weizblit N, Ellis W, et al. The measurement of postoperative pain: a comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients. Pain. 2005;117(3):412–420.10.1016/j.pain.2005.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S. The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain. 1986;27(1):117–126.10.1016/0304-3959(86)90228-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry disability index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(22):2940–2952; discussion 52. Epub 2000/11/14.10.1097/00007632-200011150-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Changulani M, Shaju A. Evaluation of responsiveness of Oswestry low back pain disability index. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(5):691–694 . Epub 2008/06/04.10.1007/s00402-008-0653-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Phys Ther. 2001;81(2):776–788 . Epub 2001/02/15.10.1093/ptj/81.2.776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost H, Lamb SE, Stewart-Brown S. Responsiveness of a patient specific outcome measure compared with the Oswestry Disability Index v2.1 and Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire for patients with subacute and chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(22):2450–2457; discussion 8. Epub 2008/10/01.10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818916fd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(12):920–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. 2002;27(24):2835–2843.10.1097/00007632-200212150-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price DD, Milling LS, Kirsch I, et al. An analysis of factors that contribute to the magnitude of placebo analgesia in an experimental paradigm. Pain. 1999;83(2):147–156.10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00081-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JD. Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole Publishing; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop FL, Jacobson EE, Shaw JR, et al. Scientific tools, fake treatments, or triggers for psychological healing: how clinical trial participants conceptualise placebos. Social Sci Med (1982). 2012;74(5):767–774. Epub 2012/01/31.10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptchuk TJ, Shaw J, Kerr CE, et al. “Maybe I made up the whole thing”: placebos and patients’ experiences in a randomized controlled trial. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2009;33(3):382–411 . Epub 2009/07/15.10.1007/s11013-009-9141-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassler M, Gnadinger M, Rosemann T, et al. Use of placebo interventions among Swiss primary care providers. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:144 . Epub 2009/08/12.10.1186/1472-6963-9-144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howick J, Bishop FL, Heneghan C, et al. Placebo use in the United Kingdom: results from a national survey of primary care practitioners. Plos One. 2013;8(3):e58247. Epub 2013/03/26.10.1371/journal.pone.0058247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptchuk TJ, Kelley JM, Conboy LA, et al. Components of placebo effect: randomised controlled trial in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. BMJ. 2008;336(7651):999–1003.10.1136/bmj.39524.439618.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalauokalani D, Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, et al. Lessons from a trial of acupuncture and massage for low back pain: patient expectations and treatment effects. Spine. 2001;26(13):1418–1424.10.1097/00007632-200107010-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Maher CG, et al. The therapeutic alliance between clinicians and patients predicts outcome in chronic low back pain. Phys Ther. 2013;93(4):470–478.10.2522/ptj.20120137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artus M, van der Windt DA, Jordan KP, et al. Low back pain symptoms show a similar pattern of improvement following a wide range of primary care treatments: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2010;49(12):2346–2356. Epub 2010/08/18.10.1093/rheumatology/keq245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou R, Huffman LH. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):492–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preference Collaborative Review G. Patients’ preferences within randomised trials: systematic review and patient level meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008;337:a1864 . Epub 2008/11/04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers SS, Phillips RS, Davis RB, et al. Patient expectations as predictors of outcome in patients with acute low back pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(2):148–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptchuk TJ, Friedlander E, Kelley JM, et al. Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. Plos One. 2010;5(12):e15591. Epub 2011/01/05.10.1371/journal.pone.0015591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho C, Caetano JM, Cunha L, et al. Open-label placebo treatment in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2016;157(12):2766–2772 . Epub 2016/10/19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisaalita NR, Hurley RW, Staud R, et al. Placebo use in pain management: a mechanism-based educational intervention enhances placebo treatment acceptability. Journal Pain. 2016;17(2):257–269 . Epub 2015/11/26.10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blease C, Colloca L, Kaptchuk TJ. Are open-label placebos ethical? Informed consent and ethical equivocations. Bioethics. 2016;30(6):407–414 . Epub 2016/02/04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar